maxiumus present: algeria Best of the Bests
Algeria has been inhabited by Berbers (or Imazighen) since at least 10,000 BC. After 1000 BC, the Carthaginians began establishing settlements along the coast. The Berbers seized the opportunity offered by the Punic Wars to become independent of Carthage, and Berber kingdoms began to emerge, most notably Numidia. In 200 BC, however, they were once again taken over, this time by the Roman Republic. When the Western Roman Empire collapsed, Berbers became independent again in many areas, while the Vandals took control over other parts, where they remained until expelled by the generals of the Byzantine Emperor, Justinian I. The Byzantine Empire then retained a precarious grip on the east of the country until the coming of the Arabs in the eighth century.
Having converted the Kutama of Kabylie to its cause, the Shia Fatimids overthrew the Rustamids, and conquered Egypt. They left Algeria and Tunisia to their Zirid vassals; when the latter rebelled and adopted Sunnism, the Shia Fatimids sent in the Banu Hilal, a populous Arab tribe, to weaken them. This initiated the Arabization of the region. The Almoravids and Almohads, Berber dynasties from the west founded by religious reformers, brought a period of relative peace and development; however, with the Almohads' collapse, Algeria became a battleground for their three successor states, the Algerian Zayyanids, Tunisian Hafsids, and Moroccan Marinids. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Spanish Empire started attacking and subsuming a few Algerian coastal settlements.
Algeria was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Khair ad-Din and his brother Aruj in 1517, and they established Algeria's modern boundaries in the north and made its coast a base for the Ottoman corsairs; their privateering peaked in Algiers in the 1600s. Piracy on American vessels in the Mediterranean resulted in the First (1801--1805) and Second Barbary War (1815) with the United States. The piracy acts forced people captured on the boats into slavery; alternatively when the pirates attacked coastal villages in southern and western Europe the inhabitants were forced into slavery.[4] Raids by Barbary pirates on Western Europe did not cease until 1816, when a Royal Navy raid, assisted by six Dutch vessels, destroyed the port of Algiers and its fleet of Barbary ships. Spanish occupation of Algerian ports at this time was a source of concern for the local inhabitants.
The head of state is the President of Algeria, who is elected to a five year term and is constitutionally limited to two terms. Algeria has suffrage for Islamic men at 30 years of age.[1] The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and of the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who is also the head of government. The Prime Minister appoints the Council of Ministers.
The Algerian parliament is bicameral, consisting of a lower chamber, the National People's Assembly (APN), with 380 members; and an upper chamber, the Council Of Nation, with 144 members. The APN is elected every five years.
Under the 1976 constitution (as modified 1979, and amended in 1988, 1989, and 1996) Algeria is a multi-party state. All parties must be approved by the Ministry of the Interior. To date, Algeria has had more than 40 legal political parties. According to the constitution, no political association may be formed if it is based on differences in religion, language, race, gender or region.Algeria is currently divided into 48 provinces (wilayas), 553 districts (daïras) and 1,541 municipalities (communes, baladiyahs). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its seat, which is mostly also the largest city.
According to the Algerian constitution, a province is a territorial collectivity enjoying some economic freedom. The People's Provincial Assembly is the political entity governing a province, which has a president, who is elected by the members of the assembly. They are in turn elected on universal suffrage every five years. The Wali (Prefect or governor) directs each province. This person is chosen by the Algerian President to handle the PPA's decisions.
01 Adrar · 02 Chlef · 03 Laghouat · 04 Oum-El-Bouaghi · 05 Batna · 06 Béjaïa · 07 Biskra · 08 Béchar · 09 Blida · 10 Bouira · 11 Tamanrasset · 12 Tébessa · 13 Tlemcen · 14 Tiaret · 15 Tizi-Ouzou · 16 Alger · 17 Djelfa · 18 Jijel · 19 Sétif · 20 Saïda · 21 Skikda · 22 Sidi-Bel-Abbès · 23 Annaba · 24 Guelma · 25 Constantine · 26 Médéa · 27 Mostaganem · 28 M'Sila · 29 Mascara · 30 Ouargla · 31 Oran · 32 El-Bayadh 33 Illizi · 34 Bordj-Bou-Arreridj · 35 Boumerdès · 36 El-Taref · 37 Tindouf · 38 Tissemsilt · 39 El-Oued · 40 Khenchela · 41 Souk-Ahras · 42 Tipaza · 43 Mila · 44 Aïn-Defla · 45 Naâma · 46 Aïn-Témouchent · 47 Ghardaïa · 48 Relizane
maxiumus present: mascara, algeria
mascara is,a city in northwestern Algeria with 130,000 inhabitants (2006 estimate), south of the Atlas Mountains and on both sides of the seasonal river Wadi Toudman. The name Mascara comes from the Arabic Mother of Soldiers. It is the capital of Mascara province with 760,000 inhabitants (2005 estimate) and an area of 5,941 km². Mascara was the capital city of Emir Abd al-Qadir, the Algerian resistance leader against early French colonial rule, who was a native of the area
Mascara is based upon being an administrative, commercial and a market centre. Trade deals mainly in leather goods, grains, and olive oil, but Mascara is especialy famous for its good wine.
Mascara has good road and rail connections with other urban centres of Algeria. Relizane is 65 km northeast, Sidi Bel Abbes 90 km southwest, Oran 105 kkm northwest and Saïda 80 km
Mascara has two parts, the French and the older Muslim one. Large parts of the town, lies inside the ruins of its ancient ramparts.The city is also home of Lakhdar Belloumi, the former Algerian football (soccer) star.
1701: Founded as an Ottoman military garrison. The Ottomans settle many Muslims that had Andalucian origins in it.
Around 1790: The Andalucian Muslims leave Mascara, and a Jewish community is settled here by Ottoman command.
1832: Abd al-Qadir makes Mascara his headquarters.
1835: Mascara is destroyed by the French.
1841: The French establishes full control over Mascara.
1994 August 18: En earthquake kills 171 people in Mascara. twin cities with El kader (iowa) usa : named after Emir Abd al-Qadir and Izmir : turke
01 Adrar · 02 Chlef · 03 Laghouat · 04 Oum-El-Bouaghi · 05 Batna · 06 Béjaïa · 07 Biskra · 08 Béchar · 09 Blida · 10 Bouira · 11 Tamanrasset · 12 Tébessa · 13 Tlemcen · 14 Tiaret · 15 Tizi-Ouzou · 16 Alger · 17 Djelfa · 18 Jijel · 19 Sétif · 20 Saïda · 21 Skikda · 22 Sidi-Bel-Abbès · 23 Annaba · 24 Guelma · 25 Constantine · 26 Médéa · 27 Mostaganem · 28 M'Sila · 29 Mascara · 30 Ouargla · 31 Oran · 32 El-Bayadh 33 Illizi · 34 Bordj-Bou-Arreridj · 35 Boumerdès · 36 El-Taref · 37 Tindouf · 38 Tissemsilt · 39 El-Oued · 40 Khenchela · 41 Souk-Ahras · 42 Tipaza · 43 Mila · 44 Aïn-Defla · 45 Naâma · 46 Aïn-Témouchent · 47 Ghardaïa · 48 Relizane