WITNESS - Patriarch Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak, Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria
Patriarch Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak was elected as the successor to Patriarch Antonios Naguib on January 16, 2013, during a Synod in Cairo. Even though the Coptic Catholic Church is relatively small in population, it is the See of St. Mark the Evangelist, dating back to the period of the Apostles. The Church of Alexandria began to separate from the Church of Rome after the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD. The Roman Catholic Patriarchate has existed since the 18th century, as part of the Catholic mission to unite all Christians.
This Church stands at the global meeting point of East and West, Catholic and Orthodox, Christian and Muslim. Pope Francis made an historic visit to Egypt late April 2017. This remarkable visit to the largest country in the Arab world was a great sign of peace for the small Coptic Catholic community, and most especially to the Catholic leader of the Egyptian Church, His Beatitude, Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak, Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria.
This WITNESS interview took place in the Salt and Light broadcast centre on September 7, 2018.
Sermon on Feast of Peter and Paul (in Ukrainian)
A sermon on apostles Peter and Paul - July 12, 2018, the Transfiguration Cathedral in Kyiv
Church History: Complete Documentary AD 33 to Present
History of the church from the Ascension of Jesus Christ to 2017.
Further Reading:
Philip Schaff's Church History:
History of the Primitive Church:
Eusebius' Church History:
Sozomen's Church History:
Socrates Scholasticus' Church History:
Primary sources:
Father Adrian Fortescue:
Bishop Hefele's History of the Councils:
Corrections:
1. Beirut is in Lebanon, not Syria.
2. At the time of the Roman Empire, Great Britain would have been known as Britannia rather than England. The name England was first used during the Middle Ages, referring to the tribe of Germanic Angles that settled the island after the fall of the Roman Empire.
3. Our Lady of Guadalupe is the only Marian apparition in the Americas to have been approved by the Holy See. Other Marian apparitions in the Americas have been approved by local ordinaries, including Our Lady of Good Success in Ecuador (1572), Our Lady of Good Help in Wisconsin (1859), Our Lady of Cuapa in Nicaragua (1980), in Venezuela (1984) and Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolas in Argentina (1980s).
4. At 2:06:35, the correct spelling is Hugh O'Flaherty, not O'Flattery
Bilyavtsi Ukraine Orthodox Church
This beautiful old church is shared by the Ukrainian Orthodox and the Ukrainian Catholic believers. The village of Bilyavtsi has kept their faith and trust in Jesus through generations. Despite Ukraine having been the under rule of brutal and atheistic governments, this village and church has remained true to their Christian faith.
Orthodox Divine Worship - Patriarch of Jerusalem Enters Cathedral
His Holiness Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem and all Palestine Theophilos III enters the Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery Cathedral in Yekaterinburg, Russia, December 2017.
Pope Francis launches special collection for the war victims in Ukraine
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April 4, 2016. The collection will take place on April 24th. He further asked to stop the use of anti-personnel mines.
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ROME REPORTS, romereports.com, is an independent international TV News Agency based in Rome covering the activity of the Pope, the life of the Vatican and current social, cultural and religious debates. Reporting on the Catholic Church requires proximity to the source, in-depth knowledge of the Institution, and a high standard of creativity and technical excellence.
As few broadcasters have a permanent correspondent in Rome, ROME REPORTS is geared to inform the public and meet the needs of television broadcasting companies around the world through daily news packages, weekly newsprograms and documentaries.
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St. Valentine's Catacombs
Behind this door lies the story of one of historys most famous saintsat least by name.St. Valentine. .
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ROME REPORTS, romereports.com, is an independent international TV News Agency based in Rome covering the activity of the Pope, the life of the Vatican and current social, cultural and religious debates. Reporting on the Catholic Church requires proximity to the source, in-depth knowledge of the Institution, and a high standard of creativity and technical excellence.
As few broadcasters have a permanent correspondent in Rome, ROME REPORTS is geared to inform the public and meet the needs of television broadcasting companies around the world through daily news packages, weekly newsprograms and documentaries.
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Newly Canonized & Newly Discovered Saints of the Kyivan Church: An Overview, Alexander Roman
Full remarks by Dr. Alexander Roman on Newly Canonized and Newly Discovered Saints of the Kyivan Church: An Overview, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Institute of Eastern Christian Studies, University of St. Michael’s College in the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 27 February 2018.
- It is a mistake to think that to be a saint is to be divested of all, but fundamental, worldly desires and needs
- 0:30 We are all called to experience what Eastern theology calls theosis
- 0:44 The term saint was the apostle Paul standard term for Christian
- 1:34 Saints legitimate the way of Christ
- 1:52 We can appreciate new examples of sanctity of the Kyivan Church, i.e. the various jurisdictions - Orthodox, Greco-Catholic - which derive their apostolic foundation from the ancient ecclesial centre of Kyiv
- 2:20 Canonization of saints within the Orthodox tradition. Orthodox saints continue to be glorified for purposes of liturgical veneration at the most local of levels beginning with monasteries and villages. Pope Urban VIII ruled that beatification was to be decided by Rome, not by the people
- 2:57 John Duns Scotus beatified by Saint John Paul II
- 3:14 Since the fall of the Soviet Union, a plethora of archeological research has exploded on the ecclesial scene in Ukraine. This has lead to the discovery and study of the earliest Christians in Tavriya (Таврія) and Crimea, dating to the time of Pope Saint Clement martyred in 101 AD.
- 3:50 Pope Saint Clement wrote the eight books of the epistolic constitutions which remain an integral part of the New Testament to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
- 4:22 Saint Volodymyr took Clement's skull to Kyiv, Ukraine after his baptism
- 4:28 Most surprising discovery is the association of the Ukrainian trident with Pope Clement
- 5:18 Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Києво-Печерська лавра), St. Anthony, St. Theodosius
- 5:36 Zvirynetsky caves (Звіринецькі печери) devastated by enemy raids
- 6:42 Kyiv Pechersk Lavra bore a number of venerable fathers whose underground relics were covered by rocks and debris due to the earthquakes of history
- 7:00 Sixty-one mirror bearing skull relics of unknown venerable fathers. Skull of Pope Clement exudes aromatic oil to this day in a silver chalice
- 7:18 Competition between churches in Ukraine to determine a superior patriotism in claiming the newly glorified Saints
- 7:35 St. Peter Mohyla glorified for his sanctity. Both Moscow and Kyiv jurisdictions moved to glorify him on the same day
- 7:57 Glorification of the Cossack leader Petro Kalnyshevsky (Петро Калнишевський) by both Moscow and Kyiv again
- 8:14 Ivan Vyshensky (Іван Вишенський) recently glorified
- 8:31 Paisius Velichkovsky (Паїсій Величковський) teacher of the Jesus prayer
- 9:34 Discovery of other saints with Ukrainian connections
- 9:45 Saint Edigna (Едігна) was granddaughter of Yaroslav the Wise (Ярослав Мудрий)
- 10:05 Saint Margaret, Queen of Scotland, was granddaughter of Yaroslav the Wise (Ярослав Мудрий)
- 10:51 Scandinavian sagas only, mistakenly refer to Saint Mstyslav Harold as Harold
- 10:55 First Christian rule of Kyivan-Rus' Saint Askold
- 11:30 First baptism of Kyivan Rus' took place with the establishment of Ukraine's firm veneration of the protective veil of the Mother of God
- 11:42 In the east, vast areas of Siberia was Christianized by scholars of the Kyiv Mohyla Academy such as Saint John Maksymovych who translated the liturgy into Chinese. His 20th century descendant built two Orthodox churches in Shanghai (正教會, 上海市). Both churches are still standing
- 12:30 Ukrainian missionaries built over 2,500 churches throughout Siberia. Missionary reach of Kyivan church extended into Alaska
- 13:19 Many new martyrs and confessors of Ukraine were glorified in 2000 AD.
- 17:42 I like to think that all of these saints are the common spiritual patrimony of the entire Ukrainian spiritual tradition as well as eastern-western Christians
- 18:03 Very specific Ukrainian tradition praying Akathist (Акафіст), or unseated hymn
Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Institute of Eastern...
Russia: Holy procession held in Moscow on anniv. of Baptism of Rus'
A religious procession was held in central Moscow, Friday, to mark the anniversary of the Orthodox baptism of Kievan Rus, Friday.
The ceremony was led by Metropolitan of Krutitsy and Kolomna Juvenile. The procession began at the Dormition Cathedral, situated to the north of the Cathedral Square of the Moscow Kremlin, and ended at the St. Vladimir statue.
Although the Christianisation of Kievan Rus' occurred in several stages, the definitive date of the Christianisation of Kiev dates back to the baptism of Vladimir the Great in 988. St. Vladimir was baptised at Chersonesos before he went on to baptise his family and residents in Kiev.
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Missionary Sisters 50th Video 3 (Liturgy after the Homily)
Video 3-50th Anniversary of the Arrival of the Missionary Sisters of the Mother of God in Philadelphia, PA.Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception on Sunday, June 26, 2016.
Main Celebrant: Metropolitan-Archbishop Stefan Soroka.
Video: Teresa Siwak The Way
Catholicos of All Armenians Received the Catholic Archbishop of Prague
On November 4th, in the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, His Holiness Karekin II, Catholicos of All Armenians; received His Eminence Cardinal Dominik Duka, Catholic Archbishop of Prague. He was accompanied by Rev. Fr. Tiran Petrosyan, Pontifical Legate of Central Europe of the Armenian Church; and Rev. Fr. Barsegh Pilavchyan, spiritual pastor of the Armenian Church community in the Czech Republic.
Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոսն ընդունեց Չեխիայի կարդինալին
Նոյեմբերի 4-ին Գարեգին Բ Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոսն ընդունեց հայրապետական հրավերով Մայր Աթոռ Սուրբ Էջմիածին ժամանած Նորին Սրբազնություն Չեխիայի կարդինալ, Պրահայի արքեպիսկոպոս Դոմինիկ Դուկային` ուղեկցությամբ Կենտրոնական Եվրոպայի Հայրապետական պատվիրակի պաշտոնակատար Հոգեշնորհ Տ. Տիրան վարդապետ Պետրոսյանի և Չեխիայի հայոց հոգևոր հովիվ Հոգեշնորհ Տ. Բարսեղ վարդապետ Փիլավչյանի:
I. Christmas/Nativity Of The Lord
Provided to YouTube by The Orchard Enterprises
I. Christmas/Nativity Of The Lord · The Schola Cantorum of St. Peter the Apostle, J Michael Thompson Director
Christmas Through Candlemas: Music For The Feasts Of Light II
℗ 2005 Liturgical Press
Released on: 1998-05-26
Auto-generated by YouTube.
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC; Ukrainian: Українська греко-католицька церква (УГКЦ), translit. Ukrajinsjka hreko-katolycjka cerkva; Latin: Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Ucrainae) is a Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See. It is the second-largest particular church (sui juris) in the Catholic Church (after the Latin, or Roman, Church).
The church is one of the successor churches to the acceptance of Christianity by Grand Prince Vladimir the Great of Kiev, in 988. Its predecessor appeared in 1596 with the signing of the Union of Brest between the Ruthenian Orthodox Church (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) led by Michael Rohoza and the Holy See. Following the partitions of Poland, in 1808 the eparchies of the original Ruthenian Uniate Church (Latin: Ecclesia Ruthena unita) were split three ways between the Austrian Empire (3), Prussia (1), and the Russian Empire (5). Those three eparchies under Austrian jurisdiction were reorganized as the Greek Catholic Church soon after liquidation of all five eparchies that ended up in Russia. The Greek Catholic Church in Austria became a survivor of the original uniate church of the Brest Union (the other being the Uzhhorod Union).
In 1963 the church was recognized as Ukrainian through the efforts of Yosyf Slipyi.
The ordinary (or hierarch) of the church holds the title of Major archbishop of Kiev-Halych and All Ruthenia, though the hierarchs and faithful of the church have acclaimed their ordinary as Patriarch and have requested Papal recognition of, and elevation to, this title. Major archbishop is a unique title within the Catholic Church that was introduced in 1963 as part of political compromise. Since March 2011 the head of the church is Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk.
Within Ukraine itself, the UGCC is a minority of the religious population, being a distant second to the majority Eastern Orthodox faith. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is the second largest religious organization in Ukraine in terms of number of communities. In terms of number of members, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church ranks third in allegiance among the population of Ukraine after the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate. Currently, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church predominates in three western oblasts of Ukraine, including the majority of the population of Lviv, but constitutes a small minority elsewhere in the country. The church has followed the spread of the Ukrainian diaspora and now has some 40 hierarchs in over a dozen countries on four continents, including three other metropolitan bishops in Poland, the United States, and Canada.
Exarch | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Exarch
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The term exarch () comes from the Ancient Greek ἔξαρχος, exarchos, and designates holders of various historical offices, some of them being political or military and others being ecclesiastical.
In the late Roman Empire and early Byzantine Empire, an exarch was a governor of a particular territory. Since the end of 3rd century, every Roman diocese was governed by vicarius who was called exarch in eastern parts of the Empire, dominated by Greek language and the use of Greek terminology. The office of exarch as a governor with extended political and military authority was later created in Byzantine Empire, with jurisdiction over a particular territory, usually a frontier region at some distance from the capital Constantinople.In the Eastern Christian Churches (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic), the term exarch has three distinct uses: metropolitan who holds the office of exarch is the deputy of a patriarch and holds authority over bishops of the designated ecclesiastical region (thus, a position between that of patriarch and regular metropolitan); or, an auxiliary or titular bishop appointed to be exarch over a group of the faithful not yet large enough or organized enough to be constituted an eparchy or diocese (thus the equivalent of a vicar apostolic); and, a priest or deacon who is appointed by a bishop as his executive representative in various fields of diocesan administration (in Byzantine Empire, executive exarchs were usually collecting diocesan revenues for local bishops).
Saint Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Saint Petersburg
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. On 1 September 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd (Russian: Петрогра́д, IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), on 26 January 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленингра́д, IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]), and on 1 October 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is one of the most modern cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world.
Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
St. Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:30 1 Name
00:03:33 2 History
00:03:43 2.1 Imperial era (1703–1917)
00:12:53 2.2 Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)
00:16:51 2.3 World War II (1941–1945)
00:18:42 2.4 Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)
00:21:29 2.5 Contemporary era (1991–present)
00:25:32 3 Geography
00:29:05 3.1 Climate
00:31:12 3.2 Toponymy
00:35:43 4 Demographics
00:39:59 4.1 Religion
00:40:17 5 Government
00:43:07 6 Economy
00:49:37 7 Cityscape
00:58:06 8 Tourism
01:02:05 9 Dramatic Theatre
01:02:30 10 Media and communications
01:03:04 11 Culture
01:03:13 11.1 Museums
01:05:30 11.2 Music
01:11:14 11.3 Film
01:13:19 11.4 Literature
01:15:54 12 Education
01:16:56 13 Sports
01:20:57 13.1 2018 FIFA World Cup
01:21:30 14 Infrastructure
01:21:39 14.1 Transportation
01:22:37 14.1.1 Roads and public transport
01:25:12 14.2 Saint Petersburg public transportation statistics
01:26:06 14.2.1 Waterways
01:27:15 14.2.2 Rail
01:29:32 14.2.3 Air
01:31:02 14.3 Parks
01:33:13 15 Famous people
01:33:51 16 Crime
01:37:12 17 Twin towns and sister cities
01:37:44 18 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8733509262978975
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is often considered Russia's cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
Sunday of the Samaritan Woman 2014 5-18
Assumption Greek Orthodox Church of Chicago - Captured Live on Ustream at
Exarch | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Exarch
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The term exarch () comes from the Ancient Greek ἔξαρχος, exarchos, and designates holders of various historical offices, some of them being political or military and others being ecclesiastical.
In the late Roman Empire and early Byzantine Empire, an exarch was a governor of a particular territory. Since the end of 3rd century, every Roman diocese was governed by vicarius who was called exarch in eastern parts of the Empire, dominated by Greek language and the use of Greek terminology. The office of exarch as a governor with extended political and military authority was later created in Byzantine Empire, with jurisdiction over a particular territory, usually a frontier region at some distance from the capital Constantinople.In the Eastern Christian Churches (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic), the term exarch has three distinct uses: metropolitan who holds the office of exarch is the deputy of a patriarch and holds authority over bishops of the designated ecclesiastical region (thus, a position between that of patriarch and regular metropolitan); or, an auxiliary or titular bishop appointed to be exarch over a group of the faithful not yet large enough or organized enough to be constituted an eparchy or diocese (thus the equivalent of a vicar apostolic); and, a priest or deacon who is appointed by a bishop as his executive representative in various fields of diocesan administration (in Byzantine Empire, executive exarchs were usually collecting diocesan revenues for local bishops).
Russian Orthodox Church | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russian Orthodox Church
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Russian: Ру́сская правосла́вная це́рковь, tr. Rússkaya pravoslávnaya tsérkov), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: Моско́вский патриарха́т, tr. Moskóvskiy patriarkhát), is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian churches, since 15 October 2018 not in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. The Primate of the ROC is the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'. The ROC, as well as the primate thereof, officially ranks fifth in the Orthodox order of precedence, immediately below the four ancient Patriarchates of the Greek Orthodox Church, those of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. The official Christianization of Kievan Rus' widely seen as the birth of the ROC is believed to have occurred in 988 through the baptism of the Kievan prince Vladimir and his people by the clergy of the Ecumenical Patriarchate whose constituent part the ROC remained for the next six centuries, while the Kievan see remained in the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate until 1686.
The ROC currently claims its exclusive jurisdiction over the Orthodox Christians, irrespective of their ethnic background, who reside in the former member republics of the Soviet Union, excluding Georgia and Armenia, although this claim is disputed in such countries as Estonia, Moldova and Ukraine and consequently parallel canonical Orthodox jurisdictions exist in those: Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church and Metropolis of Bessarabia, respectively. It also exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the autonomous Church of Japan and the Orthodox Christians resident in the People's Republic of China. The ROC branches in Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Moldova and Ukraine since the 1990s enjoy various degrees of self-government, albeit short of the status of formal ecclesiastical autonomy. In Ukraine, ROC (represented by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church) has tensions with schismatic groups supported by the current government. The debate over recognition of the Orthodox church in Ukraine as autocephalous has caused tension between the Russian Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.The ROC should not be confused with the Orthodox Church in America (OCA), another autocephalous Orthodox Church (since 1970, albeit not universally recognised in this status), that traces its existence in North America to the time of the Russian missionaries in Alaska (then part of the Russian Empire) in the late 18th century, and still adheres to the ROC liturgical tradition.
The ROC should also not be confused with the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (also known as the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, or ROCOR), headquartered in New York, New York, U.S.A. The ROCOR was instituted in the 1920s by Russian communities outside then Communist Russia, which refused to recognize the authority of the Moscow Patriarchate then de facto headed by Metropolitan Sergius Stragorodsky. The two Churches reconciled on May 17, 2007; the ROCOR is now a self-governing part of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Varna | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Varna
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Varna (Bulgarian: Варна, Varna [ˈvarna]) is the third-largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Situated strategically in the Gulf of Varna, the city has been a major economic, social and cultural centre for almost three millennia. Varna, historically known as Odessos, grew from a Thracian seaside settlement to a major seaport on the Black Sea.
Varna is an important centre for business, transportation, education, tourism, entertainment and healthcare. The city is referred to as the maritime capital of Bulgaria and headquarters the Bulgarian Navy and merchant marine. In 2008, Varna was designated seat of the Black Sea Euroregion by the Council of Europe. In 2014, Varna was awarded the title of European Youth Capital 2017.The oldest gold treasure in the world, belonging to the Varna culture, was discovered in the Varna Necropolis and dates to 4200–4600 BC.