5-7-15 - Day 9 - Lewis & Clark Interpretive Center
We visited the Lewis & Clark Interpretive Center while we are in Sioux City, Iowa.
Uncharted Territory: David Thompson on the Columbia Plateau
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David Thompson is revered as a national hero in Canada, but is less well known to Americans. Uncharted Territory: David Thompson on the Columbia Plateau focuses on the years 1807-1812, the time that Thompson spent primarily in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and northwestern United States, and the significant contributions that he made to the history of the American Northwest.
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Midwestern United States
The Midwestern United States, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is one of the four U.S. geographic regions. Prior to June 1984 the area was named the North Central region by the census bureau.
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Earth, Wind & Fire
Earth, Wind & Fire is an American band that has spanned the musical genres of R&B, soul, jazz, pop, rock, funk, disco, latin, African and gospel. They are one of the most successful and critically acclaimed bands of the twentieth century. Rolling Stone has described them as innovative, precise yet sensual, calculated yet galvanizing and has also declared that the band changed the sound of black pop.
Also known as EWF, the band was founded in Chicago by Maurice White in 1969. Other members have included Philip Bailey, Verdine White, Ralph Johnson, Larry Dunn, and Al McKay. The band has received 20 Grammy nominations; they won six as a group and two of its members, Maurice White and Bailey, won separate individual awards. Earth, Wind & Fire have 12 American Music Awards nominations and four awards. They have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and sold over 90 million albums worldwide. Five members of Earth, Wind & Fire were also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame: Maurice White, Philip Bailey, Verdine White, Larry Dunn and Al McKay. The music industry and fans have bestowed Lifetime Achievement honors from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (Rhythm & Soul Heritage Award – 2002), NAACP (Hall of Fame – 1994) and the BET Awards (Lifetime Achievement Award – 2002).
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David Douglas and the Landscape of the Pacific Northwest - 11/9/12
Author Jack Nisbet presented David Douglas and the Landscape of the Pacific Northwest as part of Western Washington University's Huxley College of the Environment Speaker Series at 3 p.m. on Friday, Nov. 9 in CF 125 on the Western campus.
Between 1825-33, Scottish naturalist David Douglas traveled with Hudson's Bay Company fur men throughout their Columbia and New Caledonia Districts, actively interacting with the flora, fauna, and families that lived there. This slide presentation will focus on what ideas Douglas's journals, letters, scientific specimens, taxonomy, artwork, and oral legacy can offer to understanding the place where we live today.
Spokane-based teacher and writer Jack Nisbet's books include Visible Bones, Purple Flat Top, Sources of the River, and The Mapmaker's Eye. The Collector, his biography of David Douglas, was named as one of the Pacific Northwest Bookseller's Association's 2010 Books of the Year. His latest title, David Douglas: A Naturalist at Work, is an illustrated collection of essays that both provide context for Douglas's journeys and relate his work to the modern landscape. It serves as the companion book for a museum exhibit of the same name that is now open at the Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture in Spokane.
The exhibit will travel to the Washington State History Museum in Tacoma in Fall 2013.
The speaker series is held by Western's Huxley College of the Environment to bring together the environmentally minded community and other interested members of the WWU and Bellingham communities. Speakers address topics of contemporary environmental concern in the region and the world.
For more information, please contact the main office of Huxley College of the Environment, at (360) 650-3520.
Western's Huxley College of the Environment is one of the oldest environmental colleges in the nation and a recognized national leader in producing the next generation of environmental stewards. The College's academic programs reflect a broad view of the physical, biological, social and cultural world. This innovative and interdisciplinary approach makes Huxley unique. The College has earned international recognition for the quality of its programs.
Douglas MacArthur | Wikipedia audio article
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Douglas MacArthur
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SUMMARY
=======
Douglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 – 5 April 1964) was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of only five to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army, and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army.
Raised in a military family in the American Old West, MacArthur was valedictorian at the West Texas Military Academy, and First Captain at the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he graduated top of the class of 1903. During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz, he conducted a reconnaissance mission, for which he was nominated for the Medal of Honor. In 1917, he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd (Rainbow) Division. In the fighting on the Western Front during World War I, he rose to the rank of brigadier general, was again nominated for a Medal of Honor, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross twice and the Silver Star seven times.
From 1919 to 1922, MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, where he attempted a series of reforms. His next assignment was in the Philippines, where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny. In 1925, he became the Army's youngest major general. He served on the court martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the American Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In 1930, he became Chief of Staff of the United States Army. As such, he was involved in the expulsion of the Bonus Army protesters from Washington, D.C. in 1932, and the establishment and organization of the Civilian Conservation Corps. He retired from the US Army in 1937 to become Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines.
MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East. A series of disasters followed, starting with the destruction of his air forces on 8 December 1941, and the invasion of the Philippines by the Japanese. MacArthur's forces were soon compelled to withdraw to Bataan, where they held out until May 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur, his family and his staff left nearby Corregidor Island in PT boats and escaped to Australia, where MacArthur became Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area. Upon his arrival, MacArthur gave a speech in which he famously promised I shall return to the Philippines. After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled that promise. For his defense of the Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the Medal of Honor. He officially accepted Japan's surrender on 2 September 1945 aboard USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay, and oversaw the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951. As the effective ruler of Japan, he oversaw sweeping economic, political and social changes. He led the United Nations Command in the Korean War with initial success; however, the controversial invasion of North Korea provoked Chinese intervention. Following a series of major defeats he was removed from command by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951. He later became chairman of the board of Remington Rand.
Daikin Hvac-Oregon Heating And Air Conditioning-Sherwood Oregon-Daikin Haet Pumps
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HVAC (stands for Heating, Vventilation and Air Cconditioning) equipment needs a control system to regulate the operation of a heating and/or air conditioning system. Usually a sensing device is used to compare the actual state (e.g. temperature) with a target state. Then the control system draws a conclusion what action has to be taken (e.g. start the blower). See full list of Media Credits What is now the Sherwood area was originally inhabited by the Atfalati band of the Kalapuya nation. The first significant wave of United States emigrants arrived in 1842. Native Americans were relocated to reservations after the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850–55 gave American citizens exclusive ownership of these lands. The relocation process took place under the guidance of a series of federal employees, most notably Superintendent of Indian Affairs Joel Palmer, who was severely criticized for his humane treatment of the tribes. The California Gold Rush of 1849 caused a dramatic shift in the area's economy. Oregon City, Oregon is along a stretch of the Willamette River that had always been attractive to trade since prehistoric times, when trading activity was dominated by the Chinookan tribe. When settlers of European extraction began arriving in large numbers, Oregon City became (arguably) the End of the Oregon Trail. After the Gold Rush, however, Portland, Oregon, replaced Oregon City as the area's most important center of trade and commerce. Sherwood is within 20 miles (32 km) of both cities. Oregon Heating & Air Conditioning offers air conditioning, heating, and indoor air quality services to homes and businesses across Oregon. Our work is our passion and we are proud to offer residents with detailed services, high-quality products, and trusted installations. With more than 50 years of service in the HVAC industry, you can rely on our team for quality when it comes to heating and air conditioning in commercial and residential buildings. The world’s leading air conditioning manufacturer - Daikin. Behind its steady growth were two conditions unique to Japan - “the diverse climate that gives rise to distinct four seasons” and “limited resources.” Honed in a severe environment known as “Japan,” the pursuit for high quality air conditioners that meet various user needs and great attention to details from developing to manufacturing proudly made Daikin’s air conditioning technology the world’s top class. Daikin gives you comfort for life. With Daikin, you will be comfortable inside no matter what the temperature is outside whether it is summer or winter. Daikin has a wide range of products that will satisfy any client's needs, for all the seasons. Daikin gives you professionals in comfort and the equipment to deliver that comfort. Daikin is your source for high efficiency heating and cooling equipment including furnaces, air conditioners, heat pumps and ductless systems. It seems important to mention the main issues - residential HVAC, Oregon Heating&Air Conditioning, Sherwood, Oregon Coast Trail, Lewis & Clark National Historical Park, Smith Rock, New Air Conditioning Standard, Astoria Column, dz18tc heat pump, dx16tc ac, Oregon Zoo, Oregon State Capitol, Mount Hood National Forest, Sherwood, Oregon Coast Aquarium, DM96VC, Washington Park, Lava Butte, Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum, Daikin Comfort, Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum, Hells Canyon National Recreation Area, Cascade Lakes Highway, Willamette Heritage Center at the Mill, Ore., Astoria Column, National Historic Oregon Trail, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, US-OR, Mt Bachelor Ski Resort, Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, Seaside Oregon, Pioneer Courthouse, high quality air conditioners, Wet - Foot State, OR, Oregon, daikin equipment, AC unit installation, Columbia River Highway, Willamette National Forest, Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, Newport, The Hard-case State, Coil Blower, Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, controller, Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, portable air conditioner, Multnomah Falls, US-OR, Daikin technologies, install a new daikin ac system, Smockville, Cannon Beach, Oregon Caves National Monument, Columbia River, furnace repair, The Sunset State, Heaters, iaq, The Daikin Group, Newberry National Volcanic Monument, furnace oregon, tailored system installations, Cannon Beach, DM97MC, air purifiers, daikin, The Beaver State, The Rogue River, HVAC solutions, Crater Lake National Park
Daikin Dealer-Ideal Hvac Technology-Beaverton Oregon-Daikin Comfort Pro
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Oregon Heating & Air Conditioning offers air conditioning, heating, and indoor air quality services to homes and businesses across Oregon. Our work is our passion and we are proud to offer residents with detailed services, high-quality products, and trusted installations. With more than 50 years of service in the HVAC industry, you can rely on our team for quality when it comes to heating and air conditioning in commercial and residential buildings. Media Credits list Beaverton is a city in Washington County, Oregon, United States, seven miles (11 km) west of downtown Portland in the Tualatin River Valley. As of the 2010 census, the population is 89,803. This makes it the second-largest city in the county and Oregon's sixth-largest city. In 2010, Beaverton was named by Money magazine as one of the 100 best places to live, among smaller cities, in the country. According to Oregon Geographic Names, Beaverton got its name because of the settlement's proximity to a large body of water resulting from beaver dams.
The area of Tualatin Valley which became Beaverton was originally the home of a Native American tribe known as the Atfalati, which settlers mispronounced as Tualatin. The Atfalati population dwindled in the latter part of the 18th century, and the prosperous tribe was no longer dominant in the area by the 19th century when settlers arrived. The Daikin Group’s technological strengths related to air conditioning and ?uorochemicals have enabled the Group to provide products that are increasing the comfort and amenity of life for people throughout the world. The Group is employing leading-edge environmental technologies-such as those related to heat pumps, invertors, and refrigerant controls-to develop and supply products and services that are helping curtail increases in energy consumption. Daikin gives you comfort for life. With Daikin, you will be comfortable inside no matter what the temperature is outside whether it is summer or winter. Daikin has a wide range of products that will satisfy any client's needs, for all the seasons. Daikin gives you professionals in comfort and the equipment to deliver that comfort. Daikin is your source for high efficiency heating and cooling equipment including furnaces, air conditioners, heat pumps and ductless systems. HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by Nikolay Lvov, Michael Faraday, Willis Carrier, Edwin Ruud, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, and many others.
Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of first comfort air conditioning system, which was designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock Exchange, while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the same year.
The invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the industrial revolution, and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly being introduced by companies and inventors worldwide. In summary, here are the main points: Astoria Column, Cedarhurst Golf Club, Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum, Oregon, Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, climate control installations, Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, a/c company, The Sunset State, Daikin Comfort Pro, Washington Park, Seaside Oregon, dealer for daikin, Crater Lake National Park, heat pump, Beaverton, Seaside Oregon, The Rogue River, Columbia River, Cannon Beach, Oregon Coast Aquarium, heating and air conditioning, thermometer, The Hard-case State, Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, Fine chemical products, Air Cooled Chillers, Oregon Caves National Monument, US-OR, heat pump installation, Newport, air conditioning, Beaverton, Oregon Coast Trail, Multnomah Falls, Willamette Heritage Center at the Mill, Mt Bachelor Ski Resort, US-OR, Daikin’s air conditioning, Oregon Heating, HVAC Equipment, HVAC in Oregon, Lewis & Clark National Historical Park, Wet - Foot State, OR, National Historic Oregon Trail, Pioneer Courthouse, Hells Canyon National Recreation Area, Mount Hood National Forest, dx18tc air conditioner, Lava Butte, air conditioner, air filtration system, warm in the winter, Commercial-use air purifiers, Air conditioning services, Oregon, The Beaver State, Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, Direct Vent, The Hard-case State, Oregon Zoo, Newberry National Volcanic Monument, hvac services, Cascade Lakes Highway, heat pump repair, Columbia River Highway, daikin, Willamette National Forest, Ore., Oregon State Capitol, Smith Rock, Oregon Shakespeare Festival
Licensed Plumber/Home Comfort Heating/Springfield Oregon/Home Comfort Plumbing
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Springfield, also known as Proud History, Bright Future, is a city in Lane County, Oregon, United States. Located in the Southern Willamette Valley, it is within the Eugene-Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area. Separated from Eugene to the west, mainly by Interstate 5, Springfield is the second-most populous city in the metropolitan area after Eugene. As of the 2010 census, the city has a total population of 59,403.
Springfield was settled when Elias and Mary Briggs and their family arrived in 1848. They were among the first party to travel to the region via the Southern Route by Klamath Lake, over the Cascades, into the Rogue Valley, then north to the Willamette Valley. Elias Briggs along with William Stevens ran a ferry on the nearby Willamette River. See full list of Video Credits HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by Nikolay Lvov, Michael Faraday, Willis Carrier, Edwin Ruud, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, and many others.
Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of first comfort air conditioning system, which was designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock Exchange, while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the same year.
The invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the industrial revolution, and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly being introduced by companies and inventors worldwide. Home Comfort plumbing department is ready to assist residential and commercial customers with projects of any size. Our plumbers have years of professional experience and use the highest quality products and fixtures to ensure that our work is long-lasting, safe, and pleasing to the eye. When it comes to repairs, replacement, and new construction projects, our rates are competitive and our expertise is unmatched. Home Comfort Heating & Air Conditioning, located in Eugene, Oregon, is proud to provide a full range of services to ensure the comfort, reliability, and efficiency of your home. Home Comfort specializes in installation, maintenance, and repair of HVAC and indoor air quality systems, as well as plumbing and electrical service for both residential and commercial customers. We are always happy to answer any questions you might have and help determine what works best for your home. Call today to schedule a free consultation or estimate. Are you faced with a clogged drain, outdated pipes, or a busted boiler? Home Comfort’s plumbing department is ready to assist residential and commercial customers with projects of any size. Our plumbers have years of professional experience and use the highest quality products and fixtures to ensure that our work is long-lasting, safe, and pleasing to the eye. When it comes to repairs, replacement, and new construction projects, our rates are competitive and our expertise is unmatched.
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Secret Service codename
The United States Secret Service uses code names for U.S. presidents, first ladies, and other prominent persons and locations. The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition. The Secret Service does not choose these names, however. The White House Communications Agency assigns them. WHCA was originally created as the White House Signal Detachment under Franklin Roosevelt.
The WHCA, an agency of the White House Military Office, is headquartered at Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling and consists of six staff elements and seven organizational units. WHCA also has supporting detachments in Washington, D.C. and various locations throughout the United States of America.
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Top Experienced/Hvac Experts/Lake Oswego Oregon/Trane Extreme Conditions Testing
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Every Trane product is designed down to every detail and rigorously tested for reliability and durability. Plus, Trane ranks among the top in the industry for efficiency. A Trane home comfort system delivers consistent temperatures throughout your home while lowering your utility bills when you replace your old HVAC system with a new Trane system. Trane's motto is Its Hard to Stop a Trane. That is because Trane extreme tests their products to ensure that they will last and deliver total home comfort for years to come. List of all video credits is located here HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by Nikolay Lvov, Michael Faraday, Willis Carrier, Edwin Ruud, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, and many others.
Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of first comfort air conditioning system, which was designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock Exchange, while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the same year.
The invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the industrial revolution, and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly being introduced by companies and inventors worldwide. Call Us: Portland: (503) 231 – 3311; Vancouver: (360) 693 – 3311. If you are looking to replace, service or repair a heating and cooling system for your home, call First Call Heating and Cooling. First Call Heating and Cooling has been serving the Portland Area since 1939. Trane air conditioners, furnaces, heat pumps, air filters, thermostats and other home comfort products. If you are looking for a repairman or a quality heating and cooling dealer, then you want First Call. We can fix your air conditioner, fix your furnace, fix your heat pump or install a new high efficiency air conditioning system or furnace. Need a HVAC dealer, installer, repairman or a comfort specialist then look no further than First Call. First Call Heating and Cooling offers expert service & maintenance including same-day and 24/7 emergency service on all types and brands of heating and cooling systems – gas, oil, or electric / forced air or hydronic. First Call offers top quality installation of new equipment – Gas, oil, or electric – from furnaces, air conditioners, ductless systems, boilers, or tankless water heaters to commercial package units, chillers, and building controls for energy management. First Call offers services to improve your indoor air quality like air duct cleaning, air quality testing, and ductwork repair , replacement, sealing and insulation. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.35 square miles (29.40 km2), of which, 10.68 square miles (27.66 km2) is land and 0.67 square miles (1.74 km2) is water. That area does not include the more than 1,100 acres (4.5 km2) of unincorporated land within the urban services boundary as defined by Clackamas County. Oswego Lake is a private lake (an expansion of an earlier natural lake, named Waluga (wild swan) by Clackamas Indians) managed by the Lake Oswego Corporation. The lake supports watercraft, and a dock floats at the lake's east end where boaters can disembark and walk to the nearby businesses. At the SEET lab in Tyler, Texas—which stands for Systems Extreme Environmental Test—Trane products are put through 16 weeks of bone-chilling cold and blistering heat, in repeating two-week sessions. Some units endure over 2,600 hours of continuous testing, including a full week of salt spray to monitor corrosion resistance. Our technicians have tried to break our Climatuff® compressor over 900 ways, which has produced a saying at Trane, if a product doesn’t make it through our test lab it doesn’t get made. By putting our heating and cooling units through 5 years worth of wear and tear in the matter of a few months, we reinforce our philosophy of making products you can rely on for years and years.
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Sacagawea
Sacagawea , also Sakakawea or Sacajawea, was a Lemhi Shoshone woman, who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, acting as an interpreter and guide, in their exploration of the Western United States. She traveled thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean between 1804 and 1806.
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Oregon Trail | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Oregon Trail
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Oregon Trail is a 2,170-mile (3,490 km) historic East–West, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas, and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon.
The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840, and was only passable on foot or by horseback. By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west, and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete, even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges, cutoffs, ferries, and roads, which made the trip faster and safer. From various starting points in Iowa, Missouri, or Nebraska Territory, the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny, Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains.
From the early to mid-1830s (and particularly through the years 1846–69) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners, ranchers, and business owners and their families. The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail (from 1843), Mormon Trail (from 1847), and Bozeman Trail (from 1863), before turning off to their separate destinations. Use of the trail declined as the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, making the trip west substantially faster, cheaper, and safer. Today, modern highways, such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84, follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail.
Oregon Trail | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Oregon Trail
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Oregon Trail is a 2,170-mile (3,490 km) historic East–West, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas, and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon.
The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840, and was only passable on foot or by horseback. By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west, and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete, even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges, cutoffs, ferries, and roads, which made the trip faster and safer. From various starting points in Iowa, Missouri, or Nebraska Territory, the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny, Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains.
From the early to mid-1830s (and particularly through the years 1846–69) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners, ranchers, and business owners and their families. The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail (from 1843), Mormon Trail (from 1847), and Bozeman Trail (from 1863), before turning off to their separate destinations. Use of the trail declined as the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, making the trip west substantially faster, cheaper, and safer. Today, modern highways, such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84, follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail.
Columbia River | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Columbia River
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is 1,243 miles (2,000 km) long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River. Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province. The fourth-largest river in the United States by volume, the Columbia has the greatest flow of any North American river entering the Pacific.
The Columbia and its tributaries have been central to the region's culture and economy for thousands of years. They have been used for transportation since ancient times, linking the region's many cultural groups. The river system hosts many species of anadromous fish, which migrate between freshwater habitats and the saline waters of the Pacific Ocean. These fish—especially the salmon species—provided the core subsistence for native peoples.
In the late 18th century, a private American ship became the first non-indigenous vessel to enter the river; it was followed by a British explorer, who navigated past the Oregon Coast Range into the Willamette Valley. In the following decades, fur trading companies used the Columbia as a key transportation route. Overland explorers entered the Willamette Valley through the scenic but treacherous Columbia River Gorge, and pioneers began to settle the valley in increasing numbers. Steamships along the river linked communities and facilitated trade; the arrival of railroads in the late 19th century, many running along the river, supplemented these links.
Since the late 19th century, public and private sectors have heavily developed the river. To aid ship and barge navigation, locks have been built along the lower Columbia and its tributaries, and dredging has opened, maintained, and enlarged shipping channels. Since the early 20th century, dams have been built across the river for power generation, navigation, irrigation, and flood control. The 14 hydroelectric dams on the Columbia's main stem and many more on its tributaries produce more than 44 percent of total US hydroelectric generation. Production of nuclear power has taken place at two sites along the river. Plutonium for nuclear weapons was produced for decades at the Hanford Site, which is now the most contaminated nuclear site in the US. These developments have greatly altered river environments in the watershed, mainly through industrial pollution and barriers to fish migration.
Wyoming's Original Main Street - Main Street, Wyoming
We explore how Robert Stuart's discover of South Pass became a catalyst for America's westward expansion.
Richard Andrews | April 2012
The Ulrich Salon Circle closed out the 2011-2012 year with an illustrated presentation by one of the leading voices in public art, Richard Andrews, public art director and former museum director, on April 26, 2012.
Richard Andrews was the founding director of Art in Public Places in Seattle, one of the country's very first governmental entities to create new art for its public buildings. He then directed the Visual Arts Program for the National Endowment for the Arts. Andrews returned to Seattle to direct the University of Washington's art museum for over 20 years. There he expanded the campus public art collection.
Andrews remains very active in the realm of public art, and currently serves as president of the Skystone Foundation, which is the organization responsible for the fundraising, administration, and realization of James Turrell's Roden Crater project. During his Salon Circle presentation, Andrews reflected on his remarkable career and the state of art all around us today.
Oregon | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:23 1 Etymology
00:07:07 2 Geography
00:09:00 2.1 Geology and terrain
00:10:49 2.2 Flora and fauna
00:13:42 2.3 Climate
00:15:56 3 History
00:16:39 3.1 Earliest inhabitants
00:17:59 3.2 European and pioneer settlement
00:23:10 3.3 Statehood
00:24:54 3.4 Post-Reconstruction
00:27:24 4 Cities and towns
00:28:34 5 Law and government
00:33:06 5.1 Federal representation
00:34:24 5.2 Politics
00:38:09 6 Economy
00:39:29 6.1 Agriculture
00:41:23 6.2 Forestry and fisheries
00:43:29 6.3 Tourism and entertainment
00:45:53 6.4 Technology
00:47:33 6.5 Corporate headquarters
00:49:38 6.6 Taxes and budgets
00:52:42 7 Demographics
00:52:51 7.1 Population
00:55:49 7.2 Religious and secular communities
00:58:08 7.3 Future projections
00:58:47 8 Education
00:58:56 8.1 Primary and secondary
00:59:51 8.2 Colleges and universities
01:03:29 9 Sports
01:06:05 10 Sister regions
01:06:38 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9545599556565705
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Oregon ( (listen) OR-i-gən) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West Coast of the United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary along Washington state, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary along Idaho. The parallel 42° north delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon is one of only three states of the contiguous United States to have a coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
Oregon was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before Western traders, explorers, and settlers arrived. An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848. Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles (250,000 km2), Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, 27th most populous U.S. state. The capital, Salem, is the second most populous city in Oregon, with 164,549 residents. Portland, with 632,309 residents, is the most populous and ranks as the 26th most populous city in the United States. The Portland metropolitan area, which also includes the city of Vancouver, Washington, to the north, ranks the 23rd largest metro area in the nation, with a population of 2,389,228.
Oregon is one of the most geographically diverse states in the U.S., marked by volcanoes, abundant bodies of water, dense evergreen and mixed forests, as well as high deserts and semi-arid shrublands. At 11,249 feet (3,429 m), Mount Hood, a stratovolcano, is the state's highest point. Oregon's only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is also home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae, a fungus that runs beneath 2,200 acres (8.9 km2) of the Malheur National Forest.Because of its diverse landscapes and waterways, Oregon's economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing, and hydroelectric power. Oregon is also the top timber producer of the contiguous United States, and the timber industry dominated the state's economy in the 20th century. Technology is another one of Oregon's major economic forces, beginning in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc., headquartered in Beaverton, is the state's largest public corporation with an annual revenue of $30.6 billion.Like its northern neighbor Washington, Oregon is one of the most socially progressive states in the country. Same-sex marriage in Oregon was recognized in 2013 before its full legalization in 2015, cannabis is legal for recreational and medicinal use in the state, and assisted suicide is also permitted by law in Oregon.
Top Stories: Noon 9-25-19
Top Stories: Noon 9-25-19
Earth, Wind, and Fire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:57 1 History
00:02:06 1.1 1969–1970: Beginnings
00:03:25 1.2 1970–1973: Formation and early years
00:08:30 1.3 1974–1980: Classic period
00:22:07 1.4 1981–1994: Electronic period
00:31:45 1.5 1994–present: Neo period
00:48:22 2 Legacy
00:51:18 3 Members
00:52:30 4 Awards and nominations
00:52:40 5 Discography
00:52:50 5.1 Studio albums
00:53:42 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9593544700424705
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Earth, Wind & Fire (abbreviated as EWF or EW&F) is an American band that has spanned the musical genres of R&B, soul, funk, jazz, disco, pop, rock, dance, Latin, and Afro pop. They have been described as one of the most innovative and commercially successful acts of all time. Rolling Stone called them innovative, precise yet sensual, calculated yet galvanizing and declared that the band changed the sound of black pop. VH1 has also described EWF as one of the greatest bands ever.The band was founded in Chicago by Maurice White in 1969, having grown out of a previous band known as the Salty Peppers. Other prominent members of EWF have included Philip Bailey, Verdine White, Ralph Johnson, Larry Dunn, Al McKay, Roland Bautista, Sonny Emory, Sheldon Reynolds and Andrew Woolfolk. The band is known for its dynamic horn section, kalimba sound, energetic and elaborate stage shows, and the contrast between Philip Bailey's falsetto vocals and Maurice White's baritone.The band has won six Grammys from their 17 nominations. They have won four American Music Awards out of 12 nominations. They have also been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and sold over 90 million records, making them one of the world's best-selling bands of all time. EWF has been inducted into the NAACP Image Award Hall of Fame and Hollywood's Rockwalk. The band have received an ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Heritage Award, BET Lifetime Achievement Award, and Soul Train Legend Award. EWF has received a NARAS Signature Governor's Award, a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award,
and the 2012 Congressional Horizon Award.