32. Buchenwald & Adorno’s Positive Dialectic
Episode 32 of the Iphigenia Inquiry is set at the site of the Buchenwald concentration camp memorial near Weimar. It looks at the attempts made after the Second Would War in the work of Theodor Adorno to determine the causes embedded in culture that led to the barbarism of the Nazi era. It considers:
a) Critical theory
b) Postwar ethics and aesthetics
c) The failure of the Enlightenment
d) Negative dialectics
e) Art revitalized
Further info at: p-armstrong.com
Treason & the Deconstruction Of America Part 1
March 21, 1993 ICLC Schiller Institute conference panel 2. One of the more interesting fights that the LaRouche movement has taken on, was the attempt at evicting the statue of Albert Pike from Judiciary Square in Washington DC. Pike, a confederate officer in the Civil War and Scottish Rite Freemason leader (Southern Jurisdiction) worked with the opium and slave merchant families of Boston and British anarchist organizer Giuseppe Mazzini in launching the Knights of the Golden Circle (KGC) to organize for session and after the Civil War, to terrorize and murder people involved in Reconstruction in the South. The speakers on the panel were Lyndon LaRouche with a tape recorded message from federal prison on the subject of why C. Fred Kleinknecht, 33°, Past Sovereign Grand Commander of the Scottish Rite Southern Jurisdiction was publicly attacking LaRouche over the issue of defending the statue. Historian Anton Chaitkin gave a lecture on the nature of the British Empires assault on Europe and America through anarchist leader Giuseppe Mazzini and his terrorist cells (Young Germany, Young Italy, Young America, Young France, B'nai B'rith, etc.), Albert Pike, the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, and the KGC/KKK. Ex member Kushro Ghandi read Mark Calney's transcript on his research into D. W. Griffith, the film The Birth of a Nation, Hollywood, and the KKK. With the endorsement of Confederate groupie President Woodrow Wilson, approximately 4--5 million men were recruited to the KKK through the film which gave birth to Hollywood as an instrument of cultural warfare along with the pushing of Eugenics which was then discussed by Michael Minnicino and his lecture on the Frankfurt School, Tavistock, Theodor Adorno, the Radio Project, and post modern deconstruction in art, music, politics, & architecture.
Modernity and Social Theory III
Frankfurt School | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Frankfurt School
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Frankfurt School (German: Frankfurter Schule) is a school of social theory and philosophy associated in part with the Institute for Social Research at the Goethe University Frankfurt. Founded during the interwar period, the School consisted of Western Marxist dissidents uncomfortable with existing capitalist, fascist or communist systems. Many of these theorists believed that traditional theory could not adequately explain the turbulent and unexpected development of capitalist societies in the 20th century. Critical of both capitalism and Soviet socialism, their writings pointed to the possibility of an alternative path to social development.These theorists were sometimes only loosely affiliated, and some authors point out that the Frankfurt Circle was neither a philosophical school nor a political group. Nevertheless, they spoke with a common paradigm in mind; they shared the Marxist Hegelian premises and were preoccupied with similar questions. To fill in the perceived omissions of classical Marxism, they sought to draw answers from other schools of thought, hence using the insights of antipositivist sociology, psychoanalysis, existential philosophy and other disciplines. The school's main figures sought to learn from and synthesize the works of such varied thinkers as Kant, Hegel, Marx, Freud, Weber, Simmel and Lukács.Following Marx, they were concerned with the conditions that allow for social change and the establishment of rational institutions. Their emphasis on the critical component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism, materialism and determinism by returning to Kant's critical philosophy and its successors in German idealism, principally Hegel's philosophy, with its emphasis on dialectic and contradiction as inherent properties of human reality.
Since the 1960s, Frankfurt School's critical theory has increasingly been guided by Jürgen Habermas's work on communicative reason, linguistic intersubjectivity and what Habermas calls the philosophical discourse of modernity. Critical theorists such as Raymond Geuss and Nikolas Kompridis have voiced opposition to Habermas, holding that he has undermined the aspirations for social change that originally gave purpose to critical theory's various projects—for example the problem of what reason should mean, the analysis and enlargement of conditions of possibility for social emancipation and the critique of modern capitalism.
Walter Benjamin
Who Killed Walter Benjamin... (Spain/Netherlands/Germany 2005)
whokilledwalterbenjamin.com
Quién mató a Walter Benjamin... (España/Holanda/Alemania 2005).
whokilledwalterbenjamin.com
First Person: Jason Stanley in Conversation with Peter Beinart
As a professor of philosophy at Yale, a scholar of propaganda, and the child of World War II Jewish Refugees, Jason Stanley understands how democratic societies can be vulnerable to fascism. Alarmed by the pervasive rise of fascist tactics both at home and around the globe, Stanley set out to analyze the language and beliefs that separate people into an “us” and a “them.” In his new book, How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them, Stanley knits together reflections on history, philosophy, sociology, and critical race theory with stories from contemporary Hungary, Poland, India, Myanmar, and the United States, among other nations.
In a fascinating First Person conversation, Stanley spoke with journalist Peter Beinart on April 1, 2019 at the Center for Jewish History about the ten pillars of fascist politics, the recurring patterns he sees, and how his own family history influences his world view today.
This program is supported, in part, by public funds from the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs in partnership with the City Council.
Presented by: Center for Jewish History, the Leo Baeck Institute and the American Jewish Historical Society
2017 Alfred P. Stiernotte Lecture: Seyla Benhabib
Yale University Professor Seyla Benhabib will present the 33rd annual Alfred P. Stiernotte Lecture, “Reflections on Hannah Arendt's ‘The Right to have Rights:’ On Migrants and Refugees in Political Thought,” at 5 p.m. on Thursday, Sept. 14, in the Mount Carmel Auditorium at Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Ave.
The Stiernotte lecture series is named in honor of the late Alfred P. Stiernotte, who initiated the teaching of philosophy at Quinnipiac more than 50 years ago, and has been funded largely from an endowment provided by his estate.
English philosopher Robin George Collingwood (1889-1943) = A video by Lalit Rao.
Conference: The time of utopia. In search of lost future // DAY 2 [part 1]
Conference: The time of utopia. In search of lost future // DAY 2 [part 1]
19-08-2016
Morning session:
Introduction to utopia
Panellists:
Arno Münster
Leonidas Donskis
Przemysław Czapliński
Moderator:
Aleksander Kaczorowski
///
The year 2016, marking the 500th anniversary of the publication of Thomas More’s Utopia, the 10th anniversary of Stanisław Lem’s death and the 150th anniversary of George Herbert Wells’ birth, was a perfect moment to analyse the revival of utopian thinking in culture and socio-political thought.
Thinking and dreaming about the future oscillates between two extremes: a utopian paradise on earth and a dystopian apocalypse. Any optimistic vision of the future, depicting a world with no wars, poverty, famine or diseases, can be countered with at least one harbinger of doom. Popular culture, too, thrives on visions of paradise and apocalypse; both are also supported by outstanding patrons, whose intellectual rigour has influenced our thinking about the future: Ernst Bloch, Hans Jonas, Stanisław Lem or Pope Francis are but a few contemporary personalities who have left their mark on popular culture.
The possibility of averting an apocalypse and looking for the lost future were discussed during a three-day conference held in the Old Town Hall and the seat of the Polish Engineering Association. Among the discussants were James Hughes, a bioethicist and sociologist, the Associate Provost of the University of Massachusetts in Boston; Inna Shevchenko, a FEMEN activist; Leonidas Donskis, a Lithuanian philosopher, historian of ideas and writer; and Stefan Sorgner, the founder and director of the Beyond Humanism Network.
Judith Butler. Benjamin and Kafka. 2011
Judith Butler, philosopher and author, talking about Walter Benjamin's notion of the gesture in Franz Kafka's parables. In this lecture, Judith Butler discusses Benjamin's background, Kafka's elliptical literary style, the relationship between image and gesture, the possibility of completed action, theology and the Event of language in relationship to Jacques Derrida, Bertolt Brecht, Theodor W. Adorno, Samuel Weber and Karl Marx focusing on messianic time, commodity fetishism, Christianity, the antichrist, the structure of time and space, the Frankfurt School, Kabbalah, the trace, the enigmatic remainder and interruption. Public open lecture for the students and faculty of the European Graduate School EGS Media and Communication Studies department program Saas-Fee Switzerland Europe. 2011. Judith Butler.
Judith Butler, Ph.D., Hannah Arendt Chair at the European Graduate School EGS, attended Bennington College and then Yale University, where she received her B.A., and her Ph.D. in philosophy in 1984. Her first training in philosophy took place at the synagogue in her hometown of Cleveland. She taught at Wesleyan and Johns Hopkins universities before becoming Maxine Elliot Professor in the Departments of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Berkeley, and in 2012 she will join Columbia University's English and Comparative Literature departments.
Judith Butler is the author of Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France (Columbia University Press, 1987), Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (Routledge, 1990), Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex (Routledge, 1993), The Psychic Life of Power: Theories of Subjection (Stanford University Press, 1997), Excitable Speech (Routledge, 1997), Antigone's Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death (Columbia University Press, 2000), Precarious Life: Powers of Violence and Mourning (Verso Press, 2004), Giving an Account of Oneself (Fordham University Press, 2005), Frames of War (Verso, 2009) and The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere (Columbia University Press, 2011).
Kracauer's Matrix
This is from my Film Music class as my final project. We had to make a video that had all 6 elements of Kracauer's Matrix, so I decided to make an informational video for people to understand the importance of Kracaurer's Matrix. This could not have been done without the help of my group.
Political Concepts at Brown April 10, 2015 4 of 4
Political Concepts at Brown: A Critical Lexicon in the Making
April 10, 2015 Session #4 - Speakers include: Suzanne Stewart-Steinberg, Pembroke Center/Italian Studies/Comparative Literature and Gerhard Richter, German Studies/Comparative Literature.
Moderated by Joan Copjec, Modern Culture and Media.
The goal of Political Concepts is to serve as a platform for revising, inventing, and experimenting with concepts while exploring the political dimension of their use and dissemination. Participants operate under the assumption that our era urgently needs a revised political lexicon that would help us better understand the world in which we live and act, and that the humanities at large can and should contribute toward such a revision. In the past, some of the participants revised key political concepts while others showed the political work done by terms and common nouns that are not usually considered “political.”
History of the Jews in Germany | Wikipedia audio article
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History of the Jews in Germany
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SUMMARY
=======
Jewish settlers founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community in the Early (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (circa 1000–1299 CE). The community survived under Charlemagne, but suffered during the Crusades. Accusations of well poisoning during the Black Death (1346–53) led to mass slaughter of German Jews, and they fled in large numbers to Poland. The Jewish communities of the cities of Mainz, Speyer, and Worms became the center of Jewish life during Medieval times. This was a golden age as area bishops protected the Jews resulting in increased trade and prosperity. The First Crusade began an era of persecution of Jews in Germany. Entire communities, like those of Trier, Worms, Mainz, and Cologne, were murdered. The war upon the Hussite heretics became the signal for renewed persecution of Jews. The end of the 15th century was a period of religious hatred that ascribed to Jews all possible evils. The atrocities during the Khmelnytsky Uprising committed by Khmelnytskyi's Cossacks (1648, in the Ukrainian part of southeastern Poland) drove the Polish Jews back into western Germany. With Napoleon's fall in 1815, growing nationalism resulted in increasing repression. From August to October 1819, pogroms that came to be known as the Hep-Hep riots took place throughout Germany. During this time, many German states stripped Jews of their civil rights. As a result, many German Jews began to emigrate.
From the time of Moses Mendelssohn until the 20th century, the community gradually achieved emancipation, and then prospered. In January 1933, some 522,000 Jews lived in Germany. After the Nazis took power and implemented their antisemitic ideology and policies, the Jewish community was increasingly persecuted. About 60% (numbering around 304,000) emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. In 1933, persecution of the Jews became an official Nazi policy. In 1935 and 1936, the pace of antisemitic persecution increased. In 1936, Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them from participating in education, politics, higher education, and industry. The SS ordered the Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht) the night of November 9–10, 1938. The storefronts of Jewish shops and offices were smashed and vandalized, and many synagogues were destroyed by fire. This prompted a wave of Jewish mass emigration from Germany throughout the 1930s. Only roughly 214,000 Jews were left in Germany proper (1937 borders) on the eve of World War II.
Beginning in late 1941, the remaining community was subjected to systematic deportations to ghettos, and ultimately, to death camps in Eastern Europe. In May 1943, Germany was declared judenrein (clean of Jews; also judenfrei: free of Jews). By the end of the war, an estimated 160,000 to 180,000 German Jews had been killed by the Nazi regime, by the Germans and their collaborators. A total of about 6 million European Jews were murdered under the direction of the Nazis, in the genocide that later came to be known as the Holocaust.
After the war, the Jewish community in Germany started to slowly grow again. Beginning around 1990, a spurt of growth was fueled by immigration from the former Soviet Union, so that at the turn of the 21st century, Germany had the only growing Jewish community in Europe, and the majority of German Jews were Russian-speaking. By 2014, the Jewish population of Germany had leveled off at 118,000, not including non-Jewish members of households; the total estimated 'enlarged' population of Jews living in Germany, including non-Jewish household members, is close to 250,000. Currently in Germany, denial of the Holocaust or that six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust (§ 130 StGB) is a criminal act; violations can be punished with up to five years of prison. In 2006, on the occasion of the World Cup held in Germany, the then Interior Minister of Germany, Wolfgang Schäuble, urged vigilism against far-r ...
What is SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE? What does SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE mean?
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What is SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE? What does SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE mean? SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE meaning - SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE definition - SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATURE explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under license.
The sociology of literature is a subfield of the sociology of culture. It studies the social production of literature and its social implications.
None of the 'founding fathers' of sociology produced a detailed study of literature, but they did develop ideas that were subsequently applied to literature by others. Karl Marx's theory of ideology has been directed at literature by Pierre Macherey, Terry Eagleton and Fredric Jameson. Max Weber's theory of modernity as cultural rationalisation, which he applied to music, was later applied to all the arts, literature included, by Frankfurt School writers such as Theodor Adorno and Jürgen Habermas. Emile Durkheim's view of sociology as the study of externally defined social facts was redirected towards literature by Robert Escarpit. Bourdieu's work is clearly indebted to Marx, Weber and Durkheim
An important first step in the sociology of literature was taken by Georg Lukács's The Theory of the Novel, first published in German in 1916, in the Zeitschrift fur Aesthetik und Allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft. In 1920 it was republished in book form and this version strongly influenced the Frankfurt School. A second edition, published in 1962, was similarly influential on French structuralism. The Theory of the Novel argued that, whilst the classical epic poem had given form to a totality of life pregiven in reality by the social integration of classical civilisation, the modern novel had become 'the epic of an age in which the extensive totality of life is no longer directly given'. The novel form is therefore organised around the problematic hero in pursuit of problematic values within a problematic world.
Lukács's second distinctive contribution to the sociology of literature was The Historical Novel, written in German but first published in Russian in 1937, which appeared in English translation in 1962. Here, Lukács argued that the early 19th century historical novel's central achievement was to represent realistically the differences between pre-capitalist past and capitalist present. This was not a matter of individual talent, but of collective historical experience, because the French Revolution and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars had made history for the first time a mass experience. He went on to argue that the success of the 1848 revolutions led to the decline of the historical novel into 'decorative monumentalization' and the 'making private of history'. The key figures in the historical novel were thus those of the early 19th century, especially Sir Walter Scott.
Lukács was an important influence on Lucien Goldmann's Towards a Sociology of the Novel, Alan Swingewood's discussion of the sociology of the novel in Part 3 of Laurenson and Swingewood's The Sociology of Literature and Franco Moretti's Signs Taken for Wonders.
Founded in 1923, the Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt developed a distinctive kind of 'critical sociology' indebted to Marx, Weber and Freud. Leading Frankfurt School critics who worked on literature included Adorno, Walter Benjamin and Leo Löwenthal. Adorno's Notes to Literature, Benjamin's The Origin of German Tragic Drama and Löwentahl's Literature and the Image of Man were each influential studies in the sociology of literature. Löwenthal continued this work at the University of California, Berkeley, during the 1950s.
Adorno's Notes to Literature is a collection of essays, the most influential of which is probably 'On Lyric Poetry and Society'. It argued that poetic thought is a reaction against the commodification and reification of modern life, citing Goethe and Baudelaire as examples. Benjamin's The Origin of German Tragic Drama argued that the extreme 'sovereign violence' of the 16th and 17th century German 'Trauerspiel' (literally mourning play, less literally tragedy) playwrights expressed the historical realities of princely power far better than had classical tragedy.
...
LESUNG & FILM // Norbert Grob: FRITZ LANG „ICH BIN EIN AUGENMENSCH“
Seine Filme erfanden die Kinowelt neu. Fritz Lang, der Erschaffer von METROPOLIS, M oder DR. MABUSE, ist eine Legende: Geschichtenerzähler und Bildkompositeur, Schauspieler, Autor, Bonvivant und vor allem begnadeter Regisseur. Er war ein obsessiver Visionär, als Künstler so innovativ wie unerbittlich, als Privatmann geheimnisumwittert. Norbert Grob, einer der besten Kenner von Fritz Langs Leben und Werk, liest aus seinem Buch über das Leben Fritz Langs, die erste umfassende Biographie des Filmgenies in deutscher Sprache. Die Weimarer Republik feierte ihn als Star, das Berlin der 1920er Jahre war seine Bühne. Die Nationalsozialisten umwarben ihn, doch er zog das Exil in den USA vor, wo er zur zentralen Figur der Emigrantenszene wurde. Hollywood ermöglichte dem eleganten Monokelträger, dessen Regiearbeit als diktatorisch galt, eine zweite Karriere. Doch wer war Fritz Lang, der mit Theodor W. Adorno befreundet war und mit Bertolt Brecht über Weltanschauungen stritt, außerhalb des Filmsets?
Norbert Grob, geboren 1949 in Frankfurt am Main, ist Professor für Mediendramaturgie und Filmwissenschaft in Mainz. Er veröffentlichte zahlreiche Buchpublikationen, Artikel und Filmkritiken unter anderem für DIE ZEIT sowie filmische Essays für das WDR-Fernsehen.
YOU ONLY LIVE ONCE Du lebst nur einmal
USA 1937. R: Fritz Lang
D: Sylvia Sidney, Henry Fonda. 86 Min. 35mm. OmspU
Langs zweiter US-amerikanischer Film ist in seinem düsteren, mit romantischen Tönen gepaarten Fatalismus auch einer seiner markantesten. Erzählt wird von einem ehemaligen Kleinkriminellen, der versucht, ein neues Leben zu beginnen. Ihm wird aber als Vorbestraftem von den „ehrenwerten“ Bürgern allseits Misstrauen entgegengebracht – bis man ihn schließlich sogar des Bankraubs und Mordes verdächtigt. Diese Geschichte verdichtet Lang zu einer exemplarischen Studie über einen Mann, der in das Räderwerk der gesellschaftlichen Vorurteile und Institutionen gerät.
Am Sonntag den 10.01.2016 im Kino des Deutschen Filmmuseums.
Different Interpretations Of Culture. (Marxism)
D. Claussen: Neuer Antisemitismus, Artefakt Holocaust und massenmediale Konjunkturen (1/4)
Teil 1 von 4
Vortrag im Rahmen des Wissenschaftskolloquiums 2012
Institut für Bildungswissenschaft
Universität Heidelberg
Neuer Antisemitismus, Artefakt Holocaust und massenmediale Konjunkturen
Ob der Antisemitismus anwächst, ist ungewiß; aber sicher wird weltweit über Antisemitismus, Holocaust und Auschwitz mehr geredet als je zuvor. Der Antisemitismus ist widerlich. Ihn zu erkennen, bedarf es keines großen intellektuellen Aufwands. Dennoch wächst die wissenschaftliche Literatur über den Antisemitismus unaufhaltsam an. Selten findet man bei eingehender Lektüre etwas Neues; aber immer „neue Ansätze, Paradigmen etc. Das hat weniger mit den Veränderungen des Antisemitismus selbst zu tun als mit dem Zyklus akademischer Konjunkturen. Die massenmediale Kultur hat inzwischen Auschwitz assimiliert. Das zu begreifende Unbegreifliche ist in eine triviale Banalität verwandelt worden, aus der die Menschheit Lehren ziehen soll, deren Unverbindlichkeit sich kaum verheimlichen läßt. Die publikumswirksamen Produkte der Massenkultur erzeugen post crimen einen Sinn, der durch Auschwitz gerade dementiert worden ist.
Detlev Claussen, geboren 1948 in Hamburg, studierte Philosophie, Soziologie, Politik und Literaturwissenschaft in Frankfurt am Main; Habilitation 1965. Er lehrt Soziologie an der Universität Hannover.
Fredric Jameson | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Fredric Jameson
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Fredric Jameson (born April 14, 1934) is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist. He is best known for his analysis of contemporary cultural trends, particularly his analysis of postmodernity and capitalism. Jameson's best-known books include Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991) and The Political Unconscious (1981).
Jameson is currently Knut Schmidt-Nielsen Professor of Comparative Literature and Romance Studies (French) and the director of the Center for Critical Theory at Duke University. In 2012, the Modern Language Association gave Jameson its sixth Award for Lifetime Scholarly Achievement.
Walter Benjamin Quotes
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Who is Walter Benjamin?
A German-Jewish intellectual, who functioned variously as a literary critic, philosopher, sociologist, translator, radio broadcaster and essayist.
Social alienation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:41 1 History
00:03:17 1.1 17th century
00:06:38 1.2 Marx
00:12:53 1.3 Late 1800s to 1900s
00:20:51 2 Powerlessness
00:23:40 3 Meaninglessness
00:25:46 4 Normlessness
00:28:12 5 Relationships
00:30:00 6 Social isolation
00:32:06 7 Among returning war veterans
00:35:29 8 Political alienation
00:36:15 9 Self-estrangement
00:38:40 10 Mental disturbance
00:42:43 11 Disability
00:44:28 12 In art
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.891049907152802
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Social alienation is a condition in social relationships reflected by a low degree of integration or common values and a high degree of distance or isolation between individuals, or between an individual and a group of people in a community or work environment. It is a sociological concept developed by several classical and contemporary theorists. The concept has many discipline-specific uses, and can refer both to a personal psychological state (subjectively) and to a type of social relationship (objectively).