The first residential building in St. Petersburg: Cabin of Peter the Great
The cabin of Peter the Great (is a small wooden house which was the first St Petersburg palace of Tsar Peter I.
The log cabin was constructed in three days in May 1703, by soldiers of the Semyonovskiy Regiment. At that time, the new St Petersburg was described as a heap of villages linked together, like some plantation in the West Indies. The date of its construction is now considered to mark the foundation of the city.
The design is a combination of an izba, a traditional Russian countryside house typical of the 17th century, and the Tsar's beloved Dutch Baroque, later to evolve into the Petrine Baroque. Peter built similar domiki elsewhere in Russia - for example, in Voronezh, and Vologda. The wooden cabin in St Petersburg covers only 60 square meters (650 sq ft) and contains three rooms - living room, bedroom, and study. It has large ornate windows and a high hipped roof of wooden tiles. Inside, the wooden walls were painted with red oil to resemble brick, and the rooms came to be known as the red chambers. There are no fires or chimneys, as it was intended to be used only in the warmer summer months. It was occupied by the Tsar between 1703 and 1708, while Peter supervised the construction of the new imperial city and the Peter and Paul Fortress.
The cabin was moved to its present location, 6 Petrovskaia Naberezhnaia, in 1711 from its original site on the north bank of the River Neva close to the present Winter Palace. Peter had it encased for its protection within a red brick pavilion in 1723 and ordered that it be preserved for posterity as a memorial to his modesty, and the creation of St Petersburg ex nihilo. Catherine the Great ordered the shelter for the cabin to be renovated in 1784, and the protective brick pavilion was reconstructed by Nicholas I in the 1840s. Nicholas I also had the bedroom converted into a chapel dedicated to Christ the Redeemer, and iron railings were added in 1874.
Peter's domiki were used to mark significant dates, such as the bicentenary of Peter's birth in 1672. They became a center of devotion to the tsar, the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Russian motherland. An image of the log cabin was included on the Peter the Great Fabergé egg, created in 1903 to celebrate the bicentenary of the founding of St Petersburg. After the Russian Revolution, they became symbols of Russian heroic labor.
A prized national monument, the contents were removed, and the Cabin was boarded up and camouflaged during the Second World War. It was the first St Petersburg museum to reopen in September 1944, after the end of the Siege of Leningrad. Personal and domestic objects owned and used by Peter are still displayed within, and a bust of Peter by Parmen Zabello stands outside. The cabin is open to the public as a branch of the Russian Museum.
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藝苑掇英 Ivan Bilibin 伊万·比利賓 (1876-1942) Art Nouveau Russian
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Ivan YakovleIvich Bilibin (Russian: Ива́н Я́ковлевич Били́бин, IPA: [ɪˈvan ˈjakəvlʲɪvʲɪt͡ɕ bʲɪˈlʲibʲɪn]; 16 August [O.S. 4 August] 1876 – 7 February 1942) was a 20th-century illustrator and stage designer who took part in the Mir iskusstva, contributed to the Ballets Russes, co-founded the Union of Russian Painters (Russian: Сою́з ру́сских худо́жников) and from 1937 was a member of the Artists' Union of the USSR. Throughout his career, he was inspired by Slavic folklore.
Ivan Bilibin was born in Tarkhovka, a suburb of St. Petersburg. He studied in 1898 at Anton Ažbe Art School in Munich, then under Ilya Repin in St. Petersburg. After graduating in May 1900 he went to Munich, where he completed his training with the painter Anton Ažbe. In 1902–1904 Bilibin travelled in the Russian North, where he became fascinated with old wooden architecture and Russian folklore. In the period 1902 to 1904, he also went to the ethnographic section of the museum of Alexander III to collect Ethnographic material and to photograph monuments of old village architecture in the Vologda, Archangelsk region, Tver; Skaja; olonezkaja and Petrozavodsk. He published his findings in the monograph Folk Arts of the Russian North in 1904. Another influence on his art was traditional Japanese prints.
After the formation of the artists' association Mir Iskusstva, where he was an active member, his entry into the newspaper and book graphics scene began with a commission for the design of magazine Mir Iskusstva in 1899. Artistic design of other magazines such as Dog Rose (Шиповник) and expenditure of the Moscow publishing house followed. Bilibin gained renown in 1899, when he released his illustrations of Russian fairy tales. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he drew revolutionary cartoons, especially for the magazine "Župel" (Жупелъ), which in 1906 became prohibited. He would further serve as the designer for the 1909 première production of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's The Golden Cockerel.
After the October Revolution in 1917, he left Russia after the revolution proved alien to him. After brief stints in Cairo and Alexandria, he settled in Paris in 1925, where he took to decorating private mansions and Orthodox churches. He still longed for his homeland and, after decorating the Soviet Embassy in 1936, he returned to Soviet Russia, delivering lectures at the Russian Academy of Arts until 1941. Bilibin died during the Siege of Leningrad and was buried in a collective grave.
In 1902 Bilibin married his former student, the Irish-Russian painter Mary Chambers (Мария Яковлевна Чемберс). They had two sons; Alexander (1903) and Ivan (1908). In 1912 he again married a former student, the art school graduate Renée O'Connell (Рене Рудольфовна О'Коннель), granddaughter of Daniel O'Connell. In 1923 he married the painter Alexandra Shchyekatikhina-Pototskaya (Александра Васильевна Щекатихина-Потоцкая), with whom he had a joint exhibition in Amsterdam in 1929.
Ivan YakovleIvich Bilibin(俄語:ИванЯковлевичБилибин,IPA:[ɪvanjakəvlʲɪvʲɪt͡ɕbʲɪlʲibʲɪn]; 8月16日[OS 8月] 1876年 - 1942年2月7日)是20世紀的插畫家和舞台設計師,參加了Mir iskusstva, Ballets Russes,共同創辦了俄羅斯畫家聯盟(俄語:Союзрусскиххудожников),並從1937年起成為蘇聯藝術家聯盟的成員。在整個職業生涯中,他都受到了斯拉夫民俗的啟發 。
伊万·比利賓(Ivan Bilibin)出生在聖彼得堡郊區的塔爾霍夫卡(Tarkhovka)。他於1898年在慕尼黑的AntonAžbe藝術學校學習,然後在聖彼得堡的伊利亞·列賓(Ilya Repin)之下學習。 1900年5月畢業後,他去了慕尼黑,在那裡他完成了與畫家安東Ažbe的培訓。 1902年至1904年,比利賓在俄羅斯北部旅行,在那裡他著迷於舊木結構和俄羅斯民間傳說。在1902年到1904年期間,他還前往亞歷山大三世博物館的民族志部分,收集民族志材料,拍攝特維爾阿爾漢格爾斯克地區沃洛格達的古村落建築紀念碑; Skaja; olonezkaja和彼得羅扎沃茨克。他在1904年在俄羅斯北方的民間藝術專著上發表了他的發現。他的藝術的另一個影響是傳統的日本版畫。
藝術家協會Mir Iskusstva(他是活躍成員)的成立之後,他進入報紙和書籍圖形界開始於1899年為Mir Iskusstva雜誌設計的委員會。其他雜誌的藝術設計,如Dog Rose (Шиповник)和莫斯科出版社的支出。比利賓在1899年獲得了名聲,當時他釋放了他對俄羅斯童話故事的插圖。在1905年俄國革命期間,他畫了革命漫畫,特別是1906年被禁止的“Župel”雜誌(Жупелъ)。他將進一步擔任1909年尼古拉·里姆斯基 - 科薩科夫(Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov)的“金雞公雞”(The Golden Cockerel)首映的設計師。
1917年十月革命之後,革命後的他離開了俄羅斯,離開了俄羅斯。在開羅和亞歷山大進行短暫的工作後,他於1925年在巴黎定居,在那裡他去裝飾私人住宅和東正教教堂。他仍然渴望自己的家園,1936年裝修蘇聯大使館後,他回到蘇聯俄羅斯,直到1941年在俄羅斯藝術學院講課。比列林在列寧格勒圍困期間死亡,被埋葬在一個集體墳墓。
1902年比利賓娶了他的前學生,愛爾蘭和俄羅斯的畫家瑪麗·錢伯斯(МарияЯковлевнаЧемберс)。他們有兩個兒子。亞歷山大(1903)和伊凡(1908)。 1912年,他再次娶了一名前學生,藝術學院畢業生RenéeO'Connell(丹尼·奧康奈爾的孫女)。 1923年,他娶了畫家亞歷山德拉Shchyekatikhina-Pototskaya(АлександраВасильевнаЩекатихина-Потоцкая),與他在1929年在阿姆斯特丹聯合展覽。
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Seamless robe of Jesus
The Seamless Robe of Jesus is the robe said to have been worn by Jesus during or shortly before his crucifixion. Competing traditions claim that the robe has been preserved to the present day. One tradition places it in the Cathedral of Trier, another places it in Argenteuil, and several traditions claim that it is now in various Eastern Orthodox churches.
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Auschwitz | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Auschwitz
00:02:57 1 History
00:03:06 1.1 Background
00:05:55 1.2 Auschwitz I
00:09:29 1.3 Auschwitz II-Birkenau
00:12:51 1.3.1 Family camps
00:15:10 1.4 Auschwitz III
00:18:30 1.5 Subcamps
00:20:06 1.6 Evacuation and death marches
00:22:31 1.7 Liberation
00:26:21 1.8 Trials of war criminals
00:28:22 2 Command and control
00:31:47 3 Life in the camps
00:38:20 4 Selection and extermination process
00:44:29 4.1 Medical experiments
00:46:30 4.2 Death toll
00:49:57 5 Escapes, resistance, and the Allies' knowledge of the camps
00:54:51 5.1 Individual escape attempts
00:56:29 5.2 iSonderkommando/i revolt
00:57:51 6 Legacy
01:00:02 6.1 Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
01:03:04 7 See also
01:03:13 8 Notes
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. It consisted of Auschwitz I (the original concentration camp), Auschwitz II–Birkenau (a combined concentration/extermination camp), Auschwitz III–Monowitz (a labor camp to staff an IG Farben factory), and 45 satellite camps.
Auschwitz I was first constructed to hold Polish political prisoners, who began to arrive in May 1940. The first extermination of prisoners took place in September 1941. Auschwitz II–Birkenau went on to become a major site of the Nazis' Final Solution to the Jewish Question during the Holocaust. From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe, where they were killed en masse with the cyanide-based poison Zyklon B, originally developed to be used as a pesticide. An estimated 1.3 million people were sent to the camp, of whom at least 1.1 million died. Around 90 percent of those were Jews; approximately one in six Jews killed in the Holocaust died at the camp. Others deported to Auschwitz included 150,000 Poles, 23,000 Romani and Sinti, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, 400 Jehovah's Witnesses, and tens of thousands of others of diverse nationalities, including an unknown number of homosexuals. Many of those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced labor, infectious diseases, individual executions, and medical experiments.
In the course of the war, the camp was staffed by 7,000 members of the German Schutzstaffel (SS), approximately 12 percent of whom were later convicted of war crimes. Some, including camp commandant Rudolf Höss, were executed. The Allied Powers did not act on early reports of atrocities at the camp, and their failure to bomb the camp or its railways remains controversial. At least 802 prisoners attempted to escape from Auschwitz, 144 successfully, and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units, consisting of prisoners assigned to staff the gas chambers, launched a brief, unsuccessful uprising.
As Soviet troops approached Auschwitz in January 1945, most of its population was sent west on a death march. The prisoners remaining at the camp were liberated on 27 January 1945, a day now commemorated as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In the following decades, survivors such as Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl, and Elie Wiesel wrote memoirs of their experiences in Auschwitz, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947 Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979 it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.