The 2,000 Year-Old Mummified Body of Lady Xin Zhui, Hunan Museum, Changsha, China
Watch the video and let me know if you've ever seen such an incredibly, well-preserved mummy. Her knee caps looked to be in better shape than mine!
Mawangdui was the family graveyard in the Western Han Dynasty and had the tombs of Li Kang (The Marquis of Dai), Li Kang's wife and their son. The amount of cultural relics found in this family tomb would rank them as biliionaires today.
《汉语桥》第14届 20150730期 复赛第四轮: 全球十五强卡位赛 泰国萝莉为“上头条”高调示爱李易峰【湖南卫视官方版1080p】
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本期精彩 - 今晚,颜值特别高的东方舍长张丹峰 ,将和高颜值、有梦想的汉语桥十五强为他们的中国梦扬帆起航!
汉语桥是由孔子学院举办的中文比赛,分为汉语桥-世界大学生中文比赛、汉语桥-世界中学生中文比赛、汉语桥-在华留学生中文比赛和汉语桥-商务汉语大赛。“汉语桥”中文比赛已成为各国大学生学习汉语、了解中国的重要平台,在中国与世界各国青年之间架起了一座沟通心灵的桥梁。比赛内容包括汉语语言能力、中国国情知识、中国文化技能和综合学习能力。选手们首先在各自国家参加预赛阶段比赛,优胜者应邀来华参加复、决赛阶段比赛。优胜者还将获得相应的来华留学奖学金等奖励。比赛之余,选手们还将参加不同主题、丰富多彩的文化活动。“汉语桥”比赛于2008年正式落户湖南,由湖南卫视和湖南教育台共同承办,已经举办了十三届。
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അറിയപ്പെടാത്ത രഹസ്യം | XIN ZHUI |MLIFE STORY | BODY OF 2200 YEAR OLD QUEEN | Hunan Museum|China
#THE MUMMY , #XINZHUI
SECRET BEHIND THE BODY OF XIN ZHUI അറിയപ്പെടാത്ത രഹസ്യം / XIN ZHUI | MLIFE STORY OF BODY OF 2200 OLD QUEEN |HUNAN MUSEUM , CHAINA
Xin Zhui also known as Lady Dai or Marquise of Dai, was the wife of Li Cang, the Marquis of Dai, during the Western Han dynasty of ancient China.
She gained fame more than 2,000 years after her death, when her tomb was discovered inside a hill known as Mawangdui, in Changsha, Hunan, China.
After opening the tomb, workers discovered her exceptionally preserved remains alongside hundreds of valuable artifacts and documents. Her body and belongings are currently under the care of the Hunan Museum, which has allowed occasional international exhibits.
Significance
Xin Zhui's body and tomb are considered one of the most important archaeological discoveries of the 20th century.Besides having some of the best preserved human remains ever discovered in China, the contents of Xin Zhui's tomb revealed an incredible amount of information about life in the Han dynasty that was previously unknown.
The discovery continues to advance the fields of archaeology and science in the 21st century, particularly in the area of preservation of ancient human remains.
Scientists in 2003 developed a secret compound that was injected into Xin Zhui's still existing blood vessels to assure her preservation.
Research at the Hunan Museum continues in an effort to perfect corpse preservation, using Xin Zhui as the main candidate for such procedures.
KEY WORDS
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The Faces of Xin Zhui (Artistic Reconstruction & Age Progression)
Xin Zhui (jin-shway), known variously as Lady Dai or Marquise of Dai, was the wife of Li Cang during the Han Dynasty, and who died around 163 B.C. in Changsha, Hunan, China. Her perfectly preserved tomb was discovered in 1971, where it was discovered that Xin Zhui herself was in an unprecedented state of preservation, so much so that her limbs could be easily bent and her skin was still soft and flexible, despite the fact that her body was 2000 years old.
An autopsy was performed in December 1972, where it was found that Xin Zhui, at around age 50, was obese, had various parasites in her digestive tract, rheumatism, gallstones, a fused spinal disc, and heart disease, which was determined to be her most likely primary cause of death.
An artistic reconstruction of a young Xin Zhui is on display at the Hunan Provincial Museum, surrounded by artifacts from her tomb.
ARTIST NOTES: While I was aware of the existing sculpted reconstruction of Lady Dai, which was created from measurements and xrays of her corpse, I was interested in the interpretive aspect that changes from artist to artist when trying to piece together the living features which, despite the overall preserved state of the corpse in terms of flesh condition, are quite distorted by the death state and the passage of time, climate, and seasons. I traced the x-ray of her skull as a basis for my own reconstruction.
I was also interested in the subject of Xin Zhui's later life appearance, which based on her autopsy would not have been a glamorous sight in comparison to her youth, which is perhaps why the subject of this part of her life is set aside and rarely if ever shown. Ancient Chinese art depicts the aging Xin Zhui walking with a cane. She enjoyed her life until the end, and I thought it fitting that her final appearance, though not young and beautiful, be included as an important part of her life.
Ancient Chinese coinage
Ancient Chinese coinage includes some of the earliest known coins. These coins, used as early as the Spring and Autumn period, took the form of imitations of the cowrie shells that were used in ceremonial exchanges. The Spring and Autumn period also saw the introduction of the first metal coins; however, they were not initially round, instead being either knife shaped or spade shaped. Round metal coins with a round, and then later square hole in the center were first introduced around 350 BC. The beginning of the Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty to unify China, saw the introduction of a standardised coinage for the whole Empire. Subsequent dynasties produced variations on these round coins throughout the imperial period. At first, distribution of the coinage was limited to use around the capital city district but by the beginning of the Han Dynasty, coins were widely used for such as when paying tax, salaries and fines.
Ancient Chinese coins are markedly different from coins produced in the west. Chinese coins were manufactured by being cast in molds, whereas western coins were typically cut and hammered or, in later times, milled. Chinese coins were usually made from mixtures of metals such copper, tin and lead, from bronze, brass or iron: precious metals like gold and silver were uncommonly used. The ratios and purity of the coin metals varied considerably. Most Chinese coins were produced with a square hole in the middle. This was used to allow collections of coins to be threaded on a square rod so that the rough edges could be filed smooth, and then threaded on strings for ease of handling.
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ENG SUB | Candle in the Tomb - EP 01 [Jin Dong, Joe Chen]
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Candle in the Tomb:Can a woman trust tomb raiders to help her find her missing father? Shirley Yang (Joe Chen) is an archaeologist who grew up in the United States. When she learns that her father has disappeared while exploring tombs, she returns to China to try to find her missing father. She meets Hu Ba Yi (Jin Dong), a tomb raider who learned the art of feng shui from an antique book that he inherited from his family and now has specialized knowledge of tomb configuration. When Ba Yi and his partner fall victim to a curse, they team up with Shirley to help her track down her missing father in the hopes of finding clues that will help them to undo the curse. As they embark on on an exploration of the “ghost cave” in the Taklamakan Desert in northwest China, why does Ba Yi and his group get the feeling that they are falling into someone’s elaborate trap? “Candle in the Tomb” is a 2016-2017 Chinese web drama series. It is based on the Chinese web novel “Ghost Blows Out the Light” written by Zhang Muye under the pseudonym The Ruler Under Heavens.
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Top 3 Amazing Discoveries | Hidden Shot | Malayalam
Amazing Discoveries
This video about amazing discoveries in the world in Malayalam
1.Lady Xin Zhui
Xin Zhui [ɕín ʈʂwéi] (Chinese: 辛追; died 163 BC), also known as Lady Dai or Marquise of Dai, was the wife of Li Cang (利蒼), the Marquis of Dai and Chancellor of Changsha Kingdom, during the Western Han dynasty of ancient China. She gained fame more than 2,000 years after her death, when her tomb was discovered inside a hill known as Mawangdui, in Changsha, Hunan, China. After opening the tomb, workers discovered her exceptionally well preserved remains alongside hundreds of valuable artifacts and documents. Her body and belongings are currently under the care of the Hunan Museum, which has allowed occasional international exhibits.
2.treetrunk coffin
A treetrunk coffin, hollowed out of a single massive log, is a feature of some prehistoric elite burials over a wide geographical range, especially in Northern Europe and as far east as the Balts, where cremation was abandoned about the 1st century CE, as well as in central Lithuania, where elites were also buried in treetrunk coffins.The practice survived Christianization into the Middle Ages. The coffin in which the body of King Arthur, said to have been discovered at Glastonbury Abbey in 1191, was described by the contemporary chronicler Giraldus Cambrensis as being of a massive oak treetrunk. For Bronze Age Britain, examples have been recorded at Wydon Eals, near Haltwhistle, and at Cartington, Co. Durham, in Scotland, Yorkshire, East Anglia (Liss, northeast Hampshire, for instance). In Yorkshire, Gristhorpe Man, a well-preserved human of the second millennium BCE, who was found 10 July 1834 under an ancient burial mound buried in a hollow oak tree trunk, is conserved at the Rotunda Museum, Scarborough: he was wrapped in an animal skin with a whalebone and bronze dagger and food for his journey. At the abbey of Munsterbilzen, Belgium, ten graves with massive treetrunk coffins were discovered in 2006.[citation needed]
Because hollowed trunks suggest dugout boats, such burials are sometimes described as boat burials. In Yanjinggou Developing Zone of Chengdu such a boat burial in a hollowed-out treetrunk found in 2006 was dated to the Warring States Era (475–221 BCE); it contained copper objects, bronze weapons, pottery and lacquer wares, seeds and peach pits. Its burial was the most recent of eight burials in coffins hollowed out of single tree trunks one and a half meters in diameter, five meters in length, with tapered ends bow and stern.
The phenomenon was not restricted to regions where massive timber was abundant. In Egypt, the conservation of a 1st-century cypresswood coffin hollowed from a single log, from a burial at Touna El Gebel, has been described.
3.Codex Gigas
The Codex Gigas (English: Giant Book) is the largest extant medieval illuminated manuscript in the world, at a length of 92 cm (36 in).[1] It is also known as the Devil's Bible because of a very unusual full-page portrait of the devil, and the legend surrounding its creation.
It was created in the early 13th century in the Benedictine monastery of Podlažice in Bohemia, which is a region in the modern-day Czech Republic. It contains the complete Vulgate Bible as well as other popular works, all written in Latin. Between the Old and New Testaments are a selection of other popular medieval reference works: Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews and De bello iudaico, Isidore of Seville's encyclopedia Etymologiae, the chronicle of Cosmas of Prague,[2] and medical works; these are an early version of the Ars medicinae compilation of treatises, and two books by Constantine the African.
Eventually finding its way to the imperial library of Rudolf II in Prague, the entire collection was taken as spoils of war by the Swedish in 1648 during the Thirty Years' War, and the manuscript is now preserved at the National Library of Sweden in Stockholm, where it is on display for the general public.
Very large illuminated bibles were a typical feature of Romanesque monastic book production, but even within this group the page-size of the Codex Gigas is exceptional.
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ENG SUB | Candle in the Tomb - EP 02 [Jin Dong, Joe Chen]
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Synopsis **********
Candle in the Tomb:Can a woman trust tomb raiders to help her find her missing father? Shirley Yang (Joe Chen) is an archaeologist who grew up in the United States. When she learns that her father has disappeared while exploring tombs, she returns to China to try to find her missing father. She meets Hu Ba Yi (Jin Dong), a tomb raider who learned the art of feng shui from an antique book that he inherited from his family and now has specialized knowledge of tomb configuration. When Ba Yi and his partner fall victim to a curse, they team up with Shirley to help her track down her missing father in the hopes of finding clues that will help them to undo the curse. As they embark on on an exploration of the “ghost cave” in the Taklamakan Desert in northwest China, why does Ba Yi and his group get the feeling that they are falling into someone’s elaborate trap? “Candle in the Tomb” is a 2016-2017 Chinese web drama series. It is based on the Chinese web novel “Ghost Blows Out the Light” written by Zhang Muye under the pseudonym The Ruler Under Heavens.
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Shunzhi Emperor
The Shunzhi Emperor, formerly romanized as the Shun-chih Emperor, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty and the first Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1644 to 1661. A committee of Manchu princes chose him to succeed his father, Hong Taiji, in September 1643, when he was five years old. The princes also appointed two co-regents: Dorgon, the 14th son of the Qing dynasty's founder Nurhaci, and Jirgalang, one of Nurhaci's nephews, both of whom were members of the Qing imperial clan.
From 1643 to 1650, political power lay mostly in the hands of Dorgon. Under his leadership, the Qing Empire conquered most of the territory of the fallen Ming dynasty, chased Ming loyalist regimes deep into the southwestern provinces, and established the basis of Qing rule over China despite highly unpopular policies such as the hair cutting command of 1645, which forced Qing subjects to shave their forehead and braid their remaining hair into a queue resembling that of the Manchus. After Dorgon's death on the last day of 1650, the young Shunzhi Emperor started to rule personally. He tried, with mixed success, to fight corruption and to reduce the political influence of the Manchu nobility. In the 1650s, he faced a resurgence of Ming loyalist resistance, but by 1661 his armies had defeated the Qing Empire's last enemies, seafarer Koxinga and the Prince of Gui of the Southern Ming dynasty, both of whom would succumb the following year. The Shunzhi Emperor died at the age of 22 of smallpox, a highly contagious disease that was endemic in China, but against which the Manchus had no immunity. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who had already survived smallpox, and who reigned for sixty years under the era name Kangxi. Because fewer documents have survived from the Shunzhi era than from later eras of the Qing dynasty, the Shunzhi era is a relatively little-known period of Qing history.
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ENG SUB | Candle in the Tomb - EP 07 [Jin Dong, Joe Chen]
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Synopsis **********
Candle in the Tomb:Can a woman trust tomb raiders to help her find her missing father? Shirley Yang (Joe Chen) is an archaeologist who grew up in the United States. When she learns that her father has disappeared while exploring tombs, she returns to China to try to find her missing father. She meets Hu Ba Yi (Jin Dong), a tomb raider who learned the art of feng shui from an antique book that he inherited from his family and now has specialized knowledge of tomb configuration. When Ba Yi and his partner fall victim to a curse, they team up with Shirley to help her track down her missing father in the hopes of finding clues that will help them to undo the curse. As they embark on on an exploration of the “ghost cave” in the Taklamakan Desert in northwest China, why does Ba Yi and his group get the feeling that they are falling into someone’s elaborate trap? “Candle in the Tomb” is a 2016-2017 Chinese web drama series. It is based on the Chinese web novel “Ghost Blows Out the Light” written by Zhang Muye under the pseudonym The Ruler Under Heavens.
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ENG SUB | Candle in the Tomb - EP 12 [Jin Dong, Joe Chen]
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Synopsis **********
Candle in the Tomb:Can a woman trust tomb raiders to help her find her missing father? Shirley Yang (Joe Chen) is an archaeologist who grew up in the United States. When she learns that her father has disappeared while exploring tombs, she returns to China to try to find her missing father. She meets Hu Ba Yi (Jin Dong), a tomb raider who learned the art of feng shui from an antique book that he inherited from his family and now has specialized knowledge of tomb configuration. When Ba Yi and his partner fall victim to a curse, they team up with Shirley to help her track down her missing father in the hopes of finding clues that will help them to undo the curse. As they embark on on an exploration of the “ghost cave” in the Taklamakan Desert in northwest China, why does Ba Yi and his group get the feeling that they are falling into someone’s elaborate trap? “Candle in the Tomb” is a 2016-2017 Chinese web drama series. It is based on the Chinese web novel “Ghost Blows Out the Light” written by Zhang Muye under the pseudonym The Ruler Under Heavens.
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ENG SUB | Candle in the Tomb - EP 10 [Jin Dong, Joe Chen]
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Synopsis **********
Candle in the Tomb:Can a woman trust tomb raiders to help her find her missing father? Shirley Yang (Joe Chen) is an archaeologist who grew up in the United States. When she learns that her father has disappeared while exploring tombs, she returns to China to try to find her missing father. She meets Hu Ba Yi (Jin Dong), a tomb raider who learned the art of feng shui from an antique book that he inherited from his family and now has specialized knowledge of tomb configuration. When Ba Yi and his partner fall victim to a curse, they team up with Shirley to help her track down her missing father in the hopes of finding clues that will help them to undo the curse. As they embark on on an exploration of the “ghost cave” in the Taklamakan Desert in northwest China, why does Ba Yi and his group get the feeling that they are falling into someone’s elaborate trap? “Candle in the Tomb” is a 2016-2017 Chinese web drama series. It is based on the Chinese web novel “Ghost Blows Out the Light” written by Zhang Muye under the pseudonym The Ruler Under Heavens.
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ENG SUB | Candle in the Tomb - EP 17 [Jin Dong, Joe Chen]
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Synopsis **********
Candle in the Tomb:Can a woman trust tomb raiders to help her find her missing father? Shirley Yang (Joe Chen) is an archaeologist who grew up in the United States. When she learns that her father has disappeared while exploring tombs, she returns to China to try to find her missing father. She meets Hu Ba Yi (Jin Dong), a tomb raider who learned the art of feng shui from an antique book that he inherited from his family and now has specialized knowledge of tomb configuration. When Ba Yi and his partner fall victim to a curse, they team up with Shirley to help her track down her missing father in the hopes of finding clues that will help them to undo the curse. As they embark on on an exploration of the “ghost cave” in the Taklamakan Desert in northwest China, why does Ba Yi and his group get the feeling that they are falling into someone’s elaborate trap? “Candle in the Tomb” is a 2016-2017 Chinese web drama series. It is based on the Chinese web novel “Ghost Blows Out the Light” written by Zhang Muye under the pseudonym The Ruler Under Heavens.
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Mummy
A mummy is a deceased human or animal whose skin and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately embalmed with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally desiccated bodies goes back to at least 1615 AD. (See the section Etymology and meaning.)
Mummies of humans and other animals have been found on every continent, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts. Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats. (See: Animal mummy)
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10 Most Preserved Bodies of The World
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Qing dynasty | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Qing dynasty
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing (), was the last imperial dynasty of China. It was established in 1636, and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China. It was the fifth largest empire in world history.
The dynasty was founded by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming Jianzhou Guard vassal, began organizing Banners, military-social units that included Manchu, Han, and Mongol elements. Nurhaci formed the Manchu clans into a unified entity. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty, the Qing. In 1644, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital, Beijing. Rather than serve them, Ming general Wu Sangui made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by the regent Prince Dorgon, who defeated the rebels and seized the capital. Resistance from the Southern Ming and the Revolt of the Three Feudatories led by Wu Sangui delayed the Qing conquest of China proper by nearly four decades. The conquest was only completed in 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor reign (1661–1722). The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Inner Asia. The early Qing rulers maintained their Manchu customs, and while their title was Emperor, they used Bogd khaan when dealing with the Mongols and they were patrons of Tibetan Buddhism. They governed using Confucian styles and institutions of bureaucratic government and retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus. They also adapted the ideals of the tributary system in dealing with neighboring territories.
During the Qianlong Emperor reign (1735–1796) the dynasty reached its apogee, but then began its initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 millions, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites failed to change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium Wars, European powers imposed unequal treaties, free trade, extraterritoriality and treaty ports under foreign control. The Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) and the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people, most of them due to famines caused by war. In spite of these disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s, Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order and the Qing rulers. The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea and the possession of Taiwan. New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 was turned back in a coup by the conservative Empress Dowager Cixi. When the Scramble for Concessions by foreign powers triggered the violently anti-foreign Boxers, the foreign powers invaded China, Cixi declared war on them, leading to defeat and the flight of the Imperial Court to Xi'an.
After agreeing to sign the Boxer Protocol, the government initiated unprecedented fiscal and administrative reforms, including elections, a new legal code, and abolition of the examination system. Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries competed with constitutional monarchists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao to transform the Qing Empire into a modern nation. After the deaths of Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor in 1908, the hardline Manchu court alienated reformers and local elites alike by obstructing social reform. The Wuchang Uprisi ...
Mummy | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mummy
00:01:35 1 Etymology and meaning
00:03:04 2 History of mummy studies
00:05:16 3 Types
00:06:03 4 Egyptian mummies
00:10:43 4.1 Mummification and rank
00:11:23 4.1.1 Most perfect method
00:13:38 4.1.2 Avoiding expense
00:14:39 4.1.3 Inexpensive method
00:15:03 5 Christian mummies
00:15:19 6 Mummification in other cultures
00:15:29 6.1 Africa
00:15:51 6.1.1 Libya
00:17:01 6.1.2 South Africa
00:17:36 6.2 Asia
00:18:07 6.2.1 China
00:20:43 6.2.2 Iran
00:21:40 6.2.3 Siberia
00:23:02 6.2.4 Philippines
00:23:25 6.3 Europe
00:24:05 6.3.1 Bog bodies
00:25:27 6.3.2 Canary Islands
00:26:20 6.3.3 Czech Republic
00:28:03 6.3.4 Denmark
00:29:55 6.3.5 Hungary
00:30:29 6.3.6 Italy
00:32:20 6.4 North America
00:32:54 6.4.1 Canada
00:33:36 6.4.2 Greenland
00:34:09 6.4.3 Mexico
00:35:25 6.4.4 United States
00:36:06 6.5 Oceania
00:36:45 6.5.1 Australia
00:37:28 6.5.2 Torres Strait
00:38:12 6.5.3 New Zealand
00:39:38 6.6 South America
00:40:38 6.6.1 Chinchorro mummies
00:41:22 6.6.2 Inca mummies
00:44:31 7 Self-mummification
00:45:34 8 Modern mummies
00:45:43 8.1 Jeremy Bentham
00:46:40 8.2 Vladimir Lenin
00:47:30 8.3 Gottfried Knoche
00:48:11 8.4 Summum
00:48:49 8.5 Alan Billis
00:49:25 8.6 Plastination
00:50:26 9 Treatment of ancient mummies in modern times
00:52:50 10 In popular culture
00:53:00 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A mummy is a deceased human or an animal whose skin and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately embalmed with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally desiccated bodies goes back to at least 1615 AD (See the section Etymology and meaning).
Mummies of humans and other animals have been found on every continent, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts. Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats. Many of the Egyptian animal mummies are sacred ibis, and radiocarbon dating suggests the Egyptian Ibis mummies that have been analyzed were from time frame that falls between approximately 450 and 250 BC.In addition to the well-known mummies of ancient Egypt, deliberate mummification was a feature of several ancient cultures in areas of America and Asia with very dry climates. The Spirit Cave mummies of Fallon, Nevada in North America were accurately dated at more than 9,400 years old. Before this discovery, the oldest known deliberate mummy was a child, one of the Chinchorro mummies found in the Camarones Valley, Chile, which dates around 5050 BC. The oldest known naturally mummified human corpse is a severed head dated as 6,000 years old, found in 1936 AD at the site named Inca Cueva No. 4 in South America.