Industrial Revolution in Scotland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:15 1 Background
00:06:15 1.1 Enlightenment
00:07:37 1.2 Agricultural revolution
00:10:31 1.3 Banking
00:11:56 1.4 Transport
00:12:54 1.5 Exports
00:16:04 1.6 Linen
00:20:00 2 Nineteenth century
00:20:42 2.1 Cotton
00:22:58 2.2 Coal
00:25:22 2.3 Iron and steel
00:26:54 2.4 Railways
00:29:26 2.5 Shipbuilding
00:31:58 2.6 Engineering architecture
00:34:18 3 Impact
00:34:27 3.1 Population and urbanisation
00:39:52 3.2 Class identity
00:43:17 3.3 Women
00:47:16 3.4 Migration
00:50:10 4 Notes
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Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Industrial Revolution in Scotland was the transition to new manufacturing processes and economic expansion between the mid-eighteenth century and the late nineteenth century. By the start of the eighteenth century, a political union between Scotland and England became politically and economically attractive, promising to open up the much larger markets of England, as well as those of the growing British Empire, resulting in the Treaty of Union of 1707. There was a conscious attempt among the gentry and nobility to improve agriculture in Scotland. New crops were introduced and enclosures began to displace the run rig system and free pasture. The economic benefits of union were very slow to appear, some progress was visible, such as the sales of linen and cattle to England, the cash flows from military service, and the tobacco trade that was dominated by Glasgow after 1740. Merchants who profited from the American trade began investing in leather, textiles, iron, coal, sugar, rope, sailcloth, glass-works, breweries, and soap-works, setting the foundations for the city's emergence as a leading industrial center after 1815.
The linen industry was Scotland's premier industry in the eighteenth century and formed the basis for the later cotton, jute, and woolen industries. Encouraged and subsidized by the Board of Trustees so it could compete with German products, merchant entrepreneurs became dominant in all stages of linen manufacturing and built up the market share of Scottish linens, especially in the American colonial market. Historians often emphasize that the flexibility and dynamism of the Scottish banking system contributed significantly to the rapid development of the economy in the nineteenth century. At first the leading industry, based in the west, was the spinning and weaving of cotton. After the cutting off of supplies of raw cotton from 1861 as a result of the American Civil War Scottish entrepreneurs and engineers, and its large stock of easily mined coal, the country diversified into engineering, shipbuilding, and locomotive construction, with steel replacing iron after 1870. As a result, Scotland became a center for engineering, shipbuilding and the production of locomotives.
Scotland was already one of the most urbanized societies in Europe by 1800. Glasgow became one of the largest cities in the world, and known as the Second City of the Empire after London. Dundee upgraded its harbor and established itself as an industrial and trading center. The industrial developments, while they brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing, town-planning, and provision for public health did not keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in some of the towns and cities were notoriously bad, with overcrowding, high infant mortality, and growing rates of tuberculosis. Owners to support government sponsored housing programs as well as self-help projects among the respectable working class. Even with the growth of industry there were insufficient good jobs, as a result, during the period 1841–1931, about two million Scots emigrated to North America and Australia, and another 750,000 Scots relocated to England. By the twenty-first century, there ...
Scotland | Wikipedia audio article
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Scotland
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SUMMARY
=======
Scotland (Scots: Scotland, Scottish Gaelic: Alba [ˈal̪ˠapə] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country has more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms. Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. In 1801, Great Britain itself entered into a political union with the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland. The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. The continued existence of legal, educational, religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England.In 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. The head of the Scottish Government is the First Minister of Scotland, who is supported by the Deputy First Minister of Scotland. Scotland is represented in the United Kingdom Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs. Scotland is also a member of the British–Irish Council, and sends five members of the Scottish Parliament to the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly.Scotland is divided into 32 subdivisions, known as local authorities, or councils. Glasgow City is the largest subdivision in Scotland in terms of population, with Highland being the largest in terms of area. Limited self-governing power, covering matters such as education, social services and roads and transportation, is devolved from the Scottish Government to each subdivision.
Scotland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Scotland
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Scotland (Scots: Scotland, Scottish Gaelic: Alba [ˈal̪ˠapə] (listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country has more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms. Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. In 1801, Great Britain itself entered into a political union with the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland. The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. The continued existence of legal, educational, religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England.In 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. The head of the Scottish Government is the First Minister of Scotland, who is supported by the Deputy First Minister of Scotland. Scotland is represented in the United Kingdom Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs. Scotland is also a member of the British–Irish Council, and sends five members of the Scottish Parliament to the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly.Scotland is divided into 32 subdivisions, known as local authorities, or councils. Glasgow City is the largest subdivision in Scotland in terms of population, with Highland being the largest in terms of area. Limited self-governing power, covering matters such as education, social services and roads and transportation, is devolved from the Scottish Government to each subdivision.
Scotland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Scotland
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Scotland (Scots: Scotland, Scottish Gaelic: Alba [ˈal̪ˠapə] (listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country has more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms. Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. In 1801, Great Britain itself entered into a political union with the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland. The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. The continued existence of legal, educational, religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England.In 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. The head of the Scottish Government is the First Minister of Scotland, who is supported by the Deputy First Minister of Scotland. Scotland is represented in the United Kingdom Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs. Scotland is also a member of the British–Irish Council, and sends five members of the Scottish Parliament to the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly.Scotland is divided into 32 subdivisions, known as local authorities, or councils. Glasgow City is the largest subdivision in Scotland in terms of population, with Highland being the largest in terms of area. Limited self-governing power, covering matters such as education, social services and roads and transportation, is devolved from the Scottish Government to each subdivision.
Blockade runners of the American Civil War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Blockade runners of the American Civil War
00:01:49 1 Background
00:05:43 2 Union blockade
00:08:10 3 Supplying the Confederacy
00:11:37 3.1 Central figures
00:12:11 3.1.1 Josiah C. Gorgas
00:13:12 3.1.2 Caleb Huse
00:15:09 3.1.3 James Dunwoody Bulloch
00:17:11 3.1.4 John Newland Maffitt
00:18:08 4 Blockade runners
00:22:39 4.1 The first blockade-runners
00:24:54 5 Notable blockade runners
00:31:17 6 See also
00:31:25 7 Bibliography
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The blockade runners of the American Civil War were seagoing steam ships that were used to get through the Union blockade that extended some 3,500 miles (5,600 km) along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines and the lower Mississippi River. Blockade runners imported from England most of the guns and other ordnance the Confederacy desperately needed. To get through the blockade, these ships, many of them built in British ship yards and specially designed for speed, had to cruise undetected, usually at night. The typical blockade runners were privately owned vessels often operating with a letter of marque issued by the Confederate States of America. If spotted, the blockade runners would attempt to outmaneuver or simply outrun any Union ships on blockade patrol, very often successfully.
These vessels also carried cargoes to and from neutral ports often located in Nassau and Cuba. Neutral merchant ships in turn carried these cargoes, usually coming from or destined to England or other points abroad. Outbound ships chiefly exported cotton, tobacco and other goods for trade and revenue, while also carrying important mail and correspondence to suppliers and other interested parties in Europe, most often in England. Inbound ships usually brought badly needed supplies and mail to the Confederacy, and most of the guns and other ordnance of the Confederacy were imported from England via blockade runners. Some blockade runners made many successful runs, while many others were either captured or destroyed. Historians estimate that an estimated 2,500–2,800 attempts were made to run the blockade, with at least an 80% success rate. By the end of the Civil War, the Union Navy had captured more than 1,100 blockade runners and had destroyed or run aground another 355 vessels.
Thomas Campbell (poet)
Thomas Campbell (27 July 1777 – 15 June 1844) was a Scottish poet chiefly remembered for his sentimental poetry dealing especially with human affairs. He was also one of the initiators of a plan to found what became the University of London. In 1799, he wrote The Pleasures of Hope, a traditional 18th century didactic poem in heroic couplets. He also produced several stirring patriotic war songs—Ye Mariners of England, The Soldier's Dream, Hohenlinden and in 1801, The Battle of Mad and Strange Turkish Princes.
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Greenock | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:41 1 History
00:00:51 1.1 Name
00:03:00 1.2 Early history: baronies and kirks
00:04:18 1.3 Fishing villages, harbours and shipbuilding
00:07:49 1.4 Custom house and steamboats
00:09:59 1.5 Industry and railways
00:11:33 1.6 Victoria Tower
00:13:50 1.7 Villas
00:14:19 1.8 Battery Park and torpedoes
00:15:39 1.9 Old West Kirk
00:16:58 1.10 Second World War
00:18:14 1.11 Postwar years
00:19:07 2 Governance
00:19:45 3 Health
00:20:12 4 Geography
00:20:21 4.1 Areas and suburbs
00:20:51 5 Economy
00:21:45 5.1 Shipbuilding
00:24:24 5.2 Shipping
00:26:32 5.3 Sugar
00:28:47 5.4 Electronics
00:30:02 5.5 Trade and commerce
00:31:24 6 Transport
00:33:12 7 Culture
00:35:04 7.1 In television
00:35:36 7.2 In film
00:36:12 8 Media
00:36:49 9 Greenockians
00:38:13 9.1 People associated with Greenock
00:40:24 10 Sports
00:41:19 10.1 Public sports and leisure facilities
00:41:46 11 Climate
00:43:05 12 Twin towns
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Greenock ( (listen); Scottish Gaelic: Grianaig, pronounced [ˈkɾʲiənɛkʲ]) is a town and administrative centre in the Inverclyde council area in Scotland and a former burgh within the historic county of Renfrewshire, located in the west central Lowlands of Scotland. It forms part of a contiguous urban area with Gourock to the west and Port Glasgow to the east.
The 2011 UK Census showed that Greenock had a population of 44,248, a decrease from the 46,861 recorded in the 2001 UK Census. It lies on the south bank of the Clyde at the Tail of the Bank where the River Clyde expands into the Firth of Clyde.
Liverpool | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Liverpool
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Liverpool () is a city in North West England, with an estimated population of 491,500 in 2017. Its metropolitan area is the fifth-largest in the UK, with a population of 2.24 million in 2011. The local authority is Liverpool City Council, the most populous local government district in the metropolitan county of Merseyside and the largest in the Liverpool City Region.
Liverpool is on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, and historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire. It became a borough in 1207 and a city in 1880. In 1889, it became a county borough independent of Lancashire. Its growth as a major port was paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with handling general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city merchants were involved in the Atlantic slave trade. In the 19th century, it was a major port of departure for Irish and English emigrants to North America. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic, the RMS Lusitania, RMS Queen Mary and RMS Olympic.
The popularity of the Beatles and other music groups from the Merseybeat era contributes to Liverpool's status as a tourist destination. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby. The Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city.
The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007. In 2008, it was nominated as the annual European Capital of Culture together with Stavanger, Norway. Several areas of the city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, and William Brown Street. Liverpool's status as a port city has attracted a diverse population, which, historically, was drawn from a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, particularly from Ireland and Wales. The city is also home to the oldest Black African community in the country and the oldest Chinese community in Europe.
Natives and residents of the city of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians, and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, a form of stew. The word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect.
University of St Andrews | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
University of St Andrews
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The University of St Andrews (Scots: University o St Andras; abbreviated as St And, from the Latin Sancti Andreae, in post-nominals) is a British public university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland and the third oldest university in the English-speaking world (following Oxford and Cambridge Universities). St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy.
St Andrews is made up of a variety of institutions, comprising three colleges – United College (a union of St Salvator's and St Leonard's Colleges), St Mary's College, and St Leonard's College, the last named being a non-statutory revival of St Leonard's as a post-graduate society. There are 18 academic schools organised into four faculties. The university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town. The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas. In term time, over one-third of the town's population is either a staff member or student of the university. The student body is notably diverse: over 145 nationalities are represented with 45% of its intake from countries outside the UK; about one-eighth of the students are from the rest of the EU and the remaining third are from overseas — 15% from North America alone. The university's sport teams compete in BUCS competitions, and the student body is known for preserving ancient traditions such as Raisin Weekend, May Dip, and the wearing of distinctive academic dress.It is ranked as the third best university in the United Kingdom in two of three national league tables, behind Oxbridge. The Guardian ranks first in the United Kingdom the Schools of Physics and Astronomy, International Relations, Computer Science, Geography, English and Mathematics, whilst The Times and Sunday Times ranks the Schools of English, Management, Philosophy, Anatomy and Physiology and Middle Eastern and African Studies first and the Complete University Guide ranks Management, Divinity and Middle Eastern and African Studies first. The Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the world's Top 50 universities for Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. St Andrews consistently holds the highest student satisfaction scores amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom.St Andrews has many notable alumni and affiliated faculty, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, theologians, philosophers, and politicians. Recent alumni include the former First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond; Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Civil Service Mark Sedwill; former Secretary of State for Defence Michael Fallon; HM British Ambassador to China Barbara Woodward; Olympic cycling gold medalist Chris Hoy; and royals Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. Six Nobel Laureates are among St Andrews' alumni and former staff: two in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine, and one each in Peace and Literature.
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea by Jules Verne | Part 1 of 2 | Audiobook with subtitles
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea (Version 3)
Jules VERNE , translated by F. P. WALTER
Originally published 1870, this recording is from the English translation by Frederick P. Walter, published 1991, containing the unabridged text from the original French and offered up into the public domain. It is considered to be the very first science fiction novel ever written, the first novel about the undersea world, and is a classic science fiction novel by French writer Jules Verne published in 1870. It tells the story of Captain Nemo and his submarine Nautilus, as seen from the perspective of Professor Pierre Aronnax - Summary by Michele Fry
Genre(s): Action & Adventure Fiction, Travel Fiction
Chapters:
1:15 | Introduction
12:20 | 1-1. A Runaway Reef
29:22 | 1-2. The Pros and Cons
43:22 | 1-3. As Master Wishes
55:22 | 1-4. Ned Land
1:12:15 |1-5. At Random!
1:27:56 | 1-6. At Full Steam
1:48:13 |1-7. A Whale of Unknown Species
2:05:17 | 1-8. Mobilis in Mobili
2:24:49 | 1-9. The Tantrums of Ned Land
2:41:04 | 1-10. The Man Of The Waters
3:02:02 | 1-11. The Nautilus
3:21:39 |1-12. Everything through Electricity
3:38:19 | 1-13. Some Figures
3:55:10 |1-14. The Black Current
4:22:52 | 1-15. An Invitation in Writing
4:41:57 | 1-16. Strolling the Plains
4:57:14 | 1-17. An Underwater Forest
5:14:02 | 1-18. Four Thousand Leagues Under the Pacific
5:34:33 | 1-19. Vanikoro
5:59:28 | 1-20. The Torres Strait
6:19:46 | 1-21. Some Days Ashore
6:44:41 | 1-22. The Lightning Bolts of Captain Nemo
7:09:26 |1-23. Aegri Somnia
7:29:58 | 1-24. The Coral Realm
7:49:50 | 2-1. The Indian Ocean
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Liverpool | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:12 1 Origins of the name
00:04:11 2 History
00:04:20 2.1 Early history
00:06:30 2.2 19th century
00:09:18 2.3 20th century
00:15:29 2.4 21st century
00:18:37 2.5 Inventions and innovations
00:24:34 3 Government
00:25:17 3.1 Mayor and local council
00:29:22 3.2 Liverpool City Region Combined Authority
00:30:42 3.3 Parliamentary constituencies and MPs
00:31:42 4 Geography
00:31:51 4.1 Physical
00:32:00 4.1.1 Environment
00:33:09 4.1.2 Climate
00:36:18 4.2 Human
00:36:27 4.2.1 Green Liverpool
00:36:47 4.2.2 Green belt
00:38:07 5 Demography
00:38:16 5.1 Population
00:38:25 5.1.1 The city
00:40:05 5.1.2 Urban and metropolitan area
00:43:05 5.2 Ethnicity
00:46:10 5.3 Religion
00:50:40 5.4 Demonymy and identity
00:51:21 6 Economy
00:55:43 7 Landmarks and recent development projects
00:57:14 7.1 Waterfront and docks
01:00:54 7.2 Commercial district and cultural quarter
01:04:01 7.3 Other notable landmarks
01:07:28 7.4 Parks and gardens
01:08:01 8 Transport
01:08:44 8.1 National and international travel
01:08:54 8.1.1 Road links
01:10:11 8.1.2 Rail links
01:11:17 8.1.3 Port
01:11:58 8.1.4 Airport
01:12:44 8.2 Local travel
01:12:53 8.2.1 Trains
01:14:30 8.2.2 Buses
01:15:31 8.2.3 Mersey Ferry
01:16:24 8.3 Cycling
01:16:48 9 Culture
01:17:44 9.1 Music
01:21:06 9.2 Visual arts
01:23:00 9.3 Literature
01:30:52 9.4 Performing arts
01:32:22 9.5 Nightlife
01:33:50 10 Education
01:38:34 11 Sport
01:38:43 11.1 Football
01:40:58 11.2 Boxing
01:42:07 11.3 Horse racing
01:43:03 11.4 Golf
01:43:30 11.5 Greyhound Racing
01:44:12 11.6 Other sports
01:48:33 11.7 Sports stadiums
01:52:34 12 Media
01:55:31 13 Notable people
01:55:40 14 Quotes about Liverpool
02:00:28 15 International links
02:00:38 15.1 Twin cities
02:00:50 15.2 Friendship links
02:01:06 15.3 Consulates
02:01:48 16 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.8146969675899826
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Liverpool () is a city in North West England, with an estimated population of 491,500 in 2017. Its metropolitan area is the fifth-largest in the UK, with a population of 2.24 million in 2011. The local authority is Liverpool City Council, the most populous local government district in the metropolitan county of Merseyside and the largest in the Liverpool City Region.
Liverpool is on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, and historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire. It became a borough in 1207 and a city in 1880. In 1889, it became a county borough independent of Lancashire. Its growth as a major port was paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with handling general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city merchants were involved in the Atlantic slave trade. In the 19th century, it was a major port of departure for Irish and English emigrants to North America. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic, the RMS Lusitania, RMS Queen Mary and RMS Olympic.
The popularity of the Beatles and other music groups from the Merseybeat era contributes to Liverpool's status as a tourist destination. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby. The Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city.
The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007. In 2008, it was nominated as the annual European Capital of Culture together with Stavanger, Norway. Several areas of the city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, and William Brown Street. Liverpool's status as a port city h ...