Top 10 Real Places Straight Out of a Nightmare
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Scattered throughout the Earth, there are places that look as terrifying and unsettling as any nightmare. They can be man-made or naturally created, but they also give off a disturbing aura that haunts any who visits or lays eyes on the area. So if you’re looking for a creepy vacation or places you should avoid at all costs, please read on and venture into some of the scariest real life places.
Text version:
Coming up:
10. Kolmanskop, Namib Desert
9. Shicheng, China
8. Miranda Castle, Namur, Belgium
7. Derweze, Turkmenistan
6. Capela dos Ossos, Évora, Portugal
5. Hashima Island, Japan
4. Pennhurst State School and Hospital, Pennsylvania
3. Nara Dreamland, Nara, Japan
2. Hoia Baciu Forest, Transylvania, Romania
1. Poveglia Island, Italy
Source/Further reading:
Pope John Paul II and the Yasukuni Shrine
Yasukuni Shrine rethinking:
A Buddhist monk from Japan named Junna Nakata secured a promise from Roman Catholic Pope Paul VI to say a Mass for the souls of the men condemned as war criminals whose names are enshrined at the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo, Japan. Pope Paul VI was unable to keep his promise to his untimely death.
In 1980 Pope John Paul II kept Pope Paul VI’s word and held that Mass at the Vatican. The Mass was held by Pope John Paul II with Buddhist monk Junna Nakata in attendance.
Reason would then dictate those in South Korea and China who continually bemoan and criticize when Japanese notables visit the Yasukuni Shrine should do the same when the Pope and other notables visit Saint Peter’s Square, Saint Peter’s Basilica, and the Vatican City. Think that will happen? Of course not because those critics are only interested in Japan bashing, not consistency.
To the left of the Yasukuni Shrine are two smaller shrines. One of which house the names of some American soldiers. So should we ignore the Yasukuni Shrine and grounds causing us to ignore fellow Americans (if you are American)? In the USA, Arlington National Cemetery the resting place for Union soldiers (the North) from the American Civil War. In this same cemetery is a monument to the Confederate soldiers (the South, those who fought against those very Union soldiers interned in the same cemetery). Where are the complaints?
Across the river from Arlington National Cemetery is the Vietnam War Memorial Wall. Inscribed on this solemn wall are the names of those Americans who died during the Vietnam War. According to the commies in Vietnam, the current government of Vietnam, the Americans during that war committed numerous atrocities and war crimes. How come the commies in Vietnam have been silent about the Vietnam War Memorial Wall in Washington, DC?
The Yasukuni Shinto shrine is dedicated to the soldiers and others who died on behalf of Japan, registering near two and a half million names enshrined. A visit to this shrine by foreigners and notable Japanese brings with it scathing criticism from some neighboring nations. Their complaint is out of the two and a half million spirits honored at the Yasukuni Shrine; around one thousand were convicted as war criminals by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE or known as Tokyo Trails or Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal). Should be noted the legitimacy of tribunal is in question by many.
Here is what is interesting: During World War Two Japan occupied around twenty-four nations and battled around twelve Allied nations. Out of the twenty-four occupied and twelve Allied nations, only two nations object to any official visitation to the Yasukuni Shrine.
The commies in China object because they are commies and that is what commies do, very simplistic. South Korean constant moaning over this issue is interesting. South Korean and Japan share similar security issues in reference to red-China and North Korea, yet the South Koreans allow this issue to widen the distance between Tokyo and Seoul.
The two smaller shrines are named:
Motomiya 元宮
Chinreisha 鎮霊社
Articles in reference to Pope John Paul and the special mass at the Vatican:
See Section 1 – History, in the “Post-war issues” area:
First paragraph:
See fourth paragraph and photographs below the paragraph:
Article in reference to China and South Korea upset over Japanese citizen’s freedom of movement within Japan (Japanese politicians visiting the Yasukuni Shrine):
Yasukuni Shrine English website:
Japan-guide information on the Yasukuni Shrine:
Yasukuni Shrine controversies:
Link to Texas Daddy store:
Note: Music Monks Groove from JewelBeat.com.
Yasukuni Shrine Tokyo Japan Shinto Shrine guest book Yasukuni guest book Tokyo Japan Texas Daddy propagandabuster Tony 靖国神社, 靖國神社, Yasukuni Jinja
United States Presidents and The Illuminati Masonic Power Structure
United States Presidents and The Illuminati Masonic Power Structure
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chapter 19: A People's History (Of The United States) Howard Zinn.
~
Chapter 19, Surprises, covers other movements that happened during the 1960s, such as second-wave feminism, the prison reform/prison abolition movement, the Native American rights movement, and the counterculture. People and events from the feminist movement covered include Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell, Patricia Robinson, the National Domestic Workers Union, National Organization for Women, Roe v. Wade, Susan Brownmiller's Against Our Will, and Our Bodies, Ourselves. People and events from the prison movement covered include George Jackson, the Attica Prison riots, and Jerry Sousa. People and events from the Native American rights movement covered include the National Indian Youth Council, Sid Mills, Akwesasne Notes, Indians of All Tribes, the First Convocation of American Indian Scholars, Frank James, the American Indian Movement, and the Wounded Knee incident. People and events from the counterculture covered include Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Malvina Reynolds, Jessica Mitford's The American Way of Death, Jonathan Kozol, George Dennison, and Ivan Illich.
English East India Company | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:39 1 History
00:04:48 1.1 Origins
00:07:06 1.2 Formation
00:09:17 2 Early voyages to the East Indies
00:12:04 3 Foothold in India
00:14:14 4 Expansion
00:19:21 4.1 Japan
00:20:44 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695
00:24:03 5 Forming a complete monopoly
00:24:14 5.1 Trade monopoly
00:29:18 5.2 Saltpetre trade
00:30:56 6 Basis for the monopoly
00:31:05 6.1 Colonial monopoly
00:33:13 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy
00:34:33 6.2.1 Expansion and conquest
00:39:40 6.3 Opium trade
00:42:22 7 Regulation of the company's affairs
00:42:33 7.1 Writers
00:43:22 7.2 Financial troubles
00:45:02 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament
00:45:12 7.3.1 East India Company Act 1773
00:47:42 7.3.2 East India Company Act 1784 (Pitt's India Act)
00:49:40 7.3.3 Act of 1786
00:51:09 7.3.4 East India Company Act 1793 (Charter Act)
00:51:56 7.3.5 East India Company Act 1813 (Charter Act)
00:53:08 7.3.6 Government of India Act 1833
00:54:49 7.3.7 English Education Act 1835
00:55:12 7.3.8 Government of India Act 1853
00:55:55 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment
00:57:42 9 Establishments in Britain
01:01:44 10 Legacy and criticisms
01:07:07 11 Symbols
01:07:16 11.1 Flags
01:08:46 11.2 Coat of arms
01:10:37 11.3 Merchant mark
01:11:28 12 Ships
01:13:59 13 Records
01:15:10 14 See also
01:16:20 15 Notes and references
01:16:30 16 Further reading
01:16:39 16.1 Historiography
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9110375353991823
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, Company Bahadur, or simply The Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with Mughal India and the East Indies (Maritime Southeast Asia), and later with Qing China. The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonized parts of Southeast Asia, and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China.
Originally chartered as the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies, the company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833, Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning, the East India company had always been involved in both trade and politics, just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been.The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, coming relatively late to trade in the Indies. Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595. These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company (VOC), which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 (meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned, but could be traded on a stock exchange). By contrast, wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established.During its first century of operation, the focus of the company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the French East India Company (Compagnie française des Indes orientales) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. The battles of Plassey and Buxar, in which the British ...
John Company | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:38 1 History
00:04:47 1.1 Origins
00:07:07 1.2 Formation
00:09:17 2 Early voyages to the East Indies
00:12:06 3 Foothold in India
00:14:17 4 Expansion
00:19:20 4.1 Japan
00:20:45 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695
00:24:00 5 Forming a complete monopoly
00:24:10 5.1 Trade monopoly
00:29:12 5.2 Saltpetre trade
00:30:48 6 Basis for the monopoly
00:30:58 6.1 Colonial monopoly
00:33:04 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy
00:34:23 6.2.1 Expansion and conquest
00:39:25 6.3 Opium trade
00:42:06 7 Regulation of the company's affairs
00:42:17 7.1 Writers
00:43:06 7.2 Financial troubles
00:44:46 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament
00:44:55 7.3.1 East India Company Act 1773
00:47:22 7.3.2 East India Company Act 1784 (Pitt's India Act)
00:49:19 7.3.3 Act of 1786
00:50:47 7.3.4 East India Company Act 1793 (Charter Act)
00:51:33 7.3.5 East India Company Act 1813 (Charter Act)
00:52:47 7.3.6 Government of India Act 1833
00:54:28 7.3.7 English Education Act 1835
00:54:51 7.3.8 Government of India Act 1853
00:55:33 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment
00:57:19 9 Establishments in Britain
01:01:18 10 Legacy and criticisms
01:06:36 11 Symbols
01:06:44 11.1 Flags
01:08:13 11.2 Coat of arms
01:10:01 11.3 Merchant mark
01:10:51 12 Ships
01:13:22 13 Records
01:14:34 14 See also
01:15:45 15 Notes and references
01:15:55 16 Further reading
01:16:04 16.1 Historiography
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8048311921349666
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, Company Bahadur, or simply The Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with Mughal India and the East Indies (Maritime Southeast Asia), and later with Qing China. The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonized parts of Southeast Asia, and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China.
Originally chartered as the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies, the company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833, Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning, the East India company had always been involved in both trade and politics, just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been.The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, coming relatively late to trade in the Indies. Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595. These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company (VOC), which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 (meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned, but could be traded on a stock exchange). By contrast, wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established.During its first century of operation, the focus of the company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the French East India Company (Compagnie française des Indes orientales) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. The battles of Plassey and Buxar, in which the British ...
East India Company | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
East India Company
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with Mughal India and the East Indies (Maritime Southeast Asia), and later with Qing China. The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonized parts of Southeast Asia, and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China.
Originally chartered as the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies, the company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833, Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning, the East India company had always been involved in both, trade and politics, just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been.The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, coming relatively late to trade in the Indies. Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595. These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company (VOC), which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 (meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned, but could be traded on a stock exchange). By contrast, wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established.During its first century of operation, the focus of the company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the French East India Company (Compagnie française des Indes orientales) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. The battles of Plassey and Buxar, in which the British defeated the Bengali powers, left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India. In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control, controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies, much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys.
By 1803, at the height of its rule in India, the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000—twice the size of the British Army, with Indian revenues of £13,464,561, and expenses of £14,017,473. The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions. Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858, when, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj.
Despite frequent government intervention, the company had recurring problems with its finances. It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier, as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial, powerless, and obsolete. The official government machinery of British India assumed the East India Company's governmental functions and absorbed its navy and its armies in 1858.
British East India Company | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
British East India Company
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with Mughal India and the East Indies (Maritime Southeast Asia), and later with Qing China. The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonized parts of Southeast Asia, and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China.
Originally chartered as the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies, the company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833, Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning, the East India company had always been involved in both, trade and politics, just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been.The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, coming relatively late to trade in the Indies. Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595. These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company (VOC), which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 (meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned, but could be traded on a stock exchange). By contrast, wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established.During its first century of operation, the focus of the company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the French East India Company (Compagnie française des Indes orientales) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. The battles of Plassey and Buxar, in which the British defeated the Bengali powers, left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India. In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control, controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies, much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys.
By 1803, at the height of its rule in India, the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000—twice the size of the British Army, with Indian revenues of £13,464,561, and expenses of £14,017,473. The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions. Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858, when, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj.
Despite frequent government intervention, the company had recurring problems with its finances. It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier, as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial, powerless, and obsolete. The official government machinery of British India assumed the East India Company's governmental functions and absorbed its navy and its armies in 1858.
Honourable East India Company | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:05:36 1 History
00:05:46 1.1 Origins
00:08:30 1.2 Formation
00:11:04 2 Early voyages to the East Indies
00:14:23 3 Foothold in India
00:16:58 4 Expansion
00:23:06 4.1 Japan
00:24:45 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695
00:28:43 5 Forming a complete monopoly
00:28:53 5.1 Trade monopoly
00:34:58 5.2 Saltpetre trade
00:36:53 6 Basis for the monopoly
00:37:03 6.1 Colonial monopoly
00:39:35 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy
00:41:09 6.2.1 Expansion and conquest
00:47:16 6.3 Opium trade
00:50:31 7 Regulation of the company's affairs
00:50:42 7.1 Writers
00:51:40 7.2 Financial troubles
00:53:39 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament
00:53:49 7.3.1 East India Company Act 1773
00:56:47 7.3.2 East India Company Act 1784 (Pitt's India Act)
00:59:05 7.3.3 Act of 1786
01:00:51 7.3.4 East India Company Act 1793 (Charter Act)
01:01:45 7.3.5 East India Company Act 1813 (Charter Act)
01:03:11 7.3.6 Government of India Act 1833
01:05:14 7.3.7 English Education Act 1835
01:05:40 7.3.8 Government of India Act 1853
01:06:31 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment
01:08:38 9 Establishments in Britain
01:13:25 10 Legacy and criticisms
01:19:52 11 Symbols
01:20:01 11.1 Flags
01:21:47 11.2 Coat of arms
01:23:57 11.3 Merchant mark
01:24:55 12 Ships
01:27:53 13 Records
01:29:17 14 See also
01:30:40 15 Notes and references
01:30:50 16 Further reading
01:30:59 16.1 Historiography
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7323255189912944
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, Company Bahadur, or simply The Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with Mughal India and the East Indies (Maritime Southeast Asia), and later with Qing China. The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonized parts of Southeast Asia, and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China.
Originally chartered as the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies, the company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. In his speech to the House of Commons in July 1833, Lord Macaulay explained that since the beginning, the East India company had always been involved in both trade and politics, just as its French and Dutch counterparts had been.The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, coming relatively late to trade in the Indies. Before them the Portuguese Estado da Índia had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595. These Dutch companies amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company (VOC), which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 (meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned, but could be traded on a stock exchange). By contrast, wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC's shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established.During its first century of operation, the focus of the company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the French East India Company (Compagnie française des Indes orientales) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. The battles of Plassey and Buxar, in which the British ...
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