V. Putin's Presidential Address to Federal Assembly 2019
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Russo-Japanese War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russo-Japanese War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Russo-Japanese War (Russian: Русско-японская война, translit. Russko-japonskaja vojna; Japanese: 日露戦争, translit. Nichirosensō / Нитиросенсо̄; 1904–05) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden in Southern Manchuria and the seas around Korea, Japan and the Yellow Sea.
Russia sought a warm-water port on the Pacific Ocean for its navy and for maritime trade. Vladivostok was operational only during the summer, whereas Port Arthur, a naval base in Liaodong Province leased to Russia by China, was operational all year. Since the end of the First Sino–Japanese War in 1895, Japan feared Russian encroachment on its plans to create a sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria. Russia had demonstrated an expansionist policy in the Siberian Far East from the reign of Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. Seeing Russia as a rival, Japan offered to recognize Russian dominance in Manchuria in exchange for recognition of Korea as being within the Japanese sphere of influence. Russia refused and demanded Korea north of the 39th parallel to be a neutral buffer zone between Russia and Japan. The Japanese government perceived a Russian threat to its plans for expansion into Asia and chose to go to war. After negotiations broke down in 1904, the Japanese Navy opened hostilities by attacking the Russian Eastern Fleet at Port Arthur, China, in a surprise attack.
Russia suffered multiple defeats by Japan, but Tsar Nicholas II was convinced that Russia would win and chose to remain engaged in the war; at first, to await the outcomes of certain naval battles, and later to preserve the dignity of Russia by averting a humiliating peace. Russia ignored Japan's willingness early on to agree to an armistice and rejected the idea to bring the dispute to the Arbitration Court at The Hague. The war concluded with the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by US President Theodore Roosevelt. The complete victory of the Japanese military surprised world observers. The consequences transformed the balance of power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. It was the first major military victory in the modern era of an Asian power over a European one. Scholars continue to debate the historical significance of the war.
Fridtjof Nansen | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Fridtjof Nansen
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Fridtjof Nansen (Norwegian: [²fɾɪtːjɔf ˈnɑnsn̩]; 10 October 1861 – 13 May 1930) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist, diplomat, humanitarian and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In his youth he was a champion skier and ice skater. He led the team that made the first crossing of the Greenland interior in 1888, traversing the island on cross-country skis. He won international fame after reaching a record northern latitude of 86°14′ during his Fram expedition of 1893–1896. Although he retired from exploration after his return to Norway, his techniques of polar travel and his innovations in equipment and clothing influenced a generation of subsequent Arctic and Antarctic expeditions.
Nansen studied zoology at the Royal Frederick University in Christiania and later worked as a curator at the University Museum of Bergen where his research on the central nervous system of lower marine creatures earned him a doctorate and helped establish neuron doctrine. Later, famed neuroscientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal would win the 1906 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his research on the same subject, though technical priority for the theory is given to Nansen. After 1896 his main scientific interest switched to oceanography; in the course of his research he made many scientific cruises, mainly in the North Atlantic, and contributed to the development of modern oceanographic equipment. As one of his country's leading citizens, in 1905 Nansen spoke out for the ending of Norway's union with Sweden, and was instrumental in persuading Prince Carl of Denmark to accept the throne of the newly independent Norway. Between 1906 and 1908 he served as the Norwegian representative in London, where he helped negotiate the Integrity Treaty that guaranteed Norway's independent status.
In the final decade of his life, Nansen devoted himself primarily to the League of Nations, following his appointment in 1921 as the League's High Commissioner for Refugees. In 1922 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work on behalf of the displaced victims of the First World War and related conflicts. Among the initiatives he introduced was the Nansen passport for stateless persons, a certificate that used to be recognised by more than 50 countries. He worked on behalf of refugees until his sudden death in 1930, after which the League established the Nansen International Office for Refugees to ensure that his work continued. This office received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938. His name is commemorated in numerous geographical features, particularly in the polar regions.
China | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
China
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.404 billion. Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the third- or fourth-largest country by total area, depending on the source consulted. Governed by the Communist Party of China, the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
China emerged as one of the world's earliest civilizations, in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, China's political system was based on hereditary monarchies, or dynasties, beginning with the semi-legendary Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE. Since then, China has expanded, fractured, and re-unified numerous times. In the 3rd century BCE, the Qin unified core China and established the first Chinese empire. The succeeding Han dynasty, which ruled from 206 BC until 220 AD, saw some of the most advanced technology at that time, including papermaking and the compass, along with agricultural and medical improvements. The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty (618–907) and Northern Song (960–1127) completed the Four Great Inventions. Tang culture spread widely in Asia, as the new maritime Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and Horn of Africa. Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution, when a republic replaced the Qing dynasty. The Chinese Civil War resulted in a division of territory in 1949, when the Communist Party of China established the People's Republic of China, a unitary one-party sovereign state on Mainland China, while the Kuomintang-led government retreated to the island of Taiwan. The political status of Taiwan remains disputed.
Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China's economy has been one of the world's fastest-growing with annual growth rates consistently above 6 percent. As of 2016, it is the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP and largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). China is also the world's largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has the world's largest standing army and second-largest defense budget. The PRC is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council as it replaced the ROC in 1971, as well as an active global partner of ASEAN Plus mechanism. China is also a leading member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), WTO, APEC, BRICS, the BCIM, and the G20. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.
Colonization of space | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:24 1 Reasons
00:02:32 1.1 Survival of human civilization
00:05:47 1.2 Vast resources in space
00:07:29 1.3 Expansion with fewer negative consequences
00:08:10 1.4 Alleviating overpopulation and resource demand
00:08:53 1.5 Other arguments
00:10:20 2 Goals
00:12:33 3 Method
00:13:26 3.1 Materials
00:15:20 3.2 Energy
00:20:30 3.3 Life support
00:21:28 3.4 Radiation protection
00:23:28 3.5 Self-replication
00:24:47 3.6 Psychological adjustment
00:25:32 3.7 Population size
00:26:02 3.8 Money and currency
00:27:05 4 Location
00:27:58 4.1 Near-Earth space
00:28:52 4.1.1 The Moon
00:29:20 4.1.2 Lagrange points
00:29:29 4.2 Other micro-g orbits
00:30:39 4.3 The inner planets
00:31:48 4.3.1 Mercury
00:32:00 4.3.2 Venus
00:32:08 4.3.3 Mars
00:33:22 4.4 Asteroid belt
00:33:30 4.5 Moons of outer planets
00:33:37 4.5.1 Jovian moons – Europa, Callisto and Ganymede
00:34:37 4.5.2 Moons of Saturn – Titan, Enceladus, and others
00:34:46 4.6 Trans-Neptunian region
00:35:59 4.7 Outside the Solar System
00:37:22 4.7.1 Intergalactic travel
00:37:49 5 Economics
00:42:47 6 Terrestrial analogues to space colonies
00:43:33 7 History
00:45:32 8 Planetary protection
00:46:32 9 Objections
00:48:25 9.1 Physical, mental and emotional health risks to colonizers
00:49:34 10 Involved organizations
00:53:19 11 In fiction
00:53:41 12 See also
00:56:40 13 References
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.772151228391913
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation off the planet Earth.
Many arguments have been made for and against space colonization. The two most common in favor of colonization are survival of human civilization and the biosphere in the event of a planetary-scale disaster (natural or man-made), and the availability of additional resources in space that could enable expansion of human society. The most common objections to colonization include concerns that the commodification of the cosmos may be likely to enhance the interests of the already powerful, including major economic and military institutions, and to exacerbate pre-existing detrimental processes such as wars, economic inequality, and environmental degradation.No space colonies have been built so far. Currently, the building of a space colony would present a set of huge technological and economic challenges. Space settlements would have to provide for nearly all (or all) the material needs of hundreds or thousands of humans, in an environment out in space that is very hostile to human life. They would involve technologies, such as controlled ecological life support systems, that have yet to be developed in any meaningful way. They would also have to deal with the as-yet unknown issue of how humans would behave and thrive in such places long-term. Because of the present cost of sending anything from the surface of the Earth into orbit (around $2,500 per-pound to orbit, expected to further decrease), a space colony would currently be a massively expensive project.
There are yet no plans for building space colonies by any large-scale organization, either government or private. However, many proposals, speculations, and designs for space settlements have been made through the years, and a considerable number of space colonization advocates and groups are active. Several famous scientists, such as Freeman Dyson, have come out in favor of space settlement.On the technological front, there is ongoing progress in making access to space cheaper (reusable launch systems could reach $10 per-pound to orbit), and in creating automated manufacturing and construction techniques.
Colonizing space | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:25 1 Reasons
00:02:34 1.1 Survival of human civilization
00:05:49 1.2 Vast resources in space
00:07:32 1.3 Expansion with fewer negative consequences
00:08:13 1.4 Alleviating overpopulation and resource demand
00:08:57 1.5 Other arguments
00:10:25 2 Goals
00:12:40 3 Method
00:13:34 3.1 Materials
00:15:29 3.2 Energy
00:20:41 3.3 Life support
00:21:40 3.4 Radiation protection
00:23:40 3.5 Self-replication
00:25:01 3.6 Psychological adjustment
00:25:46 3.7 Population size
00:26:16 3.8 Money and currency
00:27:20 4 Location
00:28:14 4.1 Near-Earth space
00:29:10 4.1.1 The Moon
00:29:38 4.1.2 Lagrange points
00:29:47 4.2 Other micro-g orbits
00:30:59 4.3 The inner planets
00:32:08 4.3.1 Mercury
00:32:20 4.3.2 Venus
00:32:29 4.3.3 Mars
00:33:45 4.4 Asteroid belt
00:33:53 4.5 Moons of outer planets
00:34:01 4.5.1 Jovian moons – Europa, Callisto and Ganymede
00:35:02 4.5.2 Moons of Saturn – Titan, Enceladus, and others
00:35:12 4.6 Trans-Neptunian region
00:36:24 4.7 Outside the Solar System
00:37:48 4.7.1 Intergalactic travel
00:38:16 5 Economics
00:43:17 6 Terrestrial analogues to space colonies
00:44:05 7 History
00:46:06 8 Planetary protection
00:47:07 9 Objections
00:49:02 9.1 Physical, mental and emotional health risks to colonizers
00:50:11 10 Solutions to health risks
00:53:59 11 Involved organizations
00:55:39 12 In fiction
00:56:48 13 See also
00:59:46 14 References
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9041377087849701
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation off the planet Earth.
Many arguments have been made for and against space colonization. The two most common in favor of colonization are survival of human civilization and the biosphere in the event of a planetary-scale disaster (natural or man-made), and the availability of additional resources in space that could enable expansion of human society. The most common objections to colonization include concerns that the commodification of the cosmos may be likely to enhance the interests of the already powerful, including major economic and military institutions, and to exacerbate pre-existing detrimental processes such as wars, economic inequality, and environmental degradation.No space colonies have been built so far. Currently, the building of a space colony would present a set of huge technological and economic challenges. Space settlements would have to provide for nearly all (or all) the material needs of hundreds or thousands of humans, in an environment out in space that is very hostile to human life. They would involve technologies, such as controlled ecological life support systems, that have yet to be developed in any meaningful way. They would also have to deal with the as-yet unknown issue of how humans would behave and thrive in such places long-term. Because of the present cost of sending anything from the surface of the Earth into orbit (around $640 per-pound to low Earth orbit by the Falcon Heavy vehicle, expected to further decrease), a space colony would currently be a massively expensive project.
There are yet no plans for building space colonies by any large-scale organization, either government or private. However, many proposals, speculations, and designs for space settlements have been made through the years, and a considerable number of space colonization advocates and groups are active. Several famous scientists, such as Freeman Dyson, have come out in favor of space settlement.On the technological front, there is ongoing progress in making access to space cheaper (reusable launch systems could reach $10 per-pound to orbit), and in creating automated manufacturing and construction techniques.
Space development | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:40 1 Reasons
00:02:49 1.1 Survival of human civilization
00:06:23 1.2 Vast resources in space
00:08:15 1.3 Expansion with fewer negative consequences
00:09:00 1.4 Alleviating overpopulation and resource demand
00:09:47 1.5 Other arguments
00:11:22 2 Goals
00:13:49 3 Method
00:14:47 3.1 Materials
00:16:53 3.2 Energy
00:22:37 3.3 Life support
00:23:42 3.4 Radiation protection
00:25:52 3.5 Self-replication
00:27:20 3.6 Psychological adjustment
00:28:09 3.7 Population size
00:28:41 3.8 Money and currency
00:29:50 4 Location
00:30:48 4.1 Near-Earth space
00:31:48 4.1.1 The Moon
00:32:18 4.1.2 Lagrange points
00:32:27 4.2 Other micro-g orbits
00:33:45 4.3 The inner planets
00:35:02 4.3.1 Mercury
00:35:14 4.3.2 Venus
00:35:23 4.3.3 Mars
00:36:46 4.4 Asteroid belt
00:36:54 4.5 Moons of outer planets
00:37:02 4.5.1 Jovian moons – Europa, Callisto and Ganymede
00:38:08 4.5.2 Moons of Saturn – Titan, Enceladus, and others
00:38:18 4.6 Trans-Neptunian region
00:39:37 4.7 Outside the Solar System
00:41:07 4.7.1 Intergalactic travel
00:41:38 5 Economics
00:47:05 6 Terrestrial analogues to space colonies
00:47:57 7 History
00:50:09 8 Planetary protection
00:51:15 9 Objections
00:53:20 9.1 Physical, mental and emotional health risks to colonizers
00:54:35 10 Solutions to health risks
00:58:45 11 Involved organizations
01:00:33 12 In fiction
01:01:48 13 See also
01:05:04 14 References
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8393719221009531
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation off the planet Earth.
Many arguments have been made for and against space colonization. The two most common in favor of colonization are survival of human civilization and the biosphere in the event of a planetary-scale disaster (natural or man-made), and the availability of additional resources in space that could enable expansion of human society. The most common objections to colonization include concerns that the commodification of the cosmos may be likely to enhance the interests of the already powerful, including major economic and military institutions, and to exacerbate pre-existing detrimental processes such as wars, economic inequality, and environmental degradation.No space colonies have been built so far. Currently, the building of a space colony would present a set of huge technological and economic challenges. Space settlements would have to provide for nearly all (or all) the material needs of hundreds or thousands of humans, in an environment out in space that is very hostile to human life. They would involve technologies, such as controlled ecological life support systems, that have yet to be developed in any meaningful way. They would also have to deal with the as-yet unknown issue of how humans would behave and thrive in such places long-term. Because of the present cost of sending anything from the surface of the Earth into orbit (around $640 per-pound to low Earth orbit by the Falcon Heavy vehicle, expected to further decrease), a space colony would currently be a massively expensive project.
There are yet no plans for building space colonies by any large-scale organization, either government or private. However, many proposals, speculations, and designs for space settlements have been made through the years, and a considerable number of space colonization advocates and groups are active. Several famous scientists, such as Freeman Dyson, have come out in favor of space settlement.On the technological front, there is ongoing progress in making access to space cheaper (reusable launch systems could reach $10 per-pound to orbit), and in creating automated manufacturing and construction techniques.
Space settlement | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:07 1 Reasons
00:03:17 1.1 Survival of human civilization
00:07:28 1.2 Vast resources in space
00:09:39 1.3 Expansion with fewer negative consequences
00:10:31 1.4 Alleviating overpopulation and resource demand
00:11:24 1.5 Other arguments
00:13:16 2 Goals
00:16:08 3 Method
00:17:14 3.1 Materials
00:19:42 3.2 Energy
00:26:27 3.3 Life support
00:27:42 3.4 Radiation protection
00:30:15 3.5 Self-replication
00:31:57 3.6 Psychological adjustment
00:32:53 3.7 Population size
00:33:30 3.8 Money and currency
00:34:51 4 Location
00:35:57 4.1 Near-Earth space
00:37:06 4.1.1 The Moon
00:37:40 4.1.2 Lagrange points
00:37:50 4.2 Other micro-g orbits
00:39:21 4.3 The inner planets
00:40:51 4.3.1 Mercury
00:41:04 4.3.2 Venus
00:41:14 4.3.3 Mars
00:42:50 4.4 Asteroid belt
00:42:58 4.5 Moons of outer planets
00:43:07 4.5.1 Jovian moons – Europa, Callisto and Ganymede
00:44:24 4.5.2 Moons of Saturn – Titan, Enceladus, and others
00:44:34 4.6 Trans-Neptunian region
00:46:06 4.7 Outside the Solar System
00:47:51 4.7.1 Intergalactic travel
00:48:26 5 Economics
00:54:51 6 Terrestrial analogues to space colonies
00:55:51 7 History
00:58:23 8 Planetary protection
00:59:39 9 Objections
01:02:06 9.1 Physical, mental and emotional health risks to colonizers
01:03:33 10 Solutions to health risks
01:08:24 11 Involved organizations
01:10:29 12 In fiction
01:11:56 13 See also
01:15:47 14 References
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7460912296219858
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation off the planet Earth.
Many arguments have been made for and against space colonization. The two most common in favor of colonization are survival of human civilization and the biosphere in the event of a planetary-scale disaster (natural or man-made), and the availability of additional resources in space that could enable expansion of human society. The most common objections to colonization include concerns that the commodification of the cosmos may be likely to enhance the interests of the already powerful, including major economic and military institutions, and to exacerbate pre-existing detrimental processes such as wars, economic inequality, and environmental degradation.No space colonies have been built so far. Currently, the building of a space colony would present a set of huge technological and economic challenges. Space settlements would have to provide for nearly all (or all) the material needs of hundreds or thousands of humans, in an environment out in space that is very hostile to human life. They would involve technologies, such as controlled ecological life support systems, that have yet to be developed in any meaningful way. They would also have to deal with the as-yet unknown issue of how humans would behave and thrive in such places long-term. Because of the present cost of sending anything from the surface of the Earth into orbit (around $640 per-pound to low Earth orbit by the Falcon Heavy vehicle, expected to further decrease), a space colony would currently be a massively expensive project.
There are yet no plans for building space colonies by any large-scale organization, either government or private. However, many proposals, speculations, and designs for space settlements have been made through the years, and a considerable number of space colonization advocates and groups are active. Several famous scientists, such as Freeman Dyson, have come out in favor of space settlement.On the technological front, there is ongoing progress in making access to space cheaper (reusable launch systems could reach $10 per-pound to orbit), and in creating automated manufacturing and construction techniques.
Space colonies | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:21 1 Reasons
00:02:30 1.1 Survival of human civilization
00:05:39 1.2 Vast resources in space
00:07:19 1.3 Expansion with fewer negative consequences
00:08:00 1.4 Alleviating overpopulation and resource demand
00:08:43 1.5 Other arguments
00:10:08 2 Goals
00:12:19 3 Method
00:13:12 3.1 Materials
00:15:04 3.2 Energy
00:20:08 3.3 Life support
00:21:05 3.4 Radiation protection
00:23:01 3.5 Self-replication
00:24:19 3.6 Psychological adjustment
00:25:03 3.7 Population size
00:25:33 3.8 Money and currency
00:26:35 4 Location
00:27:28 4.1 Near-Earth space
00:28:21 4.1.1 The Moon
00:28:49 4.1.2 Lagrange points
00:28:58 4.2 Other micro-g orbits
00:30:08 4.3 The inner planets
00:31:16 4.3.1 Mercury
00:31:28 4.3.2 Venus
00:31:37 4.3.3 Mars
00:32:51 4.4 Asteroid belt
00:32:59 4.5 Moons of outer planets
00:33:07 4.5.1 Jovian moons – Europa, Callisto and Ganymede
00:34:06 4.5.2 Moons of Saturn – Titan, Enceladus, and others
00:34:16 4.6 Trans-Neptunian region
00:35:26 4.7 Outside the Solar System
00:36:48 4.7.1 Intergalactic travel
00:37:16 5 Economics
00:42:06 6 Terrestrial analogues to space colonies
00:42:52 7 History
00:44:50 8 Planetary protection
00:45:49 9 Objections
00:47:41 9.1 Physical, mental and emotional health risks to colonizers
00:48:48 10 Solutions to health risks
00:52:29 11 Involved organizations
00:54:05 12 In fiction
00:55:12 13 See also
00:58:07 14 References
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9599695847908765
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation off the planet Earth.
Many arguments have been made for and against space colonization. The two most common in favor of colonization are survival of human civilization and the biosphere in the event of a planetary-scale disaster (natural or man-made), and the availability of additional resources in space that could enable expansion of human society. The most common objections to colonization include concerns that the commodification of the cosmos may be likely to enhance the interests of the already powerful, including major economic and military institutions, and to exacerbate pre-existing detrimental processes such as wars, economic inequality, and environmental degradation.No space colonies have been built so far. Currently, the building of a space colony would present a set of huge technological and economic challenges. Space settlements would have to provide for nearly all (or all) the material needs of hundreds or thousands of humans, in an environment out in space that is very hostile to human life. They would involve technologies, such as controlled ecological life support systems, that have yet to be developed in any meaningful way. They would also have to deal with the as-yet unknown issue of how humans would behave and thrive in such places long-term. Because of the present cost of sending anything from the surface of the Earth into orbit (around $640 per-pound to low Earth orbit by the Falcon Heavy vehicle, expected to further decrease), a space colony would currently be a massively expensive project.
There are yet no plans for building space colonies by any large-scale organization, either government or private. However, many proposals, speculations, and designs for space settlements have been made through the years, and a considerable number of space colonization advocates and groups are active. Several famous scientists, such as Freeman Dyson, have come out in favor of space settlement.On the technological front, there is ongoing progress in making access to space cheaper (reusable launch systems could reach $10 per-pound to orbit), and in creating automated manufacturing and construction techniques.