Tuesday in Leszno (or old Lissa) Austega's photos around Leszno, Poland
Preview of Austega's blog at TravelPod. Read the full blog here:
This blog preview was made by TravelPod using the TripAdvisor™ TripWow slideshow creator.
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Aftermath + Polish President meets Israeli counterpart, comments
1. Polish President Alexander Kwasniewski and Israeli President Moshe Katzav shaking hands
2. Kwasniewski signing book
3. Katzav and Kwasniewski walking to podium
4. SOUNDBITE: (English) Alexander Kwasniewski, Polish President:
I can say openly that we understand that this fence is a measure to fight against violence against terrorism and the fence as a temporary measure is necessary to understand the position of Israel, to look if this solution will help us find a better future between Israel and the Palestinians.
5. Katzav and Kwasniewski at news conference
6. SOUNDBITE: (Hebrew) Moshe Katzav, Israeli President:
I think that there is need to accelerate the construction of the security fence. According to security officials this is a very efficient measurement to provide better protection to the lives of the Israeli citizens. And already in the areas where the fence is built you can see the results.
7. Kwasniewski's motorcade leaving Katzav's residence
STORYLINE:
Polish President Alexander Kwasniewski gave his support for Israel's controversial security fence to visiting Israeli President, Moshe Katzav on Sunday.
Kwasniewski - on day one of a two day visit to Israel - spoke about the barrier Israel is building and said, as a temporary measure, it's an understandable effort to prevent terrorism.
Israeli President Moshe Katzav spoke of the need to speed-up construction of the barrier, despite an order from Israel's Supreme Court on Sunday to suspend work for one week on a section of the West Bank around eight Palestinian villages northwest of Jerusalem.
The decision followed a bloody protest by residents against the barrier last week - Israeli troops fired live ammunition at the crowd, killing two people in the first deadly protests against the barrier.
You can license this story through AP Archive:
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Jewish Cemetary
A clip of a cemetary in Wroclaw, Poland
Judaism Without Walls
Budapest, which houses one of Europe's largest Jewish communities with about 100,000 Jews, is in the middle of a dynamic revival fueled by young people, innovators, and creative thinkers. Central to this renaissance is Judafest, a JDC-supported street festival that draws both Jews and non-Jews. The future of Hungarian Jewry is strong and bright.
Music credits: Gliding, Yearning, and Cinematic Landscape by Alex Plowright, courtesy of Beatpick.com; Thingamajig by Jason Shaw - Republic by Good old Neon -
For more than 100 years, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) has been saving Jewish lives, building Jewish life, and transforming Jewish values into action that benefits all people in need. As the world’s leading Jewish humanitarian aid group, JDC today works in more than 70 countries and in Israel to alleviate hunger and hardship, rescue Jews in danger, create lasting connections to Jewish life, and provide disaster relief and development support for victims of natural and man-made disasters.
Bagnówka na kłódkę
Dziś, 16 sierpnia, w rocznicę wybuchu powstania w getcie białostockim cmentarz żydowski na Bagnówce został zamknięty na 2 kłódki!
Panie Prezydencie Białegostoku, na Boga... kto to wymyślił?!
Goście z zagranicy, polscy turyści wchodzili nielegalnie na cmentarz przez dziury w płocie...
Do tego czasu cmentarz był zawsze otwarty…
Skok z szybowca Zamość - Piotr Gietka 200
Comenius Kronowo 2013
- relacja z wizyty zagranicznych uczniów biorących udział w programie edukacyjnym Comenius
Me in Poland at the Jewish cemetery
Trying to stay warm.
Dr. Ewa Kurek in Ronin Club - Warsaw, 2015. A very rare lecture explaining the hidden truth.
Holocaust as the Jewish misrepresentation of the truth. English captioned lecture by Dr. Ewa Kurek. This video is widely published on YouTube in the Polish original version, and the only difference between this one and those is that this one has the English subtitles added. Please select the CC button to enjoy the English version. You can leave comments or suggestions below about better wording or translation mistakes. Feel free to copy the clip together with subtitles as long it is available. Subtitles are compliant with the same movie version on the other channels.
Proszę kopiować wraz podtytuami lub załączyć podtytuły do tego filmu na innych kanałach, puki to możliwe. Podtytuły są zgodne z tą samą wersią filmu.
Video 2012-3-118 **HARRAKOV** part 1 Driving:Zielona Góra-Bolesławiec July 8-th 2012
HARRAKOV (6 parts)
My road trip to Czech to visit my grandson Philip in Harrakov.
Part 1:Drive route:Zielona Góra-Bolesławiec
Part 2:Drive route:Bolesławiec-Jelenia Góra
Part 3:Drive route:Jelenia Góra-Harrakov
Part 4:The waterfall Szklarka
Part 5:Harrakov - View of the town
Part 6:Cableway-Certova Hora
Enjoy!Amnas2011
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Harrakov:
Harrachov is a town on the Mumlava river in the northern Czech Republic, 300 m from the border with Poland. It is within the Krkonoše mountain range, about 700 metres (2,300 ft) above sea level.
History
The first written reference dates back to the 17th century, when German-speaking settlers founded a village Dörfel there. In 1714 it was renamed Harrachsdorf after a local noble landowner, Count Harrach. Since the end of 19th century Harrachsdorf has been known for its glassworks production, textile industry, and mining. At the beginning of the 20th century, industrial production was bolstered by the construction of a railway line between Bohemian Tannwald (Tanvald) and Silesian Hirschberg (Jelenia Góra). The fact that the nearest stop, Strickerhäuser (after 1945 Tkacze, after 1959 Mýtiny), was on the other side of the Austro-Hungarian border in German Silesia was not a major obstacle at that time.
After the Second World War, Silesia was acquired by Poland and the border was closed. Trains from Tanvald had to terminate in Kořenov, trains from Jelenia Góra were terminated in Jakuszyce (former Jakobsthal), on the northern side of the Novosvětský pass.
In 1947 there were 1,553 people living in Harrachov.
Instead of opening the border, the communist governments of Czechoslovakia and Poland arranged a territorial exchange. In 1959, Czechoslovakia acquired the area around Mýtiny, that allowed it to extend the cog railway Tanvald-Kořenov to the outskirts of Harrachov, Poland was compensated by land to the north from Mrtvý vrch. Harrachov, joined by the originally independent settlements Nový Svět and Rýžoviště, became a town in 1973.
Today
Harrachov is one of the most important Czech centres of mountain hiking and skiing; several winter sport events take place in Harrachov regularly. The whole region is of increasing importance for alpine tourism in Central Europe. Located near the Elbe river's source in the Krkonoše, it is known for its internationally used ski jumping facilities.
The international road E65 (from Prague to Poland) goes through the town. There is a border crossing between Harrachov and Poland at Jakuszyce.
HARRAKOV(6 części)
Jednodniowa wycieczka do Harrakova w odwiedziny do wnuka Filipka,który przebywał tam na obozie tenisowym.
Część pierwsza:dojazd-trasa Zielona Góra Bolesławiec
Część druga:Dojazd-trasa Bolesławiec-Jelenia Góra
Część trzecia:dojazd-trasa Jelenia Góra-Harrakov
Część czwarta:wodospad Szklarka w Szklarskiej Porębie
Część piąta:Harrakov-widok centrum
Część szósta:Wyciągiem na Certową Horę obok skoczni narciarskiej
Zapraszam,miłych wrażeń,pozdrawiam!
Harrachov -- miasto w północnych Czechach położone na terenie kraju libereckiego, 4 km od granicy Polski w Karkonoszach (przed przystąpieniem Republiki Czeskiej do układu z Schengen istniało tu przejście graniczne Jakuszyce-Harrachov).
Najważniejszym elementem miasta jest kompleks skoczni narciarskich Čerťák zbudowany na zboczu Čertovej hory. Pierwsza skocznia narciarska została w Harrachovie zbudowana w 1920 roku. Obecnie w mieście funkcjonuje osiem skoczni wraz z największymi obiektami o punktach konstrukcyjnych K-120 i K-90 oraz mamucia K-185. W Harrachovie ma swoją szkołę skoczków narciarskich Pavel Ploc. Miasto oferuje narciarzom 7 km tras zjazdowych. Narciarzy wożą na szczyt Čertovej hory dwa wyciągi krzesełkowe. Miasto jest też ośrodkiem narciarstwa biegowego (ośrodek narciarski Rýžoviště), a latem bazą wypadową w Karkonosze i Góry Izerskie dla turystów pieszych i rowerzystów.
Harrachov znany jest również z, leżącej w części miasta zwanej Nowy Świat (Nový Svět), huty i muzeum szklarstwa z zabytkową kaplicą szklarzy (m.in. ołtarz zbudowany z luster i kryształowy dzwon). Mieści się tam Minibrowar Novosad.
Przez miejscowość przebiega trasa międzynarodowa E65, odcinek między Jelenią Górą przez Szklarską Porębę i Turnov do Mladej Boleslavi (czeska droga krajowa nr 10). Połączenie kolejowe z resztą Czech Harrachov uzyskał w 1958, kiedy w drodze międzypaństwowej umowy między Polską a Czechosłowacją dokonano korekty granic i wymiany przygranicznych terenów w pobliżu Harrachova; Czechosłowacja otrzymała wówczas miejscowość Tkacze, odległą od centrum Harrachova o dwa kilometry, a wraz z nią stację kolejową Kolei Izerskiej, łączącą Liberec z Jelenią Górą. Tkacze noszą dziś nazwę Mýtiny i zaliczane są już do Harrachova.
Jo Mallel Beit Shemesh Identity Trip to Poland Part 24 Lodz Memorial 2
Lodz Memorial 2 Story on the side by Julian Resnick Sorry sound problem xxxxxxx
Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:45 1 Origins and early history
00:06:55 1.1 Earlier reform movements
00:11:00 1.2 Magisterial Reformation
00:14:51 1.3 Radical Reformation
00:16:05 1.4 Literacy
00:18:25 1.5 Causes of the Reformation
00:20:30 2 Reformation in Germany
00:25:12 3 Reformation outside Germany
00:25:34 3.1 Austria
00:26:13 3.2 Czech Lands
00:26:31 3.2.1 Jan Hus
00:27:10 3.2.2 Hussite movement
00:28:50 3.3 Switzerland
00:29:12 3.3.1 Huldrych Zwingli
00:32:30 3.3.2 John Calvin
00:34:58 3.4 Nordic countries
00:35:34 3.4.1 Sweden
00:36:44 3.4.2 Finland
00:36:52 3.4.3 Denmark
00:38:00 3.4.4 Faroe Islands
00:38:09 3.4.5 Iceland
00:39:27 3.5 England
00:39:36 3.5.1 Church of England
00:44:26 3.5.2 English dissenters
00:48:35 3.6 Wales
00:49:37 3.7 Scotland
00:51:14 3.8 Estonia
00:51:23 3.9 Ethiopia
00:51:31 3.10 France
00:56:52 3.11 Spain
01:01:29 3.12 Portugal
01:01:49 3.13 Netherlands
01:02:52 3.14 Belgium
01:03:45 3.15 Latvia
01:03:54 3.16 Luxembourg
01:04:15 3.17 Hungary
01:08:20 3.18 Romania
01:08:59 3.19 Ukraine
01:09:23 3.20 Belarus
01:09:43 3.21 Ireland
01:11:31 3.22 Italy
01:13:37 3.23 Poland and Lithuania
01:16:38 3.24 Moldova
01:17:05 3.25 Slovenia
01:17:44 3.26 Slovakia
01:18:31 3.27 Croatia
01:18:44 3.28 Serbia
01:18:57 3.29 Greece
01:20:40 3.30 Ottoman Empire
01:20:49 4 Spread
01:21:59 5 Conclusion and legacy
01:24:11 5.1 Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648
01:26:30 5.2 Consequences of the Reformation
01:26:55 5.2.1 Human capital formation
01:27:32 5.2.2 Protestant ethic
01:28:10 5.2.3 Economic development
01:28:44 5.2.4 Governance
01:29:47 5.2.5 Negative outcomes
01:30:44 5.3 Historiography
01:31:47 5.4 Music and art
01:35:34 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7694360468860285
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517, there was no schism until the 1521 Edict of Worms. The edicts of the Diet condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas. The end of the Reformation era is disputed, it could be considered to end with the enactment of the confessions of faith which began the Age of Orthodoxy. Other suggested ending years relate to the Counter-Reformation, the Peace of Westphalia, or that it never ended since there are still Protestants today.
Movements had been made towards a Reformation prior to Luther, so some Protestants in the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation to reformers such as Arnold of Brescia, Peter Waldo, Jan Hus, Tomáš Štítný ze Štítného, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola. Due to the reform efforts of Huss and others in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor, although other movements were still subject to persecution, as were the including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France.
Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation developed further to include a distinction between Law and Gospel, a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper doctrine (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus is the only way to receive God's pardon for sin (sola fide) rather than good works. Although this is generally considered a Protestant belief, a similar formulation was taught by Molinist and Jansenist Catholics. The priesthood of all believers downplayed the need for saints or priests to serve as mediators, and ...
Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Reformation
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformation had varying causes, background, and also unfolded differently than in Germany. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Lutheran churches were founded in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, and Reformed ones in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland. The movement influenced the Church of England after 1547, under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the English Reformation had begun under Henry VIII in 1534.
Reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation gave rise to various Anabaptist movements. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Anabaptism suffered a major blow early in the German Peasants' War and was persecuted for centuries after that. The Reformation in Transylvania led to the emergence of Unitarianism; it is historically considered a exceptional event in church history.
The Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Council of Trent in 1545, and a new order, the Jesuits, founded in 1540. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Catholic, except Greece, which remained predominantly Eastern Orthodox, as did Eastern European countries of Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Serbia. Central Europe became a site of a fierce conflict that culminated in the Thirty Years' War.
Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Reformation
00:03:47 1 Origins and early history
00:04:55 1.1 Earlier schisms
00:07:14 1.2 Martin Luther and the beginning
00:08:21 1.3 Magisterial Reformation
00:10:16 1.4 Radical Reformation
00:11:20 1.5 Literacy
00:13:04 1.6 Causes of the Reformation
00:14:42 2 Reformation in Germany
00:15:36 2.1 Before princely support
00:17:04 2.2 Princes' Reformation
00:18:18 3 Reformation outside Germany
00:18:37 3.1 Austria
00:19:08 3.2 Czech Lands
00:19:24 3.2.1 Jan Hus
00:19:56 3.2.2 Hussite movement
00:21:13 3.3 Switzerland
00:21:32 3.3.1 Huldrych Zwingli
00:24:02 3.3.2 John Calvin
00:25:53 3.4 Nordic countries
00:26:23 3.4.1 Sweden
00:27:13 3.4.2 Denmark
00:28:04 3.4.3 Iceland
00:29:05 3.5 England
00:29:13 3.5.1 Church of England
00:32:50 3.5.2 English dissenters
00:35:54 3.6 Wales
00:36:43 3.7 Scotland
00:37:57 3.8 France
00:41:32 3.9 Spain
00:44:58 3.10 Portugal
00:45:14 3.11 Netherlands
00:46:04 3.12 Belgium
00:46:40 3.13 Luxembourg
00:46:53 3.14 Hungary
00:49:57 3.15 Romania
00:50:27 3.16 Ukraine
00:50:56 3.17 Belarus
00:51:15 3.18 Ireland
00:52:38 3.19 Italy
00:54:16 3.20 Poland and Lithuania
00:56:37 3.21 Moldova
00:56:56 3.22 Slovenia
00:57:28 3.23 Slovakia
00:58:06 3.24 Croatia
00:58:19 3.25 Serbia
00:58:30 3.26 Greece
00:59:39 4 Spread
00:59:58 4.1 At its peak
01:00:43 4.2 At its end
01:01:17 5 Conclusion and legacy
01:01:26 5.1 End of the Reformation
01:02:48 5.1.1 Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648
01:04:42 5.2 Consequences of the Reformation
01:05:03 5.2.1 Human capital formation
01:05:33 5.2.2 Protestant ethic
01:06:04 5.2.3 Economic development
01:06:32 5.2.4 Governance
01:07:02 5.2.5 Negative outcomes
01:07:48 5.3 Historiography
01:08:38 5.4 Music and the Reformation
01:09:14 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformati ...
Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Reformation
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformation had varying causes, background, and also unfolded differently than in Germany. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Lutheran churches were founded in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, and Reformed ones in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland. The movement influenced the Church of England after 1547, under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the English Reformation had begun under Henry VIII in 1534.
Reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation gave rise to various Anabaptist movements. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Anabaptism suffered a major blow early in the German Peasants' War and was persecuted for centuries after that. The Reformation in Transylvania led to the emergence of Unitarianism; it is historically considered a exceptional event in church history.
The Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Council of Trent in 1545, and a new order, the Jesuits, founded in 1540. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Catholic, except Greece, which remained predominantly Eastern Orthodox, as did Eastern European countries of Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Serbia. Central Europe became a site of a fierce conflict that culminated in the Thirty Years' War.
Grad w Krzelowie - 23 kwietnia 2017
Wiosenny grad. Krzelów, 23 kwietnia 2017, godz. 17.30
Protestant Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Protestant Reformation
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
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SUMMARY
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The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformation had varying causes, background, and also unfolded differently than in Germany. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Lutheran churches were founded in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, and Reformed ones in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland. The movement influenced the Church of England after 1547, under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the English Reformation had begun under Henry VIII in 1534.
Reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation gave rise to various Anabaptist movements. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Anabaptism suffered a major blow early in the German Peasants' War and was persecuted for centuries after that. The Reformation in Transylvania led to the emergence of Unitarianism; it is historically considered a exceptional event in church history.
The Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Council of Trent in 1545, and a new order, the Jesuits, founded in 1540. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Catholic, except Greece, which remained predominantly Eastern Orthodox, as did Eastern European countries of Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Yugoslavia. Central Europe became a site of a fierce conflict that culminated in the Thirty Years' War.
Świętokrzyski Sztetl Chmielnik (spot2)
Ośrodek Edukacyjno-Muzealny Świętokrzyski Sztetl
W XVIII-wiecznej synagodze w Chmielniku w województwie świętokrzyski powstał wyjątkowy obiekt.
Ośrodek to centrum wiedzy o około stu sztetlach-miejscowościach zamieszkałych przez społeczność żydowską w dawnym, przedwojennym województwie kieleckim.
W obiekcie m.in.:
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Więcej: swietokrzyskisztetl.pl
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miasto zydowskie.krakow 2014