Große Schenkung an Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt
Hessens Kunstministerin Eva Kühne-Hörmann hat in Darmstadt eine Schenkung des Wella Museums an das Hessische Landemuseum überreicht. Die rund 3000 historischen Exponate setzen sich mit den Themen Schönheitspflege und Haarkosmetik auseinander. Hintergrund für die Schenkung ist der Umzug von Wella von Darmstadt nach Schwalbach am Taunus.
Museum erhielt Sammlung Buckauer Porzellans
Kaum ein Magdeburger und selbst die wenigsten Fachleute wissen noch, daß es in Buckau einmal eine bekannte und berühmte Porzellanmanufaktur gab, die mit ausgezeichneter Arbeit in aller Welt bekannt war. Selbst ehemalige Mitarbeiter der Magdeburger Armaturenwerke wußten nicht mehr, daß sich diese Manufaktur einstmals auf ihrem Firmengelände befand. Zeit also, dem Buckauer Porzellan den Schleier des Vergessens zu entreißen.
Places to see in ( Dresden - Germany ) Green Vault
Places to see in ( Dresden - Germany ) Green Vault
The Grünes Gewölbe in Dresden is a unique historic museum that contains the largest collection of treasures in Europe. Founded by Augustus the Strong in 1723, it features a rich variety of exhibits from the Baroque to Classicism.It is named after the formerly malachite green painted column bases and capitals of the initial rooms. It has some claim to be the oldest museum in the world; it is older than the British Museum founded in 1759, but the Vatican Museums date their foundation to the public display of the newly excavated Laocoön group in 1506.
After the devastation of World War II, the Grünes Gewölbe has been completely restored. Today, its treasures are shown in two exhibitions: The Historic Green Vault (Historisches Grünes Gewölbe) is famous for its splendors of the historic treasure chamber as it existed in 1733, while the New Green Vault (Neues Grünes Gewölbe) focuses the attention on each individual object in neutral rooms.
The Grünes Gewölbe is located on the first and second floors of the western section of the Dresdner Residenzschloss. It is now part of the Dresden State Art Collections. The history of the Green Vault goes back to the year 1547, when elector Moritz of Saxony initiated the building of an additional west wing to the palace. Four of the new rooms on the first floor were given elaborate, molded plaster ceilings. The column bases and their capitals were painted with a characteristic bluish-green paint. Due to this color, the rooms were soon known as the Green Vault, and the name has endured. The official name of the suite of rooms, which was protected against fire and robbery by thick walls, iron shutters and doors, was Privy Repository (Geheime Verwahrung).
The whole collection consists of more than 4,000 pieces, with almost 1,100 in the New Green Vault and about 3,000 shown in the original Historic Green Vault. The Historic Green Vault is located on the first floor of the Dresden Castle and the New Green Vault on the second floor, each covering approximately 2,000 square metres. The Historic Green Vault is famous for the splendors of the treasure chamber, in itself a baroque work of art, while the more modern New Green Vault focuses the attention on each individual object. Entrance to the Historic Green Vault requires advance purchase of tickets for a specific entry time slot. A limited number of tickets is also sold every morning. The New Green Vault can be visited at any time.
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ART DECO BAUHAUS KERAMIK CERAMIC 1920 1940 Karlsruher Majolika a. o.
Beschreibung
Darmstadt
Darmstadt is a city in the Bundesland (federal state) of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt has a population of 147,927 (2013). The Darmstadt Larger Urban Zone has 430,993 inhabitants.
Darmstadt holds the official title Wissenschaftsstadt (City of Science) as it is a major centre of scientific institutions, universities and high technology companies. The European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) is located in Darmstadt as well as GSI Centre for Heavy Ion Research, where the chemical element Darmstadtium (atomic number 110) was discovered.
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Der Mainzer Goldschmuck. Ein Kunstkrimi aus der deutschen Kaiserzeit
1880 wurde in Mainz bei Bauarbeiten ein äußerst umfangreicher Goldschatz mit aufwändigen, fürstlichen Schmuckstücken entdeckt. Bis auf eine große Adlerfibel, die heute im Mainzer Landesmuseum aufbewahrt wird, wurde der Schatz jedoch unterschlagen und gelangte nach Wiesbaden in den Kunsthandel. Von dort wurde er dem Darmstädter Baron Maximilian von Heyl verkauft. Der Schmuck wurde bald schon mit deutschen Kaiserinnen in Verbindung gebracht und sollte seinen Aufstellungsort im »Deutschen Museum« in Berlin finden. Eine Gruppe »patriotischer und vermögender Männer« erwarb den Schmuck und schenkte ihn zu diesem Zweck Kaiser Wilhelm II. Am Ende des Kriegs gelangte er in die Sowjetunion, wurde nach seiner Rückkehr restauriert und nach der Wende im wieder vereinigten Berliner Kunstgewerbemuseum in einem umfangreichen Projekt untersucht.
Die abenteuerliche Geschichte des wohl prominentesten mittelalterlichen Schmuckensembles, die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen und seine heutige Interpretation sind die Themen dieser einmaligen Ausstellung, die zum ersten Mal alle Teile des Schatzes vereinigt.
Fra Steffen Anker s værksted.wmv
Jeg maler det meste af tiden, men laver også skulpturer og især med kvindelige former - de eneste former der for alvor er værd at arbejde med for . Her er en lille vintervideo fra mit lune værksted med skøn musk af Christina Von Bülow som venligst har givet mig tilladelse til at benytte et af hendes numrer fra CD Soliturde I'm Oldfashioned en dejlig CD som jeg ofte hører.
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956.Glockenspiel Zwinger Dresden / Carillon du Zwinger Dresde
(Texte en français ci-dessous)
Dreiviertelstunden- und Stundenschlag am Porzellanglockenspiel des Dresdner Zwinger.
Dieses Glockenspiel wurde 1933 durch die Manufaktur Meißner Porzellan AG gemacht. Der Glockenspielpavillon wurde bis 1936 Stadtpavillon genannt. Zweimal wurde der Glockenspielpavillon bis heute beschädigt. Das erste Mal im Jahre 1849, das zweite Mal bei dem Bombenangriff im Jahre 1945. Die Restaurierung beim zweiten Mal dauerte bis 1964. Glücklicherweise wurde beim Angriff das Glockenspiel nicht beschädigt. Ursprünglich waren es nur 24 Porzellanglocken, diese wurden aber auf 40 erweitert. Heute spielt das Glockenspiel zu jeder Viertel-, halben, Dreiviertel- und vollen Stunde die Stundenschlagmelodien von Günter Schwarze (Originalkomposition für das Dresdner Glockenspiel, 1994). Zusätzlich sind je nach Jahreszeit zu festgelegten Zeiten bekannte Melodien zu hören. Wegen der Empfindlichkeit der Porzellanglocken, spielt das Glockenspiel im Winter aber nicht.
Der Zwinger ist ein Gebäudekomplex mit Gartenanlagen in Dresden. Das unter der Leitung des Architekten Matthäus-Daniel Pöppelmann und des Bildhauers Balthasar Permoser errichtete Gesamtkunstwerk aus Architektur, Plastik und Malerei gehört zu den bedeutenden Bauwerken des Barocks und ist neben der Frauenkirche das bekannteste Baudenkmal Dresdens. Sein Name Zwinger geht auf die im Mittelalter übliche Bezeichnung für einen Festungsteil zwischen der äußeren und inneren Festungsmauer zurück. Der ehemalige Stadt- und heutige Glockenspielpavillon wurde 1728 bis auf die Bildhauerarbeiten vollendet. Der Zwinger entstand ab 1709 als Orangerie und Garten sowie als repräsentatives Festareal. Seine reich verzierten Pavillons und die von Balustraden, Figuren und Vasen gesäumten Galerien zeugen von der Prachtentfaltung während der Regentschaft des Kurfürsten Friedrich August I. (auch August der Starke genannt). In der ursprünglichen Konzeption des Kurfürsten war der Zwinger als Vorhof eines neuen Schlosses vorgesehen. Die Planungen zu einem Schlossneubau wurden nach dessen Tod aufgegeben. Seit dem Wiederaufbau in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren beherbergt der Zwinger die Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, den Mathematisch-Physikalischen Salon und die Porzellansammlung.
Sonnerie des trois quarts d'heure et de l'heure pleine sur le carillon en porcelaine du Zwinger à Dresde.
Ce carillon fut réalisé en 1933 par la manufacture de porcelaine de Meißen. Le pavillon abritant ce carillon fut endommagé par deux fois (en 1849 puis en 1945) ; heureusement le carillon survécut au bombardement de 1945. De 24 cloches à l'origine, ce carillon fut agrandi à 40 cloches actuellement. Il fait entendre tous les quarts d'heures différentes mélodies originales composées en 1994 par Günter Schwarze. En revanche, le carillon reste muet en hiver, en raison de la fragilité de la porcelaine.
Le bâtiment du carillon où se trouve ces cloches fait partie du complexe du Zwinger, un ensemble de bâtiments agrémentés de jardins, réalisé par l'architecte Matthieu-Daniel Pöppelmann et le sculpteur Balthasar Permoser. Avec l'église Notre-Dame (Frauenkirche), c'est l'un des monuments emblématiques du style baroque à Dresde. Le Zwinger fut construit à partir de 1709 comme orangerie, jardin et lieu de festivités. Ses pavillons richement décorés de balustrades, de personnages et de vases témoignent de la splendeur du règne du prince-électeur Frédéric-Auguste Ier, dit Auguste le Fort. Il devait mener à un nouveau château, dont les projets furent abandonnés après la mort du souverain. Depuis sa reconstruction dans les années 1950/1960, le Zwinger abrite une collection de peintures anciennes, un cabinet de sciences mathématiques et physiques, ainsi qu'une splendide collection de porcelaines.
Darmstadt | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:22 1 History
00:02:31 1.1 Origins
00:03:45 1.2 Industrial age
00:04:53 1.3 Nazi Germany
00:07:11 1.4 Post–World War II
00:09:11 2 Boroughs
00:09:25 3 Population development
00:09:35 4 Lord mayors since 1945
00:09:46 5 Transport
00:10:06 5.1 Roads
00:10:39 5.2 Public transport in Darmstadt
00:11:25 5.3 Regional rail links
00:11:55 5.4 National rail links
00:12:30 5.5 Airports
00:13:54 5.6 National Coach Services
00:14:13 6 Parks, architecture and attractions
00:14:24 6.1 Castles and historical buildings
00:16:27 6.2 Modern architecture
00:17:22 6.3 Art Nouveau
00:19:10 6.4 Squares
00:19:55 6.5 Parks
00:20:55 6.6 Churches
00:22:05 6.7 Festivals
00:22:45 7 Culture
00:24:58 8 Geography
00:25:36 8.1 Climate
00:26:11 9 Education
00:26:20 9.1 Schools
00:26:51 9.2 Universities
00:29:42 10 Institutions
00:29:51 10.1 Technology
00:32:05 10.2 United States military presence
00:34:21 11 Tourist sights in Darmstadt
00:34:31 11.1 City
00:35:39 11.2 Region
00:36:02 12 Notable persons
00:39:53 13 International relations
00:40:03 13.1 Twin towns / Sister cities
00:40:15 14 See also
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- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Darmstadt (, also UK: , US: , German: [ˈdaɐ̯mʃtat] (listen)) is a city in the state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt had a population of around 157,437 at the end of 2016. The Darmstadt Larger Urban Zone has 430,993 inhabitants.Darmstadt holds the official title City of Science (German: Wissenschaftsstadt) as it is a major centre of scientific institutions, universities, and high-technology companies. The European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) and the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) are located in Darmstadt, as well as GSI Centre for Heavy Ion Research, where several chemical elements such as bohrium (1981), meitnerium (1982), hassium (1984), darmstadtium (1994), roentgenium (1994), and copernicium (1996) were discovered. The existence of the following elements were also confirmed at GSI Centre for Heavy Ion Research: nihonium (2012), flerovium (2009), moscovium (2012), livermorium (2010), and tennessine (2012). The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) is an international accelerator facility under construction. Darmstadt is also the seat of the world's oldest pharmaceutical company, Merck, which is the city's largest employer.
Darmstadt was formerly the capital of a sovereign country, the Grand Duchy of Hesse and its successor, the People's State of Hesse, a federal state of Germany. As the capital of an increasingly prosperous duchy, the city gained some international prominence and remains one of the wealthiest cities in Europe. In the 20th century, industry (especially chemicals), as well as large science and electronics (later information technology) sectors became increasingly important, and are still a major part of the city's economy. It is also home to the football club SV Darmstadt 98.
Dresden Porzellansammlung
Die Porzellansammlung ist Teil der Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresdens. Die Porzellansammlung befindet sich im Dresdner Zwinger.
Die Sammlung umfasst ungefähr 20.000 Kunstwerke der Porzellankunst.
Ein Schwerpunkt ist traditionelles Porzellan aus China und Japan aus den Beständen Augusts des Starken.
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Places to see in ( Mannheim - Germany ) Schloss Mannheim
Places to see in ( Mannheim - Germany ) Schloss Mannheim
Mannheim Palace is a large Baroque palace in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was originally the main residence of the Prince-electors of the Electorate of the Palatinate of the House of Wittelsbach. Part of the palace is used by the University of Mannheim. The State of Baden-Württemberg offers tours of parts of the reconstructed and restored Baroque palace, which features tapestries, furniture, paintings, porcelain and silverware.
The city of Mannheim, founded in 1606, was fortified and at the present site of the castle there was a fortress called Friedrichsburg, sometimes serving as alternative residence for the Elector, one of the most important territorial princes of the Holy Roman Empire.
The actual palace dates from the 18th century. When Elector Karl III Philip had confessional controversies with the inhabitants of his capital Heidelberg, he decided to make Mannheim the Palatinate's new capital in 1720. Karl Philip decided to construct a new palace as his residence on the site of the old Friedrichsburg. It was part of a general trend among the German princes to create grand new residences in that era.
Construction was commenced solemnly on June 2, 1720. The building process was intended to cost about 300,000 Gulden, financed by an extraordinary “palace tax”, but in the end, the palace cost about 2 million Gulden and severely worsened the Palatinate's financial situation. The first administrative institutions began using the palace in 1725, but Karl Philip was able to transfer his court to the new residence only in 1731. Construction was not completed until 1760.
Karl Philip died in 1742 and was succeeded by a distant relative, the young Count Palatine of Sulzbach and later Duke of Bavaria Charles Theodor. During his reign, the palace and the city of Mannheim saw their zenith. The glamour of the Elector's court and Mannheim's then famous cultural life lasted until 1778, when Karl Theodor became Elector of Bavaria by inheritance and he moved his court to Munich. Although Mannheim kept the title of “residence”, the palace was used merely as accommodation for several administrative bodies.
Things worsened further during the Napoleonic Wars, when Mannheim was besieged. During Napoleon's reorganization of Germany, the Electorate of the Palatinate was split up and Mannheim became part of the Grand Duchy of Baden, thus losing its capital/residence status. Some glamour returned to Mannheim Palace when Stéphanie de Beauharnais, the consort of Grand Duke Karl of Baden, resided here after 1806. For most of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the palace served no uniform purpose, being used as a representative building and a museum for the city.
Elector Karl Theodor founded the Kurpfälzische Akademie der Wissenschaften as early as 1763, and although there was no continuous existence of a scientific college in Mannheim, the Wirtschaftshochschule, or business college, founded in 1907, saw itself in the tradition of Karl Theodor's earlier college. The college expanded its subjects program in 1967, thus gaining “university” status. The University of Mannheim still uses Mannheim Palace as its central building complex and although many university buildings are dispersed all over the city center, key institutions such as the rectorate or the main library are accommodated in the palace, besides countless lecture halls and offices.
The site of the palace is impressive, although the construction of roads and railway tracks has diminished its dominating look. To the southwest, it faces the Rhine and Ludwigshafen. To the northeast the palace presents its 450 m long front to the Mannheim city centre. By surrounding an area of 6 hectare the castle is one of Europe's biggest Palaces and the second biggest one in barock style, second only after Versailles (in France). Thereby and for reasons of prestige the architects made sure that Mannheim Palace has one more window than Versailles. The Breite Straße runs from the palace to Mannheim's central square, the Paradeplatz.
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Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau (French pronunciation: [aʁ nuvo], Anglicised to /ˈɑːrt nuːˈvoʊ/; cz Secese; at. Sezession, germ. Jugendstil, eng. Modern Style) or Jugendstil is an international philosophy and style of art, architecture and applied art—especially the decorative arts—that was most popular during 1890–1910. English uses the French name Art nouveau (new art), but the style has many different names in other countries. A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and structures, not only in flowers and plants, but also in curved lines. Architects tried to harmonize with the natural environment.
Art Nouveau is considered a total art style, embracing architecture, graphic art, interior design, and most of the decorative arts including jewellery, furniture, textiles, household silver and other utensils and lighting, as well as the fine arts. According to the philosophy of the style, art should be a way of life. For many well-off Europeans, it was possible to live in an art nouveau-inspired house with art nouveau furniture, silverware, fabrics, ceramics including tableware, jewellery, cigarette cases, etc. Artists desired to combine the fine arts and applied arts, even for utilitarian objects.
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Art Nouveau | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:04 1 Naming
00:05:49 2 History
00:05:58 2.1 Influences
00:09:19 2.2 Origins of Art Nouveau – Brussels (1893–1898)
00:13:54 2.3 Paris – Maison de l'Art Nouveau (1895)
00:15:29 2.4 Paris iExposition Universelle/i (1900)
00:18:02 3 Local variations
00:18:12 3.1 Art Nouveau in France
00:21:13 3.2 Art Nouveau in Belgium
00:23:49 3.3 iNieuwe Stijl/i in the Netherlands
00:27:01 3.4 Modern Style and Glasgow School in Britain
00:30:11 3.5 iJugendstil/i in Germany
00:34:29 3.6 Secession in Austria-Hungary
00:34:39 3.6.1 Vienna Secession
00:37:38 3.6.2 Hungarian iSzecesszió/i
00:41:17 3.6.3 Other variations
00:43:27 3.7 iStile Liberty/i in Italy
00:45:18 3.8 iModernismo/i in Spain
00:49:39 3.9 iArte Nova/i in Portugal
00:51:01 3.10 iJugendstil/i in the Nordic countries
00:51:11 3.10.1 Finland
00:53:11 3.10.2 Norway
00:54:22 3.10.3 Sweden and Denmark
00:54:59 3.11 iModern/i in Russia
00:59:00 3.12 iJūgendstils/i (Art Nouveau in Riga)
01:00:39 3.13 iStyle Sapin/i in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
01:01:26 3.14 iTiffany Style/i and Louis Sullivan in the United States
01:04:44 3.15 Art Nouveau in Argentina
01:06:17 3.16 Art Nouveau in the rest of the world
01:07:45 4 Characteristics
01:11:14 5 Relationship with contemporary styles and movements
01:13:00 6 Genres
01:13:26 6.1 Posters and graphic art
01:16:12 6.2 Painting
01:18:25 6.3 Glass art
01:21:53 6.4 Metal art
01:23:06 6.5 Jewellery
01:25:36 6.6 Architecture and ornamentation
01:29:03 6.7 Sculpture
01:30:09 6.8 Furniture
01:35:25 6.9 Ceramics
01:38:31 6.9.1 Mosaics
01:38:59 6.10 Textiles and wallpaper
01:41:07 7 Museums
01:42:12 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8638567520618012
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Art Nouveau (; French: [aʁ nuvo]) is an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, known in different languages by different names: Jugendstil in German, Stile Liberty in Italian, Modernisme in Catalan, etc. In English it is also known as the Modern Style (not to be confused with Modernism and Modern architecture). The style was most popular between 1890 and 1910. It was a reaction against the academic art, eclecticism and historicism of 19th century architecture and decoration. It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and flowers. Other characteristics of Art Nouveau were a sense of dynamism and movement, often given by asymmetry or whiplash curves, and the use of modern materials, particularly iron, glass, ceramics and later concrete, to create unusual forms and larger open spaces. One major objective of Art Nouveau was to break down the traditional distinction between fine arts (especially painting and sculpture) and applied arts. It was most widely used in interior design, graphic arts, furniture, glass art, textiles, ceramics, jewelry and metal work. The style responded to leading 19-century theoreticians, such as French architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879) and British art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900). In Britain, it was influenced by William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. German architects and designers sought a spiritually uplifting Gesamtkunstwerk (“total work of art”) that would unify the architecture, furnishings, and art in the interior in a common style, to uplift and inspire the residents.The first Art Nouveau houses and interior decoration appeared in Brussels in the 1890s, in the architecture and interior design of houses designed by Paul Hankar, Henry Van de Velde, and especially Victor Horta, whose Hôtel Tassel was completed in 1893. It moved quickly to Paris, where it was adapted by Hector Guimard, who saw Horta's work in Brussels and applied the style for the entrances of the new Paris Metro. It reached its peak at the 1900 Paris Internationa ...
Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau or Jugendstil is an international philosophy and style of art, architecture and applied art—especially the decorative arts—that was most popular during 1890--1910. English uses the French name Art nouveau , but the style has many different names in other countries. A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and structures, not only in flowers and plants, but also in curved lines. Architects tried to harmonize with the natural environment.
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History of the United States Marine Corps | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:13 1 Background
00:11:42 1.1 Colonial era
00:16:49 2 Continental era
00:45:42 3 Establishment of the modern Marine Corps
00:50:42 3.1 Henderson's era
00:55:17 4 Civil War
00:59:24 4.1 Confederate Marines
00:59:42 5 Latter 19th century
01:02:50 5.1 Spanish– & Philippine–American Wars
01:04:52 6 Early 1900s
01:08:18 6.1 Banana Wars
01:14:35 7 World War I
01:18:19 7.1 A new amphibious mission
01:23:54 8 World War II
01:27:32 8.1 Interim: WWII-Korea
01:33:24 9 Korean War
01:35:07 9.1 Interim: Korea-Vietnam
01:36:31 10 Vietnam War
01:37:30 10.1 Interim: post-Vietnam War
01:41:24 11 The 1990s
01:41:33 11.1 Gulf War
01:42:11 11.2 Bosnian War
01:43:26 11.3 Other
01:45:34 12 Twenty-first century
01:46:42 12.1 War in Afghanistan
01:47:51 12.2 Iraq War
01:49:26 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9459519294267857
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The history of the United States Marine Corps (USMC) begins with the founding of the Continental Marines on 10 November 1775 to conduct ship-to-ship fighting, provide shipboard security and discipline enforcement, and assist in landing forces. Its mission evolved with changing military doctrine and foreign policy of the United States. Owing to the availability of Marine forces at sea, the United States Marine Corps has served in nearly every conflict in United States history. It attained prominence when its theories and practice of amphibious warfare proved prescient, and ultimately formed a cornerstone of the Pacific Theater of World War II. By the early 20th century, the Marine Corps would become one of the dominant theorists and practitioners of amphibious warfare. Its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises has made and continues to make it an important tool for U.S. foreign policy.In February 1776, the Continental Marines embarked on their maiden expedition. The Continental Marines were disbanded at the end of the war, along with the Continental Navy. In preparation for the Quasi-War with France, Congress created the United States Navy and the Marine Corps. The Marines' most famous action of this period occurred in the First Barbary War (1801–1805) against the Barbary pirates. In the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Marines made their famed assault on Chapultepec Palace, which overlooked Mexico City, their first major expeditionary venture. In the 1850s, the Marines would see service in Panama, and in Asia. During the U.S. Civil War (1861–1865) the Marine Corps played only a minor role after their participation in the Union defeat at the first battle of First Bull Run/Manassas. Their most important task was blockade duty and other ship-board battles, but they were mobilized for a handful of operations as the war progressed. The remainder of the 19th century would be a period of declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. Under Commandant Jacob Zeilin's term (1864–1876), many Marine customs and traditions took shape. During the Spanish–American War (1898), Marines would lead U.S. forces ashore in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, demonstrating their readiness for deployment. Between 1900 and 1916, the Marine Corps continued its record of participation in foreign expeditions, especially in the Caribbean and Central and South America, which included Panama, Cuba, Veracruz, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Nicaragua.
In World War I, battle-tested, veteran Marines served a central role in the United States' entry into the conflict. Between the world wars, the Marine Corps was headed by Major General John A. Lejeune, another popular commandant. In World War II, the Marines played a central role, under Admiral Nimitz, in the Pacific War, participating in nearly every significant battle. The Corps also ...