UGA Special Collections Libraries, LEEDS Qualifications
University of Georgia
Richard B. Russell Building Special Collections Libraries
UGA Gymnastics Discussion, November 14, 2017
The Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library hosts a panel discussion on the history of UGA Gymnastics program.
The panel features current Head Coach Courtney Kupets-Carter and Suzanne Yoculan-Leebern, who led the Gymdogs to ten national titles prior to her retirement and who has rejoined the program as an assistant coach. The discussion is moderated by John Frierson (UGA Athletics Department).
This is the third in a series of panel discussions on UGA sports hosted by Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library with the cooperation of the UGA Athletics Department.
Recorded on November 14, 2017 at the Richard B. Russell Special Collections Libraries Building.
Zeta Pi Archives Ceremony - April 5, 2014
The Zeta Pi Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc.'s Archives Ceremony at the UGA Special Collections Library during its 45th Reunion Weekend. It is the first official archival collection for any Greek letter organization at UGA. Zeta Pi was chartered at UGA on May 10, 1969 by seven men known as the Pearls of Zeta Pi.
© 2014 Gabriel B. Fortson, All Rights Reserved
Linda Fuller Degelmann interviewed by Steven Armour
OHD-026. Linda Fuller Degelmann interviewed by Steven Armour, June 17, 2015.
This interview is from the Russell Library Oral History Documentary Series, part of the collections of the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies at the University of Georgia Special Collections Libraries.
For more information about this collection see:
No Other Road: 1953 Red and Black Editors Stand Up for Equality and Free Speech
RBRLOHD-001. Recorded November 10, 2003.
No Other Road: 1953 Red and Black Editors Stand Up for Equality and Free Speech is a public oral history that documents the experiences of the editors of the University of Georgia's newspaper, the Red and Black, who in 1953 resigned in protest following their defense of Horace Ward's right to attend the University of Georgia Law School. Moderated by Harry Montevideo, the program includes interviewers Dr. Maurice Daniels and Dr. Kent Middleton, as well as University of Georgia President Michael Adams.
This video is from the Oral History Documentary Collection at the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries.
For more information see:
Carl E. Sanders interviewed by George Justice
OHD-009. Carl E. Sanders interviewed by George Justice, August 17, 2004.
George Justice interviews Carl E. Sanders about his activities as a Georgia state senator, governor, and business leader. Sanders discusses his early life, his involvement with the YMCA, and the state of youth during the Great Depression. He recalls serving in the ROTC, Army Air Corps, and World War II. Sanders comments on his time in law school at the University of Georgia and his competitive spirit. He reflects on his campaigns the general assembly and for governor. Sanders recalls the integration of the University of Georgia, the establishment of Augusta College (later Georgia Regents University), and the effect of World War II on young politicians. He discusses his relationships with John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard B. Russell. Sanders discusses his political legacy, Georgia's progress, and the effect of press on the office of governor.
This video is from the Oral History Documentary Collection at the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries.
For more information see:
Richard Russell Jr. | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Richard Russell Jr.
00:02:08 1 Early life
00:03:08 2 Governor of Georgia
00:04:11 3 Senate career
00:11:32 4 Personal life
00:12:43 5 Legacy
00:15:40 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Richard Brevard Russell Jr. (November 2, 1897 – January 21, 1971) was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 66th Governor of Georgia from 1931 to 1933 before serving in the United States Senate for almost 40 years, from 1933 to 1971. Russell was a founder and leader of the conservative coalition that dominated Congress from 1937 to 1963, and at his death was the most senior member of the Senate. He was for decades a leader of Southern opposition to the civil rights movement.Born in Winder, Georgia, Russell established a legal practice in Winder after graduating from the University of Georgia School of Law. He served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1921 to 1931 before becoming Governor of Georgia. Russell won a special election to succeed Senator William J. Harris and joined the Senate in 1933. He supported the New Deal early in his Senate career but helped establish the conservative coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats. He was the chief sponsor of the National School Lunch Act, which provided free or low-cost schools lunches to impoverished students.During his long tenure in the Senate, Russell served as chairman of several committees, and was the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services for most of the period between 1951 and 1969. He was a candidate for President of the United States at the 1948 Democratic National Convention and the 1952 Democratic National Convention. He was also a member of the Warren Commission.Russell supported racial segregation and co-authored the Southern Manifesto with Strom Thurmond. Russell and 17 fellow Democratic and one Republican Senators blocked the passage of civil rights legislation via the filibuster. After Russell's protege, President Lyndon B. Johnson, signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, Russell led a Southern boycott of the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Russell served in the Senate until his death from emphysema in 1971.
Augusta Phillips interviewed by Mattie Hubbard
OHD-015. Augusta Phillips interviewed by Mattie Hubbard, October 26, 2011.
Augusta Phillips is interviewed by her niece, Mattie Hubbard about her involvement with civil rights and community activism. Phillips discusses her brothers' involvement in the World War II effort. She recalls her brothers' fight for community needs in Ocilla, GA such as a school, improvement of living conditions, and other governmental help. Phillips discusses her brothers' efforts to teach masonry and carpentry to locals and explains the importance of these skills to the community. Phillips recalls her efforts in writing to the Department of Education to secure help for the community. She discusses the loan obtained which successfully built a new school and the continued efforts to persuade the Department of Education to build more schools. Phillips recalls the 1965 integration of schools and the involvement of SNCC. She discusses discrimination in other areas such as funeral homes and construction. Phillips recalls threats of lynching and the indifference shown by police. She mentions Coinonia Farm, CB King, and building houses near Americus. Phililps comments on separate but equal and Pleasant Grove First Baptist Church.
This video is from the Oral History Documentary Collection at the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries.
For more information see:
Aubrey Morris, Reflections on Georgia Politics
ROGP 076. Aubrey Morris interviewed by Bob Short, April 8, 2009.
Aubrey R. Morris was born in 1922 in Roswell, Georgia, and grew up writing for the local newspaper. In this interview, Morris discusses his long journalism career, including his days as a journalism student at the University of Georgia, his work at the Atlanta Journal, and his reporting at WSB Radio. He describes his experience working closely with Atlanta's mayors and reporting on major events like the 1962 Orly plane crash and the Winecoff Hotel fire. Morris also talks about reporting on events of the civil rights movement, such as an early speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. near the state capitol and the integration of the University of Georgia.
From the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies. For more information, see
Powell Moore, Reflections on Georgia Politics
ROGP 095. Powell Moore interviewed by Bob Short, December 8, 2009.
Powell A. Moore began his career in politics in 1966, when Senator Richard B. Russell appointed him as his press secretary. After Russell's death, Moore went to work in the Justice Department as deputy director of Public Information under President Nixon. He then developed a foundation client and consulting business called the Marketing Corporation of America. In 1981, he was appointed to serve President Ronald Reagan as deputy assistant to the president for Legislative Affairs. In 1982, he was appointed assistant secretary of state for Intergovernmental and Legislative Affairs. In 1998, he became chief of staff for Senator Fred Thompson in Tennessee. Moore was later sworn in as assistant secretary of defense for Legislative Affairs under President Bush in 2001. In 2006, he was appointed representative of the U.S. Secretary of Defense to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and in this capacity was stationed in Vienna, Austria. Moore discusses the various presidents he has worked under, his opinion of party politics in Georgia, and his friendship with Richard B. Russell.
From the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies. For more information, see:
University of Georgia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
University of Georgia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The University of Georgia, also referred to as UGA or simply Georgia, is a public research university with its main campus in Athens, Georgia. Founded in 1785, it is one of three schools to claim the title of the oldest public university in the United States.The university is classified by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as a Research I university. It also classifies the student body as more selective, its most selective admissions category, while the ACT Assessment Student Report places UGA in the highly selective category, the highest category. The university is tied for 13th overall among all public national universities in the 2019 U.S. News & World Report rankings, and a Kiplinger's and Princeton Review top ten in value.The university is organized into 17 constituent schools and colleges offering more than 140 degree programs. The university's historic North Campus is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places as a designated historic district. The contiguous campus areas include rolling hills, gardens, and extensive green space including nature walks, fields, shrubbery, and large and varied arboreta. Close to the contiguous campus is the university's 58-acre Health Sciences Campus that also has an extensive landscaped green space, more than 400 trees, and several additional historic buildings.
Athens has consistently ranked among America's best college towns primarily due to its vibrant restaurant, bar, and music scenes. In addition to the main campus in Athens with its approximately 460 buildings, the university has two smaller campuses located in Tifton and Griffin. The university has two satellite campuses located in Atlanta and Lawrenceville. The university operates several service and outreach stations spread across the state. The total acreage of the university in 30 Georgia counties is 41,539 acres (168.10 km2). The university also owns a residential and research center in Washington, D.C., and three international residential and research centers located at Oxford University in Oxford, England, at Cortona, Italy, and at Monteverde, Costa Rica.
Varsity and intramural student athletics are an integral part of student life. The University of Georgia's intercollegiate sports teams, commonly known by their Georgia Bulldogs nickname, compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and the Southeastern Conference (SEC). UGA served as a founding member of the SEC in 1932. In their more than 120-year history, the university's varsity sports teams have won 39 national championships and 130 conference championships. The Georgia Redcoat Marching Band, the official marching band of the university, performs at athletic and other events.
According to the 2018-2019 estimated cost of attendance, based on a nine-month academic year for an average undergraduate student, the tuition and fees for Georgia residents is $11,830, and $30,404 for non-residents. The tuition and fees for an average international undergraduate student (based on a nine-month academic year) is $30,392.
Betty Vandiver, Reflections on Georgia Politics
ROGP 051. Betty Vandiver interviewed by Bob Short, October 3, 2008.
Betty Vandiver helped her husband Ernest Vandiver run a successful campaign for lieutenant governor in 1954 and in 1958, when Ernest Vandiver was elected governor of Georgia. As first lady, Betty Vandiver was instrumental in setting up Milledgeville's Central State Hospital, Georgia's first mental institution. She elaborates on her childhood as part of the Russell family, discusses various political campaigns, and recalls the many political personalities she and her husband encountered.
From the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies. For more information, see:
Charles Campbell interviewed by Sally Russell Warrington
RBRLOHD-011. Charles Campbell interviewed by Sally Russell Warrington, May 5, 2009.
Richard B. Russell's niece Sally Russell Warrington interviews Charles Campbell about his work for Senator Richard B. Russell and Russell's activities from 1965 to 1971. Campbell discusses growing up in Jackson, Georgia, and attending the University of Georgia. He recalls joining Senator Russell's Washington, D.C. staff in 1965. Campbell recalls working his way from legislative assistant to executive secretary and subsequently administrative assistant. He discusses the nature of Senator Russell's relationship with his staff. Campbell comments on Russell's attitude toward Georgia and his perception of the Civil Rights Movement, sit-ins, and Martin Luther King, Jr. Campbell reflects on Senator Russell's reputation and work on Congressional issues other than civil rights, including his work with agriculture policy, national defense, education, rural electrification, and the space program. He discusses Russell's mentorship of younger senators. Campbell discusses Senator Russell's relationship with Lyndon Johnson and the media. Campbell comments on his work as the Chairman of the Russell Foundation and the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies. He discusses Russell's eulogies and funeral.
This video is from the Oral History Documentary Collection at the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries.
For more information see:
2016 Charter Lecture
Former U.S. Sen. Sam Nunn was joined by former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry for the spring 2016 Charter Lecture at the University of Georgia. Their discussion, titled Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe in an Age of Terrorism, was moderated by Loch Kingsford Johnson, the Regents Professor of Public and International Affairs.
A Life of Public Service: A Conversation with Anthony A. Alaimo
RBRLOHD-004. Anthony Alaimo interviewed by Charles Campbell, March 4, 2005.
Charles Campbell interviews Anthony Alaimo about his experiences as a prisoner of war in Germany during World War II, his time as an attorney in Atlanta, and his tenure as a judge in the U.S. District Court (Southern District of Georgia). Judge Anthony Alaimo discusses his early life and education. He comments on his perception of and involvement with World War II, his enlistment and training in the Army Air Corps, and the crash which led to his time as a POW. Regarding his time as a POW, Alaimo discusses his experiences during captivity and his multiple escape attempts. He discusses his role in the film Great Escape and his subsequent education at the Emory University School of Law. Alaimo reflects on serving as an attorney in both Atlanta and Brunswick and as a judge. He comments on the Georgia prison system and the Guthrie V. Evans case and the significant changes he made as a federal judge.
This video is from the Oral History Documentary Collection at the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries.
For more information:
Pete Wheeler interviewed by William Stueck and James C. Cobb
OHD-007. Pete Wheeler interviewed by Bill Stueck and Jim Cobb, June 14, 2006.
A Conversation with Pete Wheeler is a discussion, with Dr. William Stueck and Dr. James Cobb, of Wheeler's long career as Georgia's Commissioner of Veterans Services. Wheeler discusses his early life, attending Emory at Oxford and the University of Georgia, and his work with the Office of Price Administration after getting out of the service after World War II. Wheeler discusses the importance of the Department of Veterans Services and explains the duties of the Commissioner of Veteran Affairs. He mentions a specific project he undertook to identify all the Veterans in the former state mental hospital, Central State Hospital, in Milledgeville and to provide the services these veterans are entitled to. Wheeler also discusses his work with veterans from other wars such as the Spanish-American War and the widows of soldiers who had fought in the American Civil War. He explains his wife's experience during World War II and the employment of the rest of his family during the war. Wheeler recalls the desegregation of the veteran's home in Milledgeville and the importance of the Veteran's Administration.
This video is from the Oral History Documentary Collection at the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries.
For more information see:
Cathey Steinberg, Reflections on Georgia Politics
ROGP 106. Cathey Steinberg interviewed by Bob Short, February 24, 2010.
Cathey Weiss Steinberg served in the Georgia General Assembly for sixteen years in both the Georgia House of Representatives (1977-1989) and in the Georgia Senate (1991-1993). She is recognized as a strong advocate for women's rights. She was the primary sponsor of the 1981-1982 Equal Rights Amendment legislation. From 1993-1999, she was the managing partner for Ahead of the Curve, a public policy consulting and advocacy training firm. In 1999, Governor Roy Barnes appointed Cathey Steinberg as Georgia's first Consumer Insurance Advocate. She held that position until 2003. Steinberg later served as the executive director of the Juvenile Justice Fund, a non-profit child advocacy organization based in Atlanta, Georgia. She has been a consultant in public and community relations and marketing, and a frequent guest speaker and lecturer. Steinberg discusses the sexism and antisemitism she faced early in her legislative career, her work in the private sector with juveniles, insurance, and women, and the state of party politics in Georgia.
From the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies. For more information, see:
Tom Watson Brown interviewed by Bill Shipp
OHD-008. Bill Shipp interviews Tom Watson Brown, August 8, 2006.
William R. Bill Shipp interviews Tom Watson Brown. Topics include Tom Watson (Brown's great-grandfather and national Populist leader), the Leo Frank case, Walter J. Brown, James F. Byrnes, Strom Thurmond, MARTA, the Watson-Brown Foundation, and the T.R.R. Cobb House. Brown discusses his family and southern populism, the start of World War II, and his early life. He recalls Strom Thurmond's 1954 Senatorial Campaign in South Carolina, his service in the military, and his experience at Princeton and Harvard Law School. Brown also discusses his involvement in MARTA, the murder of Mary Phagan, and the rehabilitation of the T.R.R. Cobb House. He discusses his interest in the Civil War, including the preservation of Civil War battlefields and books on Southern history. Brown comments on the effect of technology and the internet on scholarship and literacy, his investment in the Atlanta Falcons, and his political contributions.
This video is from the Oral History Documentary Collection at the Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries.
For more information see:
Timeline of Christianity | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of Christianity
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Christianity from the beginning of the current era (AD) to the present. Question marks ('?') on dates indicate approximate dates.
The year one is the first year in the Christian calendar (there is no year zero), which is the calendar presently used (in unison with the Gregorian calendar) almost everywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to be the year Jesus was born; however, most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed upon being between 6 BC and 4 BC.
6 Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as Iudaea Province under direct Roman administration, capital at Caesarea, Quirinius became Legate (Governor) of Syria, conducted Census of Quirinius, opposed by Zealots (JA18, Luke 2:1–3, Acts 5:37)
7-26 Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee
9 Pharisee leader Hillel the Elder dies, temporary rise of Shammai
14-37 Tiberius, Roman Emperor
18-36 Caiaphas, appointed High Priest of Herod's Temple by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate Lucius Vitellius
19 Jews, Jewish proselytes, astrologers, expelled from Rome
26-36 Pontius Pilate, Prefect (governor) of Iudaea, recalled to Rome by Syrian Legate Vitellius on complaints of excess violence (JA18.4.2)
28 or 29 John the Baptist begins his ministry in the 15th year of Tiberius (Luke 3:1–2), saying: Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near (Matthew 3:1–2), a relative of Jesus (Luke 1:36), a Nazirite (Luke 1:15), baptized Jesus (Mark 1:4–11), later arrested and beheaded by Herod Antipas (Luke 3:19–20), it's possible that, according to Josephus' chronology, John was not killed until 36 (JA18.5.2)Jesus begins his ministry after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near (Matthew 4:12–17). While the historicity of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by some critical scholars and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following chronology for his ministry: Temptation, Sermon on the Mount, Appointment of the Twelve, Miracles, Temple Money Changers, Last Supper, Arrest, Trial, Passion, Crucifixion on Nisan 14th (John 19:14,Mark 14:2, Gospel of Peter) or Nisan 15th (Synoptic Gospels), entombment by Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, Resurrection by God and Resurrection appearances of Jesus to Mary Magdalene and other women (Mark 16:9, John 20:10–18), Simon Peter (Luke 24:34), and others, (1Cor.15:3–9), Great Commission, Ascension, Second Coming Prophecy to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and establishment of the Kingdom of God and the Messianic Age.
Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
00:01:59 1 Background
00:03:35 2 Academic commentary
00:09:03 3 History of removals
00:10:10 4 Organizations encouraging monument removal
00:10:48 5 Destruction of monuments
00:12:00 6 Laws hindering removals
00:14:20 7 Public opinion
00:15:04 8 What to do with the plinths (pedestals)
00:16:59 9 Removed monuments and memorials
00:17:09 9.1 National
00:17:29 9.2 Alabama
00:19:13 9.3 Alaska
00:19:39 9.4 Arizona
00:20:12 9.5 Arkansas
00:20:50 9.6 California
00:22:55 9.7 Colorado
00:23:13 9.8 District of Columbia
00:24:18 9.9 Florida
00:31:38 9.10 Georgia
00:33:25 9.11 Kansas
00:34:12 9.12 Kentucky
00:35:31 9.13 Louisiana
00:41:48 9.14 Maine
00:42:06 9.15 Maryland
00:44:50 9.16 Massachusetts
00:45:12 9.17 Mississippi
00:45:46 9.18 Missouri
00:46:42 9.19 Montana
00:47:14 9.20 Nevada
00:47:41 9.21 New Mexico
00:47:56 9.22 New York
00:48:47 9.23 North Carolina
00:54:18 9.24 Ohio
00:55:19 9.25 Oklahoma
00:55:49 9.26 South Carolina
00:56:27 9.27 Tennessee
00:59:55 9.28 Texas
01:08:04 9.29 Utah
01:08:20 9.30 Vermont
01:09:14 9.31 Virginia
01:15:51 9.32 Washington (state)
01:18:29 9.33 Wisconsin
01:19:40 9.34 Canada
01:20:08 10 See also
01:20:51 11 Further reading
01:23:37 11.1 Video
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
For decades in the U.S., there have been isolated incidents of removal of Confederate monuments and memorials, although generally opposed in public opinion polls, and several U.S. States have passed laws over 115 years to hinder or prohibit further removals.
In the wake of the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, several municipalities in the United States removed monuments and memorials on public property dedicated to the Confederate States of America. The momentum accelerated in August 2017 after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. The removals were driven by the belief that the monuments glorify white supremacy and memorialize a treasonous government whose founding principle was the perpetuation and expansion of slavery. Many of those who object to the removals, like President Trump, believe that the artifacts are part of the cultural heritage of the United States.The vast majority of these Confederate monuments were built during the era of Jim Crow laws (1877–1954) and the Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968). Detractors claim that they were not built as memorials but as a means of intimidating African Americans and reaffirming white supremacy. The monuments have thus become highly politicized; according to Eleanor Harvey, a senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and a scholar of Civil War history: If white nationalists and neo-Nazis are now claiming this as part of their heritage, they have essentially co-opted those images and those statues beyond any capacity to neutralize them again.In some Southern states, state law restricts or prohibits altogether the removal or alteration of public Confederate monuments. According to Stan Deaton, senior historian at the Georgia Historical Society, These laws are the Old South imposing its moral and its political views on us forever more. This is what led to the Civil War, and it still divides us as a country. We have competing visions not only about the future but about the past.