Yizhou Ge/Shui Guzi from the Dunhuang Scores
A performance of Yizhou Ge 《伊州歌》 and Shui Guzi 《水鼓子》, pieces nos. 24 and 25 from the Dunhuang Scores (Dunhuang Yuepu, 敦煌乐谱). The pieces, which, having been written down in the 10th century, are among the oldest surviving scores of Chinese music, were reconstructed and transcribed in staff notation by the musicologist Chen Yingshi (陈应时, b. 1933) of the Shanghai Conservatory of Music.
Performed by the Cleveland Chinese Music Ensemble of Cleveland, Ohio, United States, with guest vocalist Zhang Wei (张维), part of their program entitled Elegant Sounds from the Palace and Scholar’s Studio: 1,000 Years of China’s Classical Music.
Filmed live in concert at Carl F. W. Ludwig Recital Hall, Center for the Performing Arts, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States, September 24, 2017.
Personnel:
● Zhang Wei - voice and paiban (guest artist)
● Jay Xiao - dizi (bamboo flute)
● David Badagnani - bamboo guan/bili (double reed pipe)
● Haochen Qin - sheng (mouth organ)
● Rob Hassing - percussion
● Courtney Lambert - percussion
● Shasha Zhu - percussion
As a pipa player was unavailable for this performance, the phrase endings in Yizhou, which, being frequently arpeggiated or containing octave leaps, are idiomatic for the pipa but not for wind instruments, were omitted.
Yizhou and The Water Drum are the final two pieces (#24 and 25) from a rare and precious collection of 25 yanyue (燕乐/宴乐, court banquet music) scores in pipa tablature discovered in 1900 in a cave near Dunhuang, Gansu province, northwest China. Although these scores were written down sometime between 933 and 960, the pieces themselves likely date to the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty (first half of the 8th century). This premise is supported by the fact that several of the titles in the Dunhuang collection are also found in official records of the Tang court. Yizhou was the former name for Hami in China's westernmost province of Xinjiang.
Also known as the Dunhuang Qupu, 《敦煌曲谱》 Dunhuang Juanzipu 《敦煌卷子谱》, or Dunhuang Pipa Pu 《敦煌琵琶谱》, the Dunhuang Scores were found in Mogao Cave 17 near Dunhuang in Gansu province, northwest China. They comprise 25 pieces in pipa tablature with instructions for the tablature (manuscript P.3539), plus an additional incomplete piece (manuscript P.3719), all written on the backs of scrolls containing Buddhist texts. These three manuscripts, which were among up to 50,000 manuscripts that had been stored in the cave since it was walled off for unknown reasons early in the 11th century, were taken in 1908 to the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris by the French sinoloist Paul Pelliot (1878-1945).
The pieces in P.3808 are believed to be the pipa parts of ensemble pieces, probably court yanyue (燕乐 or 宴乐, banquet music) pieces. On the front of the manuscript is the text of a Buddhist sermon, 《长兴四年中兴殿应圣节讲经文》, with 长兴四年 meaning the fourth year of the Changxing reign of Emperor Li Dan 李亶 of Later Tang 后唐, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period that began following the fall of the Tang Dynasty--that is, 933 AD. Although these pieces were written down in the 10th century (in or soon after the year 933), many or all of them are likely to have by that time already been old pieces, dating to at least the 8th century (the titles of several of the pieces are listed in Tang palace records).
The sung text, by the Tang poet Wang Wei (王維, 699-759), which has been matched to Yizhou by Chen Yingshi, is as follows:
伊州歌
Yizhou Song
清风明月苦相思，
The gentle breeze and bright moon arouse a heartsick longing;
荡子从戎十载馀。
A wanderer, you have served in the army for ten years now.
征人去日殷勤嘱，
On the day you set off for the front, I asked you earnestly:
归雁来时数附书。
When the wild geese return home, send messages with them!
The paiban (6-piece clapper) used in this performance were made by Tom Lashuay of Munroe Falls, Ohio, United States. The bamboo guan was made by Mr. Chien-Chen Chen (陳建誠) of Taipei, Taiwan.
Link to the concert program (PDF file):
Link to video of the whole concert:
Guangxi, China
Photos taken in Daxing, Guilin, Lipu, Longsheng, Nanning, Xingan, Yangshuo
Dunhuang Scores 《敦煌乐谱》 - all 25 pieces, arr. Xi Zhenguan 席臻贯, based on reconstructions by Ye Dong 叶栋
Recordings of the full set of 25 pieces comprising manuscript P.3808 of the Dunhuang Scores (Dunhuang Yuepu, 《敦煌乐谱》), one of the oldest and most precious collections of scores of Chinese music.
These recordings probably come from Dunhuang Guyue: Dunhuang Yuepu Xin Yi (Wei Cun De Zhengzong Zhongguo Tang Dai Yinyue) 《敦煌古樂：敦煌樂譜新譯（唯存的正宗中國唐代音樂）》, a 3-cassette set released in China in 1992 by the Dunhuang Literature and Art Publishing House (敦煌文艺出版社)/Gansu Audiovisual Press (甘肃音像出版社).
The music is performed by the Central Traditional Orchestra (中央民族乐团) of Beijing and the Shanghai Traditional Orchestra (上海民族乐团), conducted by Liu Wenjin (刘文金), Huang Xiaofei (黄晓飞), and Qu Chunquan (瞿春泉). The pipa soloist is Wu Yuxia (吴玉霞). Vocalists include Jiang Jiaqiang (姜嘉锵), Li Yuanhua (李元华), Shan Xiurong (单秀荣), and Zhai Xianli (翟宪力), among others.
The pieces were arranged by Xi Zhenguan (席臻贯, 1941-1994), based on the reconstructions by musicologist Ye Dong (叶栋, 1930-1989), which were published in 1981 as 《敦煌曲谱研究》. The instruments used in these recordings are traditional Chinese instruments of the modern variety rather than replicas of those used during the Tang Dynasty, and the arrangements show the influence of Westernized guoyue (国乐) performed by modern Chinese orchestras (minzu yuetuan, 民族乐团).
Contents:
00:00 - 1. Pin Nong 《品弄》
01:43 - 2. Nong 《弄》《{头}弄》
03:16 - 3. Qing Bei Yue 《倾杯乐》(Tilted Cup Music)
04:47 - 4. You Man Quzi 《又慢曲子》
08:12 - 5. You Quzi 《又曲子》
10:47 - 6. Ji Quzi 《急曲子》(Quick Piece)
12:18 - 7. You Quzi 《又曲子》
15:19 - 8. You Man Quzi 《又慢曲子》
18:50 - 9. Ji Quzi 《急曲子》
23:08 - 10. You Man Quzi 《又慢曲子》
26:06 - 11. [Untitled] (佚名)
27:06 - 12. Qing Bei Yue 《倾杯乐》(Tilted Cup Music)
29:30 - 13. You Man Quzi: Xi Jiang Yue 《又慢曲子。西江月》 (Moon Over the Western River)
35:43 - 14. You Man Quzi 《又慢曲子》
37:24 - 15. Man Quzi: Xinshizi 《慢曲子。心事子》
39:44 - 16. You Man Quzi: Yizhou 《又慢曲子。伊州》
43:16 - 17. You Ji Quzi 《又急曲子》
45:07 - 18. Shui Guzi 《水鼓子》
51:04 - 19. Ji Hu Xiangwen《急胡相问》(Quick The Barbarian Asks)
57:57 - 20. Changsha Nü Yin 《长沙女引》(Prelude: The Lady of Changsha)
1:00-51 - 21. [Untitled] (佚名)
1:03:07 - 22. Sa Jin Sha 《撒金沙》
1:04:59 - 23. Ying Fu 《营富》
1:06:47 - 24. Yizhou 《伊州》 (the former name of Hami in eastern Xinjiang)
1:09:11 - 25. Shui Guzi 《水鼓子》
Also known as Dunhuang Qupu, 《敦煌曲谱》, Dunhuang Juanzipu 《敦煌卷子谱》), or Dunhuang Pipa Pu 《敦煌琵琶谱》, the Dunhuang pipa scores were found in Mogao Cave 17 near Dunhuang in Gansu province, northwest China. They comprise 25 pieces in pipa tablature with instructions for the tablature (manuscript P.3539), plus an additional incomplete piece (manuscript P.3719), all written on the backs of scrolls containing Buddhist texts. These three manuscripts, which were among up to 50,000 manuscripts that had been stored in the cave since it was walled off for unknown reasons early in the 11th century, were taken in 1908 to the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris by the French sinoloist Paul Pelliot (1878-1945).
The pieces in P.3808 are believed to be the pipa parts of ensemble pieces, probably court yanyue (燕乐 or 宴乐, banquet music) pieces. On the front of the manuscript is the text of a Buddhist sermon, 《长兴四年中兴殿应圣节讲经文》, with 长兴四年 meaning the fourth year of the Changxing reign of Emperor Li Dan 李亶 of Later Tang 后唐, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period that began following the fall of the Tang Dynasty--that is, 933 AD. Although these pieces were written down in the 10th century (in the year 933 or soon after, though before the founding of the Song Dynasty in 960), many or all of them are likely to have by that time already been old pieces, dating to at least the 8th century (the titles of several of the pieces are listed in Tang palace records).
More information:
Information about Xi Zhen'guan:
More information about Mogao Cave 17:
Video about Mogao Cave 17:
Mongols | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:44 1 Definition
00:01:54 2 History
00:02:57 2.1 In the Chinese classics
00:07:58 2.2 Era of the Mongol Empire and Northern Yuan
00:13:31 2.3 Qing-era Mongols
00:23:12 2.4 Post-Qing era
00:36:47 3 Language
00:39:26 4 Religion
00:46:57 5 Military
00:48:03 6 Kinship and family life
00:53:20 7 Historical population
00:53:30 8 Geographic distribution
00:54:18 8.1 Subgroups
00:56:28 8.2 Mongolia
00:57:20 8.3 China
01:00:09 8.4 Russia
01:00:30 8.5 Elsewhere
01:00:53 9 Gallery
01:01:02 10 Data tables
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7997307493699507
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд, ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud, [ˈmɔŋ.ɢɔɮ.t͡ʃʊːt]) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and to China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. They also live as minorities in other regions of China (e.g. Xinjiang), as well as in Russia. Mongolian people belonging to the Buryat and Kalmyk subgroups live predominantly in the Russian federal subjects of Buryatia and Kalmykia.
The Mongols are bound together by a common heritage and ethnic identity. Their indigenous dialects are collectively known as the Mongolian language. The ancestors of the modern-day Mongols are referred to as Proto-Mongols.
Ancient Chinese coinage
Ancient Chinese coinage includes some of the earliest known coins. These coins, used as early as the Spring and Autumn period, took the form of imitations of the cowrie shells that were used in ceremonial exchanges. The Spring and Autumn period also saw the introduction of the first metal coins; however, they were not initially round, instead being either knife shaped or spade shaped. Round metal coins with a round, and then later square hole in the center were first introduced around 350 BC. The beginning of the Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty to unify China, saw the introduction of a standardised coinage for the whole Empire. Subsequent dynasties produced variations on these round coins throughout the imperial period. At first, distribution of the coinage was limited to use around the capital city district but by the beginning of the Han Dynasty, coins were widely used for such as when paying tax, salaries and fines.
Ancient Chinese coins are markedly different from coins produced in the west. Chinese coins were manufactured by being cast in molds, whereas western coins were typically cut and hammered or, in later times, milled. Chinese coins were usually made from mixtures of metals such copper, tin and lead, from bronze, brass or iron: precious metals like gold and silver were uncommonly used. The ratios and purity of the coin metals varied considerably. Most Chinese coins were produced with a square hole in the middle. This was used to allow collections of coins to be threaded on a square rod so that the rough edges could be filed smooth, and then threaded on strings for ease of handling.
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Mongols | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mongols
00:00:40 1 Definition
00:01:43 2 History
00:02:41 2.1 In the Chinese classics
00:07:14 2.2 Era of the Mongol Empire and Northern Yuan
00:12:16 2.3 Qing-era Mongols
00:21:00 2.4 Post-Qing era
00:33:10 3 Language
00:35:34 4 Religion
00:42:22 5 Military
00:43:22 6 Kinship and family life
00:48:10 7 Historical population
00:48:19 8 Geographic distribution
00:49:05 8.1 Subgroups
00:51:02 8.2 Mongolia
00:51:51 8.3 China
00:54:24 8.4 Russia
00:54:45 8.5 Elsewhere
00:55:06 9 Gallery
00:55:15 10 Data tables
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд, ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud, [ˈmɔŋ.ɢɔɮ.t͡ʃʊːt]) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and to China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. They also live as minorities in other regions of China (e.g. Xinjiang), as well as in Russia. Mongolian people belonging to the Buryat and Kalmyk subgroups live predominantly in the Russian federal subjects of Buryatia and Kalmykia.
The Mongols are bound together by a common heritage and ethnic identity. Their indigenous dialects are collectively known as the Mongolian language. The ancestors of the modern-day Mongols are referred to as Proto-Mongols.
Yunnan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Yunnan
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Yunnan (云南) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country. It spans approximately 394,000 square kilometres (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 45.7 million (as of 2009). The capital of the province is Kunming, formerly also known as Yunnan. The province borders the Chinese provinces Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, and the Tibet Autonomous Region, and the countries Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar.
Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with high elevations in the northwest and low elevations in the southeast. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province. In the west, the altitude can vary from the mountain peaks to river valleys as much as 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China. Of the approximately 30,000 species of higher plants in China, Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more. Yunnan's reserves of aluminium, lead, zinc and tin are the largest in China, and there are also major reserves of copper and nickel.
The Han Empire first recorded diplomatic relations with the province at the end of the 2nd century BC. It became the seat of a Sino-Tibetan-speaking kingdom of Nanzhao in the 8th century AD. Nanzhao was multi-ethnic, but the elite most-likely spoke a northern dialect of Yi. The Mongols conquered the region in the 13th century, with local control exercised by warlords until the 1930s. From the Yuan dynasty onward, the area was part of a central-government sponsored population movement towards the southwestern frontier, with two major waves of migrants arriving from Han-majority areas in northern and southeast China. As with other parts of China's southwest, Japanese occupation in the north during World War II forced another migration of majority Han people into the region. These two waves of migration contributed to Yunnan being one of the most ethnically diverse provinces of China, with ethnic minorities accounting for about 34 percent of its total population. Major ethnic groups include Yi, Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai and Miao.
Tarim Basin | Wikipedia audio article
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Tarim Basin
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Tarim Basin is an endorheic basin in northwest China occupying an area of about 1,020,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi). Located in China's Xinjiang region, it is sometimes used synonymously to refer the southern half of the province, or Nanjiang (Chinese: 南疆; pinyin: Nánjiāng; literally: Southern Xinjiang), as opposed to the northern half of the province known as Dzungaria or Beijiang. Its northern boundary is the Tian Shan mountain range and its southern boundary is the Kunlun Mountains on the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Taklamakan Desert dominates much of the basin. The historical Uyghur name for the Tarim Basin is Altishahr (六域), which means six cities in Uyghur.
Mongol | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mongol
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд, ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud, [ˈmɔŋ.ɢɔɮ.t͡ʃʊːt]) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and to China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. They also live as minorities in other regions of China (e.g. Xinjiang), as well as in Russia. Mongolian people belonging to the Buryat and Kalmyk subgroups live predominantly in the Russian federal subjects of Buryatia and Kalmykia.
The Mongols are bound together by a common heritage and ethnic identity. Their indigenous dialects are collectively known as the Mongolian language. The ancestors of the modern-day Mongols are referred to as Proto-Mongols.
Mongols | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:46 1 Definition
00:01:59 2 History
00:03:05 2.1 Origin
00:03:17 2.2 In the Chinese classics
00:08:35 2.3 Era of the Mongol Empire and Northern Yuan
00:14:26 2.4 Qing-era Mongols
00:24:39 2.5 Post-Qing era
00:38:57 3 Language
00:41:45 4 Religion
00:49:42 5 Military
00:50:51 6 Kinship and family life
00:56:28 7 Historical population
00:56:38 8 Geographic distribution
00:57:29 8.1 Subgroups
00:59:45 8.2 Mongolia
01:00:42 8.3 China
01:03:37 8.4 Russia
01:03:59 8.5 Elsewhere
01:04:23 9 Gallery
01:04:32 10 Data tables
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8561713861377258
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд, ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud, [ˈmɔŋ.ɢɔɮ.t͡ʃʊːt]) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and to China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. They also live as minorities in other regions of China (e.g. Xinjiang), as well as in Russia. Mongolian people belonging to the Buryat and Kalmyk subgroups live predominantly in the Russian federal subjects of Buryatia and Kalmykia.
The Mongols are bound together by a common heritage and ethnic identity. Their indigenous dialects are collectively known as the Mongolian language. The ancestors of the modern-day Mongols are referred to as Proto-Mongols.
Mongol | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:37 1 Definition
00:01:38 2 History
00:02:33 2.1 Origin
00:02:44 2.2 In the Chinese classics
00:07:04 2.3 Era of the Mongol Empire and Northern Yuan
00:11:51 2.4 Qing-era Mongols
00:20:11 2.5 Post-Qing era
00:31:58 3 Language
00:34:17 4 Religion
00:40:43 5 Military
00:41:39 6 Kinship and family life
00:46:09 7 Historical population
00:46:19 8 Geographic distribution
00:47:00 8.1 Subgroups
00:48:51 8.2 Mongolia
00:49:37 8.3 China
00:52:05 8.4 Russia
00:52:24 8.5 Elsewhere
00:52:44 9 Gallery
00:52:53 10 Data tables
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9909818558890737
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд, ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud, [ˈmɔŋ.ɢɔɮ.t͡ʃʊːt]) are a Mongolic ethnic group native to Mongolia and to China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. They also live as minorities in other regions of China (e.g. Xinjiang), as well as in Russia. Mongolian people belonging to the Buryat and Kalmyk subgroups live predominantly in the Russian federal subjects of Buryatia and Kalmykia.
The Mongols are bound together by a common heritage and ethnic identity. Their indigenous dialects are collectively known as the Mongolian language. The ancestors of the modern-day Mongols are referred to as Proto-Mongols.
Tarim Basin | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Tarim Basin
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Tarim Basin is an endorheic basin in northwest China occupying an area of about 1,020,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi). Located in China's Xinjiang region, it is sometimes used synonymously to refer the southern half of the province, or Nanjiang (Chinese: 南疆; pinyin: Nánjiāng; literally: Southern Xinjiang), as opposed to the northern half of the province known as Dzungaria or Beijiang. Its northern boundary is the Tian Shan mountain range and its southern boundary is the Kunlun Mountains on the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Taklamakan Desert dominates much of the basin. The historical Uyghur name for the Tarim Basin is Altishahr (六域), which means six cities in Uyghur.