Work starts on memorial to victims of Nazi programme of euthanasia
SHOTLIST
AP TELEVISION
SHOTLIST 1. Pan from Philharmonic building to memorial site dedicated to people murdered by the Nazis
2. Wide of Germany's state minister for culture, Bernd Neumann, addressing ceremony
3. SOUNDBITE: (German) Bernd Neumann, State secretary for Culture and Media:
Here, at Tiergartenstrasse number 4, was the planning centre where the National Socialist (Nazi) regime planned the killing, which was represented as euthanasia.
4. Wide of exhibition accompanying planned memorial, entitled Topography of Terror
5. Close up poster reading: (German) 60000 Reichsmarks is the cost of that diseased man for the People community, that is also your money
6. Picture of transport bus for disabled people
7. Picture of building formerly at Tiergartenstrasse number 4
8. SOUNDBITE: (German) Dr. Andreas Nachama, Director of Topography of Terror exhibition
Helpless children, old people who needed care - just to say that costs us a a lot of money, we will get rid off them. This was planned from here and then - with the thoroughness of the Third Reich - carried out.
9. Mid of Sigrid Falkenstein, whose aunt was killed when she was 24 years old, and who wrote a book called Annas Spuren
10. Pan of memorial display ending on picture of Anna Lehnkering (left in picture), Falkenstein's aunt who was killed when she was 24 years old
11. SOUNDBITE: (German) Sigrid Falkenstein, German
Perpetrator and victim, one cannot separate those from each other. To show all this here at this particular location, is important to me. This is not supposed to be just a monument where you can give Sunday service speeches or where you lay down wreaths. No, this must inform people and then it might become a place of learning.
12. Close of drummer at memorial ceremony
13. Wide of musicians
14. Picture showing design of memorial
STORYLINE:
Work got underway in Berlin on Monday, on a memorial dedicated to around 300-thousand people murdered by the Nazis because of mental and physical disabilities or chronic illness.
The memorial - a 100-foot (30 metre) long light-blue glass wall - will be located in the centre of Berlin near the current home of the Berlin Philharmonic, on the site of the Nazi office that coordinated the so-called euthanasia programme.
At a ceremony to mark the beginning of work on the memorial, German State secretary for Culture and Media Bernd Neumann,told those gathered: Here, at Tiergartenstrasse number 4, was the planning centre where the National Socialist (Nazi) regime planned the killing, which was represented as euthanasia.
He pointed out that educating people about the crimes of the Nazis and honouring their victims remains an obligation for the country.
An exhibition accompanying the memorial entitled Topography of Terror was also on display.
Amongst the items featured is a Nazi propaganda poster telling people the cost of caring for a disabled person.
Director of the exhibition Dr. Andreas Nachama said that helpless children and old people who needed care were amongst those whose disposal was carried out by the Third Reich (Nazi regime).
Also present at Monday's ceremony was Sigrid Falkenstein, whose aunt was killed when she was 24 years old, and who subsequently wrote a book about her called Annas Spuren.
To show all this here at this particular location, is important to me, she said. This is not supposed to be just a monument where you can give Sunday service speeches or where you lay down wreaths. No, this must inform people and then it might become a place of learning.
In recent years, several victims' groups, among them the Jews, Roma and Sinti, and homosexuals, have had memorials dedicated to them in Berlin.
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Germany: Bundestag commemorate Nazi regime's 'euthanasia' victims
The Bundestag commemorated the victims of National Socialism, on the 72nd anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, in Berlin, on Friday.
At the centre of this year's commemoration was the Nazi regimes' so-called 'euthanasia' programme, whereby people 300,000 people with physical and mental disabilities and incurable diseases were killed.
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Germany unveils memorial to Nazis' disabled victims
To the mournful strains of a single cello and tearful remembrances by family members, Germany Tuesday inaugurated a national memorial to the 300,000 ill and disabled people systematically murdered by the Nazis. Duration: 00:44
Euthanasia Program: Mass killing program launched by Hitler on Sep 1, 1939
T4 Euthanasia program or Nazi Germany’s mass murder plan initiated by Adolf Hitler on September 1, 1939
T4 is a code name of the program that denotes to the program coordinating office address in Berlin - Tiergartenstrasse 4
This program framed as ‘euthanasia program’ to systematically kill people who are mentally and physically disabled, emotionally shattered and elderly people
These killings would clean the ‘Aryan’ race - who according to the Nazi’s were considered as ‘genetically defective’ and a ‘financial burden’ on society
The program was initially planned to start in October 1939 but it was backdated to September 1, 1939 (the day when World War II began) to make it look like a wartime measure
Hitler directed Dr. Karl Brandt and Fuhrer Chancellery director Philipp Bouhler to grant a mercy killing to those patients who were considered incurable
The program claimed to have killed 70,000 victims during its two years of operation
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Giving a Face to Faceless Victims: Profiles of Disabled Victims of the Nazi ‘Euthanasia’ Program
Patricia Heberer, historian at the Centre for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., presents the lecture “Giving a Face to Faceless Victims: Profiles of Disabled Victims of the Nazi ‘Euthanasia’ Program.” This lecture was part of the WSU Common Reading event series for the book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot.
The Path to Nazi Genocide
View a new Museum film providing a concise overview of the Holocaust and what made it possible. Using rare footage, the film examines the Nazis' rise and consolidation of power in Germany as well as their racist ideology, propaganda, and persecution of Jews and other innocent civilians. It also outlines the path by which the Nazis led a state to war, and with their collaborators, killed millions -- including systematically murdering 6 million Jewish people. This 38-minute resource is intended to provoke reflection and discussion about the role of ordinary people, institutions, and nations between 1918 and 1945.
The Unfit: Disability under Nazism and Fascism
February 7, 2013
Speakers: Patricia Heberer and Susan Bachrach (both of Holocaust Memorial Museum), David Forgacs (New York University)
Holocaust Remembrance: “The Unfit”: Disability under Nazism and Fascism
Welcoming remarks:
Barbara Faedda
Italian Academy for Advanced Studies, Columbia University
Speakers:
Patricia Heberer
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Giving a Face to Faceless Victims: Profiles of Disabled Victims of the Nazi “Euthanasia” Program
Susan Bachrach
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race
David Forgacs
New York University
Photographing Places of Social Exclusion
Europe and the United Nations commemorate the victims of the Shoah each winter on the date of Auschwitz's liberation in 1945, and the Italian Academy marks Holocaust Remembrance Day with an annual academic event exploring issues of discrimination and crimes against humanity. In past years, the Academy has broadened its focus to explore other minority groups that were targeted by the Nazi and Fascist regimes, and that suffered and died along with the millions of Jews: the Roma and Sinti (or Gypsies) in one case, and homosexuals in another. Persons with disabilities were subject to persecution as part of radical public health policy aimed at excluding hereditarily “unfit” Germans from the national community. According to the Holocaust Memorial Museum, “these strategies began with forced sterilization and escalated toward mass murder. The most extreme measure, the Euthanasia Program, was in itself a rehearsal for Nazi Germany’s broader genocidal policies.”
Susan Bachrach is Curator of Special Exhibitions at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. In this capacity, she is involved in all phases of select special exhibitions at the Museum, including the historic research, identification of artifacts, design, and creation of accompanying publications. She is currently working on a new exhibition, Some Were Neighbors: Collaboration and Complicity in the Holocaust, that will open at the museum this April. Her last exhibition, Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race, is presently traveling to universities and other venues across the country. Since joining the Museum in 1992, Dr. Bachrach has worked on many exhibitions, including Liberation 1945 and NAZI OLYMPICS Berlin 1936. She has written or co-edited a number of exhibition catalogues, including Deadly Medicine, NAZI OLYMPICS Berlin 1936, and most recently, Nazi Propaganda.
Patricia Heberer has served as an historian with the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington since 1994. There she serves as a Museum specialist on medical crimes and eugenics policies in Nazi Germany. Dr. Heberer earned her baccalaureate and master’s degrees from Southern Illinois University; she pursued doctoral studies at the Free University of Berlin and the University of Maryland, receiving her Ph.D. from the latter institution. In addition to contributions to several USHMM publications, she has recently authored a source edition, Children during the Holocaust, a volume in the Center’s series, Documenting Life and Destruction, appearing in 2011. A further publication, Atrocities on Trial: The Politics of Prosecuting War Crimes in Historical Perspective, co-edited with Juergen Matthäus, appeared in 2008 with the University of Nebraska Press.
David Forgacs holds the Guido and Mariuccia Zerilli-Marimò Chair of Contemporary Italian Studies at New York University. His publications include Mass Culture and Italian Society from Fascism to the Cold War (with Stephen Gundle, Indiana University Press, 2007) and Italian Culture in the Industrial Era (Manchester University Press, 1990). His latest book, Italy's Margins: Photography, Writing and Social Exclusion since 1861, will be published by Cambridge University Press in 2013.
Disabled Holocaust
In Hitler's Germany, everything that was done was legal.
Fog in August - EIFF Trailer
Kai Wessel’s powerful and absorbing film is hailed as the first drama to tackle the dark wartime subject of the Nazis’ euthanasia programme. Based on Robert Domes’ 2008 novel, the film follows 13-year-old Ernst (Ivo Pietzcker), who is committed to a mental hospital in 1942 because of his Yenish traveller lineage. Unexpectedly he finds friendship there, but when he learns more about the truth of what lies behind the hospital’s facade he sets out to try and sabotage the euthanasia programme with help from his new friends.
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What does Holocaust Memorial Day mean for disabled people?
Listen to NUS Disabled Students' Officer Piers Wilkinson, highlighting why for them it is especially important to commemorate Holocaust Memorial Day. We must remember and know our history.
.
What was the Brandenberg Centre? It was the euthanasia centre created by the Nazi's in 1939 under the Aktion T4 program (Action or Operation T4) , which euthanised disabled people under the rhetoric of burden. Read more here:
What was T4 (or T-4)? It was the euthanisia program that targeted disabled people. The underlying rhetoric that led to the creation of Aktion T4 were based on burden, forced sterilisation, and purity. Read more here: holocaustresearchproject.org/euthan/t4.html
It is important to recognise that both Nazi Germany and the majority of the United States both had forced sterilisation laws targeting disabled people by the mid 1930s.
The US Supreme Court decision presaged the arguments used later to justify eugenic killings in Nazi Germany.
It is important to remember individuals in our history, so we will be sharing links some of the stories of the disabled people impacted by this specific part of the Holocaust. We want to thank @HMD_UK for having such in-depth resources on the lives of these individuals.
Helene, a disabled woman forcibly institutionalised after being diagnosed as schizophrenic:
A big barrier to knowing exactly what happened is even at the time, even parents didn't know. Anna Lehnkering, who's story was pieced together by Sigrid Falkenstein, a descendent.
More useful links:
HMD Disabled People and the Holocaust link:
United States Holocaust Museum link:
Ceremony held to bury remains of Nazi victims that were experimented on
(9 May 2012) 1. Medium of man putting urn into grave
2. Wide of official bowing before grave
3. Medium of guests
4. Medium of gravestone
5. Close up of names on gravestone
6. Medium of gravestone with guests in background
7. Medium of violinist
8. Close of of violin
9. Wide of funeral with violinists playing
10. SOUNDBITE (German) Heinz Fischer, Austrian President:
The culprits tried to hide their deeds from the relatives and the public, to muddy the waters. All the more important was and is, is to aim the spotlight of awareness, the bright light on these events - and to take comment on it publicly.
11. Mid of photographer, pan left to Friedrich Zawrel and woman talking
12. Mid of Frierich Zawrel
13. Close of hand holding walking stick
14. SOUNDBITE (German) Friedrich Zawrel, eyewitness:
There was a small slit in one of the windows. By chance I looked through it one day and saw the removal of child corpses. Once you've seen it you can never forget again. I tried it once and today I'm happy I didn't succeed.
15. Medium of Gerhard Bader
16. Close up hand
17. SOUNDBITE (German) Gerhard Bader, eyewitness:
This so-called euthanasia, we experienced it first hand. All of a sudden the strange Uncle Otto around the corner disappeared. And in the end an urn came back. In the beginning there were even death notices in the newspaper. That was one of the most drastic things for us back then.
18. Medium of president Fischer talking to Zawrel
19. Medium of gravestone with flowers
20. Medium of ceremonial fire
21. Close up of ceremonial fire
STORYLINE:
They were starved, tortured, and killed because they were considered inferior to the Aryan ideal set by German dictator Adolf Hitler.
Then their organs were put in jars and displayed for research by the doctors accused of causing their deaths under the Nazis.
Shutting the books on one of Vienna's darkest chapters, black-clad workers on Wednesday placed a small metal urn into the ground at the city's Central Cemetery.
It contained what municipal officials say were the last known unburied remains of victims treated to death on the Austrian capital's psychiatric wards during the Hitler era.
The Nazis called them unworthy lives - those deemed too sick, weak or handicapped to fit Hitler's image of the master race.
More than 70,000 were killed, gassed to death or otherwise murdered between 1939 and 1941.
Public protests stopped the wholesale massacres then, but thousands more of those deemed inferior lost their lives at the hands of sadistic doctors and nurses until the end of the war.
Of those, about 3,500 died in Vienna institutions, among them nearly 800 children and juveniles.
Thousands of brains, uteruses with foetuses and other organs and parts were then preserved in jars and used for medical research until 1978, when they were put under lock and key amid growing Austrian sensitivity to the crimes committed while the country was Hitler's ally.
Hundreds of the children's remains were already buried 10 years ago, but many adult specimens were kept available until recently for experts trying to trace their histories and identify them.
They were successful in linking remains to names in 61 cases.
Sixty sets of identified victims were buried along with unidentified ones in a non public ceremony late last month.
Under a clear blue sky, the 61st was put to rest on Wednesday, accompanied by the mournful music of a string quartet and speeches by dignitaries.
Austrian President Heinz Fischer said the culprits tried to hide their deeds from the relatives and the public, to muddy the waters.
He said it was important to aim the spotlight of awareness, the bright light, on these events.
This so-called euthanasia, we experienced it first hand, he said.
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Roots of Nazi Ideology
This video is part of the Holocaust Education Video Toolbox. For more videos and teaching aids, visit:
Nazi ideology was total, in that it was a world view that claimed to explain everything about the world and how it functions.
At its core, the Nazi world view was racist and biological, positing that the so-called “Aryan” race – primarily the North Europeans – was the superior race of human beings. Their superiority granted the Aryans the right and obligation to rule over other races and peoples, for the benefit of humankind. The Jews, in complete contrast, were seen as a kind of “anti-race”, dangerous inhuman beings in seemingly human form. They were viewed alternatively as microbes and parasites, or as devils, that is, inhuman creatures with superhuman power.
In this video, Dr. David Silberklang presents the topic of Nazi ideology and answers the following questions:
What is Nazi Ideology? What were its roots? From where did the Nazis derive the ideas which served as the basis of their ideology?
Dr. David Silberklang is Senior Historian and Editor of Yad Vashem Studies, International Institute for Holocaust Research, Yad Vashem.
Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: Christian Anti-Judaism - 2:40
Part 3: Social Sciences - 3:53
Part 4: Modern Racism - 5:20
Part 5: Modern Antisemitism - 7:14
Part 6: The Nazi Ideology - 8:15
Archival footage and photographs:
- Yad Vashem Archives
- Color glass slide of a genealogical chart of an 'asocial'- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
individual - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of University of Muenster
- Bundesfilmarchiv/Transit Film GmbH.
- Carl Heinrich Bloch (1834–1890) - The Last Supper
- Giotto di Bondone (1304–1306) - The Arrest of Christ
- Ecclesia and Synagogaת Notre Dame de Paris - Nitot
- History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries - Morton Race
Table - A table from Types of Mankind, by Josiah Clark Nott and George Robert
Gliddon, 1854.
- Otmar von Verschuer with twins - Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin-Dahlem -
Every effort has been made to locate the copyright holders to obtain the appropriate permissions and apply the correct attributions. If you have any information that would help us in relation to copyright, please contact us internet.education@yadvashem.org.il
Film produced by Mikooka Productions -
Aktion T4 | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Aktion T4
00:03:10 1 Background
00:06:14 2 Implementation
00:10:51 3 Killing of children
00:15:08 4 Killing of adults
00:15:18 4.1 Invasion of Poland
00:19:24 4.2 Listing of targets from hospital records
00:21:14 5 Gassing
00:25:20 6 Number of euthanasia victims
00:26:45 7 Technology and personnel transfer to death camps
00:28:25 8 Opposition
00:30:14 8.1 Exposure
00:33:12 8.2 Church protests
00:38:52 9 Suspension of T4 killings
00:40:35 10 Post-war
00:40:44 10.1 Doctors' trial
00:43:24 10.2 Other perpetrators
00:47:03 11 Memorials
00:47:40 12 See also
00:47:49 13 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Aktion T4 (German, pronounced [akˈtsi̯oːn teː fiːɐ]) was a postwar name for mass murder through involuntary euthanasia in Nazi Germany. The name T4 is an abbreviation of Tiergartenstraße 4, a street address of the Chancellery department set up in the spring of 1940, in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, which recruited and paid personnel associated with T4. Certain German physicians were authorized to select patients deemed incurably sick, after most critical medical examination and then administer to them a mercy death (Gnadentod). In October 1939 Adolf Hitler signed a euthanasia note backdated to 1 September 1939 which authorized his physician Karl Brandt and Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler to implement the programme.
The killings took place from September 1939 until the end of the war in 1945; from 275,000 to 300,000 people were killed at extermination centres in psychiatric hospitals in Germany and Austria, occupied Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (now the Czech Republic). The number of victims was originally recorded as 70,273 but this number has been increased by the discovery of victims listed in the archives of former East Germany. About half of those killed were taken from church-run asylums, often with the approval of the Protestant or Catholic authorities of the institutions. The Holy See announced on 2 December 1940 that the policy was contrary to the natural and positive Divine law and that the direct killing of an innocent person because of mental or physical defects is not allowed but the declaration was not upheld by some Catholic authorities in Germany. In the summer of 1941, protests were led in Germany by Bishop von Galen, whose intervention led to the strongest, most explicit and most widespread protest movement against any policy since the beginning of the Third Reich, according to Richard J. Evans.Several reasons have been suggested for the programme, including eugenics, compassion, reducing suffering, racial hygiene, economy and pressure on the welfare budget. Physicians in German and Austrian asylums continued many of the practices of Aktion T4 until the defeat of Germany in 1945, in spite of its official cessation in August 1941. The informal continuation of the policy led to 93,521 beds emptied by the end of 1941. Technology developed under Aktion T4 was taken over by the medical division of the Reich Interior Ministry, particularly the use of lethal gas to kill large numbers of people, along with the personnel who had participated in the development of the technology and later participated in Operation Reinhard.The technology and personnel developed were instrumental in implementing the Holocaust. The programme was authorized by Hitler but the killings have since come to be viewed as murders in Germany. The number of people killed was about 200,000 in Germany and Austria, with about 100,000 victims in other European countries.
The Development of the Final Solution
This video is part of the Holocaust Education Video Toolbox. For more videos and teaching aids, visit:
In the video, The Development of the 'Final Solution', Dr. David Silberklang provides an overview of what came to
be known as the Final Solution of the Jewish Question, which ended in the murder of some six million Jews. Dr. Silberklang identifies several major steps, sometimes occuring concurrently, including the prewar separation and escalating anti-Jewish measures, exploring a territorial solution, increasing murder during the German territorial expansion, murder in other countries and of other groups, early attempts at mass-murder systems, the Wansee Conference, and the fully mechanized mass-murder of the final years of the War.
Dr. David Silberklang is Senior Historian and Editor of Yad Vashem Studies at theInternational Institute for Holocaust Research, Yad Vashem.
Part 1: Introduction 00:00
Part 2: Persecution and Murder Beyond Germany’s Borders 3:32
Part 3: Systematic Murder Begins and Spreads 5:04
Part 4: The “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” 9:58
Archival footage and photographs:
Yad Vashem Archive
Yad Vashem Photo Archive.
Yad Vashem Film Archive.
Yad Vashem Museum Collection
The Yad Vashem Visual Center
Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Agentur Karl Höffkes
Bundesfilmarchiv/Transit Film GmbH.
Footage of Rudolf Bohlmann used with the kind permission of Eginhard Teichmann.
Staatsarchivs Stuttgart.
The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Music (Beeld en Geluid).
Every effort has been made to locate the copyright holders to obtain the appropriate permissions and apply the correct attributions. If you have any information that would help us in relation to copyright, please contact us internet.education@yadvashem.org.il.
Film produced by Mikooka Productions -
Operation T4 Euthanasia 1939-1945 Hadamar Clinic
Hundreds of thousands of Europeans with disabilities were murdered between 1939 and 1945 under the Nazi T4 euthanasia program. Disability rights advocate Dave Reynolds presented about this to Eastern Washington University's Disability Studies students in Cheney, Washington on Oct. 2, 2018. The presentation takes viewers on a mental field trip to Hadamar, Germany where nearly 15,000 people with disabilities were murdered, more than 10,000 of them through poisonous gas. Hadamar was one of six killing centers designed specifically to exterminate Germans considered useless eaters that did not fit Hitler's model of perfection. In recent decades, disability rights advocates in Germany have worked to shine light on those horrors and memorialize those innocent victims. Thoughtful memorials have been created at the former killing centers, as well as Tiergartenstrasse 4, the address of the former Nazi government office where the mass killings were planned and organized, just a few blocks from the Reichstag, the seat of government in Berlin.
Some were Neighbors: Complicity & Collaboration
Some were Neighbors: Complicity & Collaboration, a Workshop with The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Wednesday, September 13th
12:10-2:00pm
NEH 2017-18 Event: Complicity & Collaboration
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) has a permanent and online exhibit that highlights the role bystanders played in facilitating the escalation of genocidal policies towards European Jews. While Hitler and high level Reich members have primarily been held accountable for the atrocities of the Nazi regime, along with specific perpetrators of their genocidal aims, widening the scope outside of the parameters of the rank and file members of the party introduces a host of more complex and ambiguous issues. The exhibit content provides the opportunity to explore the myriad of motivations impacting the average person living in Nazi Germany or occupied territories, from apathy and indifference to anti-Semitism, instrumental or hostile motivations, fear and intimidation, etc. In this workshop, Dr. Susan Bachrach, Curator of Special Exhibitions at the USHMM offers a rich and informative perspective for participants that outlines the main themes of the exhibit and sets the foundation for the theme of “Complicity & Collaboration” in relationship to the KHC’s new original exhibition, Conspiracy of Goodness. Bachrach has overseen numerous exhibits at the USHMM including: Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race, Liberation 1945, Nazi Olympics: Berlin 1936, and Oskar Schindler: An Unlikely Hero. Her publications include: Tell Them We Remember: The Story of the Holocaust, and The Nazi Olympics: Berlin 1936.
Website:
Third Reich | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:51 1 Name
00:07:45 2 Background
00:11:39 3 History
00:11:48 3.1 Nazi seizure of power
00:15:33 3.2 Nazification of Germany
00:19:00 3.3 Consolidation of power
00:22:43 3.4 Military build-up
00:26:46 3.4.1 Austria and Czechoslovakia
00:30:20 3.4.2 Poland
00:32:01 3.5 World War II
00:32:11 3.5.1 Foreign policy
00:33:46 3.5.2 Outbreak of war
00:36:05 3.5.3 Conquest of Europe
00:39:12 3.5.4 Invasion of the Soviet Union
00:42:38 3.5.5 Turning point and collapse
00:48:18 3.5.6 German casualties
00:50:33 4 Geography
00:50:43 4.1 Territorial changes
00:52:25 4.2 Occupied territories
00:54:20 4.3 Post-war changes
00:56:06 5 Politics
00:56:16 5.1 Ideology
00:58:49 5.2 Government
01:01:58 5.3 Law
01:05:36 6 Military and paramilitary
01:05:47 6.1 Wehrmacht
01:08:53 6.2 The SA and SS
01:13:13 7 Economy
01:13:23 7.1 Reich economics
01:20:37 7.2 Wartime economy and forced labour
01:24:29 7.3 Financial exploitation of conquered territories
01:29:33 8 Racial policy and eugenics
01:29:45 8.1 Racism and antisemitism
01:30:32 8.2 Persecution of Jews
01:34:04 8.3 Persecution of Roma
01:36:28 8.4 Other persecuted groups
01:38:02 8.5 Generalplan Ost
01:41:28 8.6 The Holocaust and Final Solution
01:43:30 8.7 Oppression of ethnic Poles
01:44:49 8.8 Mistreatment of Soviet POWs
01:45:57 9 Society
01:46:07 9.1 Education
01:50:23 9.2 Role of women and family
01:57:23 9.3 Health
01:59:29 9.4 Environmentalism
02:01:02 9.5 Oppression of churches
02:08:00 9.6 Resistance to the regime
02:12:13 10 Culture
02:14:35 10.1 Censorship
02:17:25 10.2 Architecture and art
02:19:56 10.3 Film
02:21:53 11 Legacy
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7233340502751859
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nazi Germany is the common English name for Germany between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party (NSDAP) controlled the country through a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich (German Reich) until 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich) from 1943 to 1945. Nazi Germany is also known as the Third Reich (Drittes Reich), meaning Third Realm or Third Empire, the first two being the Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and the German Empire (1871–1918). The Nazi regime ended after the Allies defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.
Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, on 30 January 1933. The NSDAP then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and Presidency. A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer (leader) of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitler's person and his word became the highest law. The government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler's favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy. Using deficit spending, the regime undertook extensive public works, including the construction of Autobahnen (motorways). The return to economic stability boosted the regime's popularity.
Racism, especially antisemitism, was a central ideological feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the master race, the purest branch of the Aryan race. Discrimination and persecution against Jews and Romani people began in earnest after the seizure of power. The first concentration camps were established in March 1933. Jews and others deemed undesirable ...
Extermination camp | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:47 1 Background
00:04:47 2 Definition
00:07:40 3 History
00:08:27 3.1 Pure extermination camps
00:10:53 3.2 Concentration and extermination camps
00:13:08 3.3 Other means of extermination
00:15:08 4 Extermination procedure
00:17:14 4.1 Gassings
00:23:49 4.2 Corpse disposal
00:25:51 4.3 Ustaše camps
00:27:55 5 Death toll
00:28:12 6 Dismantling and attempted concealment
00:29:09 7 Commemoration
00:30:30 7.1 The camps and Holocaust denial
00:32:25 8 See also
00:32:52 9 Notes
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Speaking Rate: 0.9560344117706113
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Nazi Germany built extermination camps (also called death camps or killing centers) during the Holocaust in World War II, to systematically murder millions of Jews. Others were murdered at the death camps as well, including Poles, Soviet POWs, and Roma. The victims of death camps were primarily killed by gassing, either in permanent installations constructed for this specific purpose, or by means of gas vans. Some Nazi camps, such as Auschwitz and Majdanek, served a dual purpose before the end of the war in 1945: extermination by poison gas, but also through extreme work under starvation conditions.The idea of mass extermination with the use of stationary facilities to which the victims were taken by train, was the result of earlier Nazi experimentation with chemically manufactured poison gas during the secretive Aktion T4 euthanasia programme against hospital patients with mental and physical disabilities. The technology was adapted, expanded, and applied in wartime to unsuspecting victims of many ethnic and national groups; the Jews were the primary target, accounting for over 90 percent of the extermination camp death toll. The genocide of the Jewish people of Europe was the Third Reich's Final Solution to the Jewish question. It is now collectively known as the Holocaust, during which 11 million others were also murdered. Extermination camps were also set up by the fascist Ustaše regime of the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of Germany, which carried out genocide between 1941 and 1945 against Serbs, Jews, Roma and its Croat and Bosniak Muslim political opponents.
Racial policy of Nazi Germany | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Racial policy of Nazi Germany
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The racial policy of Nazi Germany was a set of policies and laws implemented in Nazi Germany (1933–45) based on a specific racist doctrine asserting the superiority of the Aryan race, which claimed scientific legitimacy. This was combined with a eugenics programme that aimed for racial hygiene by compulsory sterilization and extermination of those who they saw as Untermenschen (sub-humans), which culminated in the Holocaust.
Nazi policies labeled centuries-long residents in German territory who were not ethnic Germans such as Jews (understood in Nazi racial theory as a Semitic people of Levantine origins), Romanis (also known as Gypsies, an Indo-Aryan people of Indian Subcontinent origins), along with the vast majority of Slavs (mainly ethnic Poles, Serbs, Russians etc.), and most non-Europeans as inferior non-Aryan subhumans (i.e. non-Nordics, under the Nazi appropriation of the term Aryan) in a racial hierarchy that placed the Herrenvolk (master race) of the Volksgemeinschaft (people's community) at the top.
First Person 2016: Frank Liebermann
Through the First Person program, Holocaust survivors have the opportunity to share their remarkable personal stories of hope, tragedy, and survival with thousands of visitors at the Museum. This program was recorded on April 14, 2016. It features Frank Liebermann, who was born in Gleiwitz, Poland, on January 19, 1929. Frank and his parents left Europe for the United States in 1938.