City of Vác 2017 - 4K
Vác is a commercial center as well as a popular summer resort for citizens of Budapest. The cathedral, built 1761–1777, was modelled after St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The episcopal palace houses a museum for Roman and medieval artifacts. The city is also known for its 18th-century arch of triumph and for its beautiful baroque city center.
U.S. Senate: Impeachment Trial (Day 5)
The Senate impeachment trial of President Trump continues with opening arguments from House managers and the President’s defense team.
Man launches himself in self-made rocket to prove flat Earth theory
A man launched himself in a self-made rocket 1,875 feet above the desert to try and prove his theory that the Earth is flat.
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3 proofs that debunk flat-Earth theory | NASA's Michelle Thaller | Big Think
3 proofs that debunk flat-Earth theory | NASA's Michelle Thaller | Big Think
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Hey flat Earthers, it's time to put your theory to bed once and for all! There are so many proofs that the Earth is round, it's difficult to know where to start. And it's not okay to think that the Earth is flat; this is not a viable argument, says NASA astronomer Michelle Thaller.Thaller explains three observable proofs that instantly debunk flat-Earth theory with irrefutable evidence of the Earth's round, curvaceous, gloriously spherical shape.The ancient Greeks figured out we were living on a sphere over 2,000 years ago, and there are things you can do to prove that the Earth is indeed round—just go to a body of water and look at ships or boats on the horizon with binoculars. Watch the video for the details!You can follow Michelle Thaller on Twitter at @mlthaller.
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MICHELLE THALLER
Dr. Michelle Thaller is an astronomer who studies binary stars and the life cycles of stars. She is Assistant Director of Science Communication at NASA. She went to college at Harvard University, completed a post-doctoral research fellowship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, Calif. then started working for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL) Spitzer Space Telescope. After a hugely successful mission, she moved on to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), in the Washington D.C. area. In her off-hours often puts on about 30lbs of Elizabethan garb and performs intricate Renaissance dances. For more information, visit
NASA.
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TRANSCRIPT:
MICHELLE THALLER: So, Oscar, you asked the question, What are some of the easiest ways that you can prove that the Earth is round? Because apparently, this is something that we're debating—I have no idea why.
That's a hard thing for me to even start talking about because there are so many proofs that the Earth is round, it's difficult to know where to start. And it's not okay to think that the Earth is flat. This is not a viable argument.
I have friends who have been on the International Space Station, they have orbited the Earth once every 90 minutes; I've had personal experience with people who have been up in space and can see with their own eyes that the Earth is round. And of course, we've taken all of these amazing pictures from space; they're so beautiful, all those pictures of the Earth.
So I don't really know what's going on right now with this 'Earth is flat' thing, but I will tell you that this is one of the things I really enjoyed teaching my own astronomy class about because there are proofs all around you. It is not difficult to know that the Earth is round. In fact, people have known of this for way more than 2,000 years. The ancient Greeks actually had a number of really elegant, wonderful proofs that the earth was a sphere.
So let's start from the simple to the slightly more complicated. One of the things you can see yourself, with a pair of binoculars, is if you actually go out to a lake and there are boats on that lake, the farther away a boat is the more the bottom of the boat will disappear, and you'll basically just see the mast of the boat. And as a boat goes farther and farther away the last thing you will see is the very top of the mast of that boat, and that's because the boat is actually going over the horizon that's curved—and that means that as it goes farther and farther away you see less and less of the bottom of it, and more of the top of that. You can see that with binoculars by an ocean, by a lake, it's really easy. That wouldn't happen if the Earth were flat—you would simply see the boat getting smaller and smaller and smaller as it went farther away, but you'd be able to see the whole thing with the same proportions.
Now, another way that you can tell that we're on a sphere is to think about how there's something called the tropics on the Earth, and the tropics are places near the equator of the earth were sometimes the sun is overhead in the sky. This was actually something that the Greeks used, not only to prove that the Earth was round about 2000 years ago, but they actually measured the circumference of the Earth, accurate to within just a couple percent. 2,000 years ago we've known that the Earth was round.
There was a really brilliant Greek scientist called Eratosthenes, and Eratosthenes noticed that there was a town called Syene, and on a certain date the sun would actually shine straight down to the bottom of a well. That mea...
For the full transcript, check out
How Not to Be a Bystander: The Role of Male Faculty after #MeToo
The West Virginia University ADVANCE Center’s signature initiatives program, Advocates and Allies, and the WVU Humanities Center hosted a panel discussion on the role of faculty members in preventing sexual harassment on campus. Visit for more information.
The New Financial Geopolitics: Post-Cold War Geopolitics in a World of ‘Long and Low.’
The New Financial Geopolitics: How long can the US keep going as the Lender, Leader, and Reserve Asset of Last Resort?
Panel 5: What Happens to Post-Cold War Geopolitics in a World of ‘Long and Low.’
If interest and inflation rates are likely to remain long and low for the foreseeable future, what impact will this have on the Dollar-Centered order? What other sources of volatility are out
there to upset the applecart? How does power politics get redrawn in such a world?
Panelists: Adam Tooze (Columbia), Jan Fitchner (University of Amsterdam), Herman Schwartz (University of Virginia), Jonathan Kirshner (Cornell University)
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The current global financial order, which was placed into sharp focus by the swap lines initiated by the US Federal Reserve during the 2008 financial crisis, is an American order. Despite generating trillions of debt and demonstrating a truly dysfunctional politics, the US continues to be the leader, lender, and the preferred asset issuer of last resort for the global economy. But how long can this state of affairs continue?
One school of thought suggests that it can continue indefinitely, given the lack of alternative safe assets, the depth and liquidity of US markets, and the desire of foreign wealth holders to buy safety in the form of US assets. And yet things continue until they don’t. Due either to its own domestic dysfunctions, or to its international entanglements, the ‘barbelling’ of risk that US has been able to play, whereby US investments earn a higher risk premium abroad while foreign investors hold US assets as security for a lesser return may come to an abrupt end sooner than many commentators think. If the US suffers real capital losses on its assets abroad, if the global economy continues ‘long and low’ into negative territory, of if other major players grow tired of America’s dysfunctions, then the dollar order may become less attractive over time, prompting the rise of alternative assets and new institutional arrangements.
This conference seeks to address these topics by answering three questions. First, how stable, if not “anti-fragile’ to use Nassim Taleb’s term of art, is the US order? Second, will the ongoing political crisis and economic recession in the Eurozone, and geopolitical tensions in East Asia, prolong or threaten the US order? Third, is there a new geopolitics emerging underneath this financial system, and if so, what does it look like?
Europe and the state of the Kingdom of Spain: current challenges, future promise
Fourteenth Annual Emile Noël Lecture
Thursday, September 20, 2018
The Fourteenth Annual Emile Noël Lecture on the State of the (European) Union was presented by Josep Borrell Fontelles, Minister of Foreign Affairs for the European Union and Cooperation for the Kingdom of Spain.
The annual lecture was held in the format of a fireside chat between Minister Josep Borrell and J.H.H. Weiler, University Professor and co-director of The Jean Monnet Center at NYU Law.
233rd Knowledge Seekers Workshop - July 19, 2018
233rd Knowledge Seekers Workshop - Thursday, July 19, 2018, 9 am CEST
This weekly on-going public series of Knowledge Seekers Workshops brings us new teachings, universal knowledge and new understandings of true space technology to everyone on Earth direct from the Keshe Foundation Spaceship Institute. Each Thursday, at 9 am Central European Summer Time, we broadcast live, the latest news, developments, and M.T. Keshe teachings on our zoom channel and other public channels. (see below for channel links)
If you wish to discover and learn more, please see our many categories of videos on our Youtube Channel:
Become a student at the world's first Spaceship Institute! For only 100 euros, you get a full calendar year of access to live and recorded private teachings. There are thousands of hours of extended Private Teachings stored in our private portal at the Keshe Foundation Spaceship Institute (KF SSI) that you have access to, and we teach Live classes six days a week in English, plus we also have live classes 7 days a week in 18+ languages. Apply today to become a student at the KF SSI. More information is at our website
A direct link to Student Application Form is
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MH 370: India's Intelligence Challenge
Amidst all the talk about the missing Malaysian Airlines MH370 flight being hijacked for a possible September 11-style attack on an Indian city, it is necessary to look at the state of our security preparedness and whether India has adequate air defences to deal with such an aerial attack. Sameer Patil, Associate National Security Fellow, Gateway House, explains.
Since the 2008 Mumbai attacks, a number of internal intelligence reports have mentioned the possibility of the next terror attack being from the skies. Corroborating these was the 2012 interrogation of the arrested Lashkar-e-Taiba operative and Mumbai attacks mastermind, Abu Jundal, which pointed out that terrorists were looking at using paragliders to carry out suicide attacks targeting vital installations on the Western seaboard - including our nuclear installations.
The likelihood of such an attack requires responses on two fronts:
a) Tactical -- Strengthened air defences to prevent violation of Indian air space and fend off aerial attacks; and
b) Long term -- Enhanced intelligence-sharing among the over 25 security agencies for proper analysis and dissemination of terror threat inputs, to ensure proper coordination on actionable intelligence that can foil terror attacks.
On the tactical front -- protecting our airspace: we have learned well the lessons of the 9/11 attacks on the United States. To prevent airborne attacks either by a hijacked plane or a paraglider and other low-flying objects, the Indian Air Force has put in place a network of ground radars, early warning airborne systems and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) which can spot wayward movements. The security agencies have worked together to create 'no-fly zones' covering sensitive and vulnerable targets such as central Delhi and other important vital installations. To guard coastal and offshore installations like Bombay High, in recent years the Indian Navy has augmented its surveillance capability by inducting long-range patrolling aircraft and stepping up sorties by the UAVs.
But it is the other, more critical aspect -- intelligence-sharing -- where efforts to protect India not only from aerial but also land and sea-based terror attacks, lag behind. This is evident from the functioning of the Multi Agency Centre (MAC), which was created after the 2008 Mumbai attacks, and operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The MAC brought together all the security agencies -- those which provide threat inputs both technical and human intelligence, as also those which are to act on those threats. It created a system to expeditiously share threat inputs on any likely terror attack among the concerned agencies, and also to verify the reliability of the actual threat input.
In doing so, the MAC has achieved a lot.
But here's the rub: in the critical matter of harnessing the intelligence and breaking down the high barriers between our two premier intelligence agencies -- the Intelligence Bureau and the Research & Analysis Wing - the MAC has been less successful, even after five years of effort. On many occasions, this has seriously impaired India's counter terrorism efforts and lost us critical leads on potential terror attacks. P. Chidambaram as Home Minister had envisioned making the MAC as powerful a body as the U.S. National Counter Terrorism Centre, but bureaucratic turf battles and recalcitrant state governments have so far defeated that worthy initiative and entrenched vested interests.
In a similar vein and at the state level, poor coordination between government agencies at the centre and state on intelligence-sharing has inhibited a robust response to terror threats. The MAC experience has revealed the dismal record of the local police forces in intelligence-gathering and processing of information. Barring notable exceptions, most state police units have not prioritised the provision of relevant information which can compliment or even fill the vacuum in the information provided by the central intelligence agencies.
Addressing the challenge of intelligence-gathering, improvement of police capabilities and ensuring better coordination between central and state government agencies, requires our political leaders to take a view independent of the vested interests.
The Congress-ruled coalition in Delhi began by implementing the right policies, but was unable to complete its task. Hopefully the next government will also treat this as a priority and despite its difficulty, upset the status quo.
Only then will we be viewed as a reliable counter-terrorism partner in the region, and at home, stand a reasonable chance of preventing and countering terrorist groups that, as the mystery of MH370 has shown, are always leagues ahead when they plan their attacks.
The Legacy of Dominicanidad
A Symposium on the Work of Lorgia Garcia Pena
re:publica 2019 | tl;dr | Stage 1 - Day 1 - ENGLISH
Diary of a U-boat Commander by Stephen King-Hall | Audiobooks Youtube Free
Captain Karl von Schenk of the Kaiser's Navy is a stereotypical German nobleman - supremely self-confident, touchy about the divisions of class and any infringement on his place. He thinks he is handsome, has a suitably manly physique, an excellent singing voice, and a facility with writing. His wartime service related in his diary is a series of triumphs over harrowing circumstances, bringing his boat back in spite of the best efforts of the Royal Navy to stop him.
His one vulnerability is a young lady he meets on leave in Bruges, Belgium. Although she is the trophy girlfriend of a German colonel who could cause him much harm if he were to find out, von Schenk pursues his Zoe with Teutonic straightforwardness. And both he and the reader are entirely blind-sided by the unexpected thunderclap that puts an end to the sweet affair.
Stephen King-Hall, a Royal Navy officer during the war and writing as Etienne, penned this book as if he had simply discovered it on a surrendered submarine. In fact, some editions of the book list the author as anonymous. King-Hall's knowlege of naval affairs lend authority to this yarn of men that go to the sea in ships that sink... on purpose. (Summary by Mark F. Smith)
Diary of a U-boat Commander
Stephen KING-HALL
Genre(s): War & Military Fiction
Nikola Tesla | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nikola Tesla
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Nikola Tesla (; Serbo-Croatian: [nǐkola têsla]; Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and futurist who is best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.Born and raised in the Austrian Empire, Tesla received an advanced education in engineering and physics in the 1870s and gained practical experience in the early 1880s working in telephony and at Continental Edison in the new electric power industry. He emigrated to the United States in 1884, where he would become a naturalized citizen. He worked for a short time at the Edison Machine Works in New York City before he struck out on his own. With the help of partners to finance and market his ideas, Tesla set up laboratories and companies in New York to develop a range of electrical and mechanical devices. His alternating current (AC) induction motor and related polyphase AC patents, licensed by Westinghouse Electric in 1888, earned him a considerable amount of money and became the cornerstone of the polyphase system which that company would eventually market.
Attempting to develop inventions he could patent and market, Tesla conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built a wireless-controlled boat, one of the first ever exhibited. Tesla became well known as an inventor and would demonstrate his achievements to celebrities and wealthy patrons at his lab, and was noted for his showmanship at public lectures. Throughout the 1890s, Tesla pursued his ideas for wireless lighting and worldwide wireless electric power distribution in his high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs. In 1893, he made pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices. Tesla tried to put these ideas to practical use in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project, an intercontinental wireless communication and power transmitter, but ran out of funding before he could complete it.After Wardenclyffe, Tesla experimented with a series of inventions in the 1910s and 1920s with varying degrees of success. Having spent most of his money, Tesla lived in a series of New York hotels, leaving behind unpaid bills. He died in New York City in January 1943. Tesla's work fell into relative obscurity following his death, until 1960, when the General Conference on Weights and Measures named the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor. There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s.
Radar | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Radar
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object(s). Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver, giving information about the object's location and speed.
Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and during World War II. A key development was the cavity magnetron in the UK, which allowed the creation of relatively small systems with sub-meter resolution. The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or RAdio Direction And Ranging. The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common noun, losing all capitalization.
The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air and terrestrial traffic control, radar astronomy, air-defence systems, antimissile systems, marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships, aircraft anticollision systems, ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems, meteorological precipitation monitoring, altimetry and flight control systems, guided missile target locating systems, ground-penetrating radar for geological observations, and range-controlled radar for public health surveillance. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing, machine learning and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels.
Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. One example is lidar, which uses predominantly infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves.
Industrial Revolution | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Industrial Revolution
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system.
Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological innovations were of British origin. By the mid-18th century Britain was the world's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North America and the Caribbean, and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent, through the activities of the East India Company. The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries.GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants.Although the structural change from agriculture to industry is widely associated with Industrial Revolution, in United Kingdom it was already almost complete by 1760.The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830. Rapid industrialization first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s, with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800. Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, hot blast iron smelting and new technologies, such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth. Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. These new innovations included new steel making processes, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.
Manhattan Engineering District | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:32 1 Origins
00:07:49 2 Feasibility
00:07:58 2.1 Proposals
00:10:09 2.2 Bomb design concepts
00:13:49 3 Organization
00:13:58 3.1 Manhattan District
00:17:08 3.2 Military Policy Committee
00:20:26 3.3 Collaboration with the United Kingdom
00:27:38 4 Project sites
00:27:47 4.1 Oak Ridge
00:30:37 4.2 Los Alamos
00:33:48 4.3 Chicago
00:36:02 4.4 Hanford
00:39:00 4.5 Canadian sites
00:39:08 4.5.1 British Columbia
00:40:17 4.5.2 Ontario
00:41:29 4.5.3 Northwest Territories
00:41:43 4.6 Heavy water sites
00:42:59 5 Uranium
00:43:08 5.1 Ore
00:46:16 5.2 Isotope separation
00:47:05 5.2.1 Centrifuges
00:48:51 5.2.2 Electromagnetic separation
00:53:58 5.2.3 Gaseous diffusion
00:57:46 5.2.4 Thermal diffusion
01:01:26 5.3 Aggregate U-235 production
01:01:55 6 Plutonium
01:02:44 6.1 X-10 Graphite Reactor
01:04:53 6.2 Hanford reactors
01:08:32 6.3 Separation process
01:12:05 6.4 Weapon design
01:19:00 6.5 Trinity
01:23:16 7 Personnel
01:26:37 8 Secrecy
01:29:26 8.1 Censorship
01:31:29 8.2 Soviet spies
01:33:16 9 Foreign intelligence
01:36:12 10 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
01:36:22 10.1 Preparations
01:40:02 10.2 Bombings
01:45:44 11 After the war
01:51:19 12 Cost
01:52:32 13 Legacy
01:56:15 14 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.935558064790139
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District; Manhattan gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project. Along the way, the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart, Tube Alloys. The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US$2 billion (about $23 billion in 2018 dollars). Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material, with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons. Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada.
Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war: a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon. The Thin Man gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium, and therefore a simpler gun-type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium-235, an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium. Chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium-238, and with almost the same mass, it proved difficult to separate the two. Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment: electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium. After the feasibility of the world's first artificial nuclear reactor was demonstrated in Chicago at the Metallurgical Laboratory, it designed the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge and the production reactors in Hanford, Washington, in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium. The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium, using the bismuth phosphate process. The Fat Man plutonium implosion-type weapon was developed in a concerted design and development effort by the Los Alamos Laboratory.
The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear we ...
Industrial Revolution | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Industrial Revolution
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system.
Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological innovations were of British origin. By the mid-18th century Britain was the world's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North America and the Caribbean, and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent, through the activities of the East India Company. The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries.GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants.Although the structural change from agriculture to industry is widely associated with Industrial Revolution, in United Kingdom it was already almost complete by 1760.The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830. Rapid industrialization first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s, with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800. Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, hot blast iron smelting and new technologies, such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth. Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. These new innovations included new steel making processes, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.
Manhattan Project | Wikipedia audio article
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Manhattan Project
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- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District; Manhattan gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project. Along the way, the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart, Tube Alloys. The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US$2 billion (about $22 billion in 2016 dollars). Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material, with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons. Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada.
Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war: a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon. The Thin Man gun-type design proved impractical to use with plutonium, and therefore a simpler gun-type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium-235, an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium. Chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium-238, and with almost the same mass, it proved difficult to separate the two. Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment: electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium. After the feasibility of the world's first artificial nuclear reactor was demonstrated in Chicago at the Metallurgical Laboratory, it designed the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge and the production reactors in Hanford, Washington, in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium. The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium, using the bismuth phosphate process. The Fat Man plutonium implosion-type weapon was developed in a concerted design and development effort by the Los Alamos Laboratory.
The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear weapon project. Through Operation Alsos, Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe, sometimes behind enemy lines, where they gathered nuclear materials and documents, and rounded up German scientists. Despite the Manhattan Project's tight security, Soviet atomic spies successfully penetrated the program.
The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion-type bomb at the Trinity test, conducted at New Mexico's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945. Little Boy and Fat Man bombs were used a month later in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. In the immediate postwar years, the Manhattan Project conducted weapons testing at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads, developed new weapons, promoted the development of the network of national laboratories, supported medical research into radiology and laid the foundations for the nuclear navy. It maintained control over American atomic weapons research and production until the formation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947.
The Industrial Revolution | Wikipedia audio article
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00:04:56 1 Etymology
00:07:08 2 Important technological developments
00:10:09 2.1 Textile manufacture
00:10:19 2.1.1 British textile industry statistics
00:12:37 2.1.2 Cotton
00:15:06 2.1.3 Trade and textiles
00:16:38 2.1.4 Pre-mechanized European textile production
00:18:57 2.1.5 Invention of textile machinery
00:26:49 2.1.6 Wool
00:27:17 2.1.7 Silk
00:28:12 2.2 Iron industry
00:28:22 2.2.1 UK iron production statistics
00:30:46 2.2.2 Iron process innovations
00:42:39 2.3 Steam power
00:48:58 2.4 Machine tools
00:54:50 2.5 Chemicals
00:58:46 2.6 Cement
00:59:48 2.7 Gas lighting
01:01:00 2.8 Glass making
01:01:52 2.9 Paper machine
01:02:50 2.10 Agriculture
01:05:05 2.11 Mining
01:07:38 2.12 Transportation
01:09:01 2.12.1 Canals and improved waterways
01:12:38 2.12.2 Roads
01:14:17 2.12.3 Railways
01:18:47 2.13 Other developments
01:19:19 3 Social effects
01:19:29 3.1 Factory system
01:22:35 3.2 Standards of living
01:25:15 3.2.1 Food and nutrition
01:27:22 3.2.2 Housing
01:30:11 3.2.3 Sanitation
01:31:00 3.2.4 Water supply
01:31:30 3.2.5 Increase in literacy
01:31:59 3.3 Clothing and consumer goods
01:32:57 3.4 Population increase
01:34:06 3.5 Urbanization
01:34:57 3.6 Impact on women and family life
01:37:54 3.7 Labour conditions
01:38:04 3.7.1 Social structure and working conditions
01:39:43 3.7.2 Factories and urbanisation
01:43:06 3.7.3 Child labour
01:47:28 3.7.4 Organisation of labour
01:51:42 3.7.5 Luddites
01:53:37 3.7.6 Shift in production's center of gravity
01:54:21 3.7.7 Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery
01:56:19 3.8 Impact on environment
01:59:44 4 Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom
01:59:56 4.1 Continental Europe
02:01:01 4.1.1 Belgium
02:03:38 4.1.1.1 Demographic effects
02:06:44 4.1.2 France
02:07:50 4.1.3 Germany
02:10:01 4.1.4 Sweden
02:12:14 4.2 Japan
02:13:52 4.3 United States
02:21:51 5 Second Industrial Revolution
02:24:06 6 Causes
02:29:33 6.1 Causes in Europe
02:36:42 6.2 Causes in Britain
02:46:23 6.3 Transfer of knowledge
02:49:40 6.3.1 Protestant work ethic
02:52:27 7 Opposition from Romanticism
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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- improves your listening skills
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- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.800584232794365
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the US, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth.
Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological innovations were of British origin. By the mid-18th century Britain was the world's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North America and the Caribbean, and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent, through the activities of the East India Company. The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to mean ...
Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the Colonial Period to the Gilded Age, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States. Copyright protection secures a person's right to his or her first-to-invent claim of the original invention in question, highlighted in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the United States Constitution, which gives the following enumerated power to the United States Congress:
In 1641, the first patent in North America was issued to Samuel Winslow by the General Court of Massachusetts for a new method of making salt. On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 109) into law proclaiming that patents were to be authorized for any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used. On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of Making Pot and Pearl Ashes. The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed, processed, and granted, contingent upon the language and scope of the claimant's invention, for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years. However, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 (URAA) changed the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years, effective for patent applications filed on or after June 8, 1995, thus bringing United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law. The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch. 950, sec. 1, 66 Stat. 792).
From 1836 to 2011, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has granted a total of 7,861,317 patents relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below.