Crimean–Nogai raids into East Slavic lands | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Crimean–Nogai raids into East Slavic lands
00:02:38 1 Causes
00:02:47 1.1 Economic factors
00:03:55 1.2 Political factors
00:04:41 2 Military
00:04:49 2.1 The theater of war
00:08:12 2.2 Tactics
00:10:08 3 The fate of the captives
00:10:17 3.1 On the steppe
00:12:06 3.2 In Crimea and Turkey
00:15:41 4 Resistance to the raids
00:15:51 4.1 Russia
00:16:18 4.2 Poland–Lithuania
00:17:06 5 In folk culture
00:17:49 6 Historians on the Tatar raids
00:18:34 7 List of raids
00:18:43 7.1 Outline
00:20:37 7.2 1480–1506
00:34:18 7.3 1507–1570
00:59:11 7.4 1571–1599
01:15:51 7.5 1600–1648
01:48:24 7.6 Wars 1648-1709
01:50:13 7.7 1648-1655: Khmelnitsky Uprising
02:03:20 8 1657-1663 Vyhovsky and the Poles
02:10:13 8.1 1665–1678
02:48:46 8.2 1677–1699
03:03:13 8.3 1700–1769
03:13:00 9 See also
03:13:17 10 Sources
03:13:57 11 Notes
03:14:05 12 External links
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Crimean-Nogai raids were slave raids carried out by the Khanate of Crimea and by the Nogai Horde into the region of Rus' then controlled by the Grand Duchy of Moscow (until 1547), by the Tsardom of Russia (1547-1721), by the Russian Empire (1721 onwards) and by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569). These raids began after Crimea became independent about 1441 and lasted until the peninsula came under Russian control in 1774.Their main purpose was the capture of slaves, most of whom were exported to the Ottoman slave markets in Constantinople or elsewhere in the Middle East. The raids were an important drain of the human and economic resources of eastern Europe. They largely inhabited the settlement of the Wild Fields – the steppe and forest-steppe land which extends from a hundred or so miles south of Moscow to the Black Sea and which now contains most of the Russian and Ukrainian population. The raids also played an important role in the development of the Cossacks.Estimates of the number of people involved vary: according to Alan W. Fisher the number of people deported from the Slavic lands on both sides of the border during the 14th to 17th centuries was about 3 million. Michael Khodarkhovsky estimates that 150,000 to 200,000 people were abducted from Russia in the first 50 years of the 17th century.The first major Tatar raid for slaves occurred in 1468 and was directed into Galicia. Crimean Khan Devlet I Giray even managed to burn down Moscow during the 1571 campaign. The last raid into Hungary by the Crimean Tatars took place in 1717. In 1769 a last major Tatar raid, which took place during the Russo-Turkish War, saw the capture of 20,000 slaves.
What made the wild field so forbidding were the Tatars. Year after year, their swift raiding parties swept down on the towns and villages to pillage, kill the old and frail, and drive away thousands of captives to be sold as slaves in the Crimean port of Kaffa, a city often referred to by Russians as the vampire that drinks the blood of Rus'...For example, from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six raids were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy. Although estimates of the number of captives taken in a single raid reached as high as 30,000, the average figure was closer to 3000...In Podilia alone, about one-third of all the villages were devastated or abandoned between 1578 and 1583.
Chemical warfare | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:09 1 Definition
00:03:49 2 History
00:03:58 2.1 Ancient and medieval times
00:08:07 2.2 Early modern era
00:09:44 2.3 Industrial era
00:12:23 2.4 World War I
00:15:49 2.5 Interwar years
00:17:12 2.5.1 Use by Italians in Libya and Ethiopia
00:20:54 2.5.1.1 Nerve agents
00:22:53 2.6 World War II
00:23:02 2.6.1 Imperial Japanese Army
00:25:47 2.6.2 Nazi Germany
00:30:41 2.6.3 Western Allies
00:33:52 2.6.3.1 Accidental release
00:35:59 2.7 Post-World War II
00:36:37 2.7.1 Britain
00:40:00 2.7.2 United States
00:44:21 2.7.3 Soviet Union
00:46:44 2.8 Use in conflicts after World War II
00:46:55 2.8.1 North Yemen
00:49:11 2.8.2 Rhodesian Bush War
00:49:45 2.8.3 Vietnamese border raids in Thailand
00:50:10 2.8.4 Iran–Iraq War
00:51:45 2.8.5 Halabja
00:52:28 2.8.6 Persian Gulf War
00:56:10 2.8.7 Angola
00:59:08 2.8.8 Falklands War
00:59:50 2.8.9 Syrian Civil War
01:01:50 2.9 Terrorism and anti-terrorism
01:05:36 2.10 Chemical weapons treaties
01:06:19 2.10.1 Chemical Weapons Convention
01:06:56 3 Technology
01:08:27 3.1 Chemical warfare agents
01:09:54 3.1.1 Persistency
01:12:54 3.1.2 Classes
01:14:47 3.1.3 Designations
01:15:25 3.2 Delivery
01:16:25 3.2.1 Dispersion
01:21:13 3.2.2 Thermal dissemination
01:23:06 3.2.3 Aerodynamic dissemination
01:24:44 3.3 Protection against chemical warfare
01:28:00 3.3.1 Decontamination
01:30:16 4 Sociopolitical climate
01:32:40 4.1 Efforts to eradicate chemical weapons
01:34:18 4.2 Chemical weapon proliferation
01:36:12 5 Chemical weapons destruction
01:36:22 5.1 India
01:37:36 5.2 Iraq
01:38:33 5.3 Japan
01:39:10 5.4 Russia
01:41:33 5.5 United States
01:45:58 6 Herbicidal warfare
01:46:45 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9058726992538413
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for nuclear, biological, and chemical (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). None of these fall under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due to their destructive potential. In theory, with proper protective equipment, training, and decontamination measures, the primary effects of chemical weapons can be overcome. In practice, they continue to cause much suffering, as most victims are defenceless civilians. Many nations possess vast stockpiles of weaponized agents in preparation for wartime use. The threat and the perceived threat have become strategic tools in planning both measures and counter-measures.
The use of chemical weapons is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law.
Lethal Unitary Chemical Agents and Munitions | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:25 1 International law
00:03:35 1.1 Before the Second World War
00:05:45 1.2 Modern agreements
00:07:28 2 Use
00:08:58 3 Countries with stockpiles
00:09:09 3.1 CWC states with declared stockpiles
00:09:59 3.1.1 India
00:11:22 3.1.2 Iraq
00:13:04 3.1.3 Japan
00:13:40 3.1.4 Libya
00:14:56 3.1.5 Russia
00:16:16 3.1.6 Syria
00:19:19 3.1.7 United States
00:20:10 3.2 Non-CWC states with stockpiles
00:20:22 3.2.1 Israel
00:22:32 3.2.2 North Korea
00:23:26 4 Manner and form
00:25:23 5 Disposal
00:28:08 6 Lethality
00:29:56 7 Exposure during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn
00:32:30 8 Unitary versus binary weapons
00:33:12 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8557774816012164
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the term chemical weapon may also be applied to any toxic chemical or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves.Chemical weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), though they are distinct from nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and radiological weapons. All may be used in warfare and are known by the military acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare). Weapons of mass destruction are distinct from conventional weapons, which are primarily effective due to their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential. Chemical weapons can be widely dispersed in gas, liquid and solid forms, and may easily afflict others than the intended targets. Nerve gas, tear gas and pepper spray are three modern examples of chemical weapons.
Lethal unitary chemical agents and munitions are extremely volatile and they constitute a class of hazardous chemical weapons that have been stockpiled by many nations. Unitary agents are effective on their own and do not require mixing with other agents. The most dangerous of these are nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, and VX) and vesicant (blister) agents, which include formulations of sulfur mustard such as H, HT, and HD. They all are liquids at normal room temperature, but become gaseous when released. Widely used during the First World War, the effects of so-called mustard gas, phosgene gas and others caused lung searing, blindness, death and maiming.
The Nazi Germans during WW-II committed genocide mainly against Jews but included other targeted populations in the Holocaust, a commercial hydrogen cyanide blood agent trade named Zyklon B discharged in large gas chambers was the preferred method to efficiently murder their victims in a continuing industrial fashion, this resulted in the largest death toll to chemical weapons in history.As of 2016, CS gas and pepper spray remain in common use for policing and riot control; while CS is considered a non-lethal weapon, pepper spray is known for its lethal potential. Under the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993), there is a legally binding, worldwide ban on the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their precursors. Notwithstanding, large stockpiles of chemical weapons continue to exist, usually justified as a precaution against putative use by an aggressor.
Chemical attack | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:14 1 Definition
00:04:06 2 History
00:04:15 2.1 Ancient and medieval times
00:08:39 2.2 Early modern era
00:10:22 2.3 Industrial era
00:13:11 2.4 World War I
00:16:52 2.5 Interwar years
00:18:21 2.5.1 Use by Italians in Libya and Ethiopia
00:22:14 2.5.1.1 Nerve agents
00:24:20 2.6 World War II
00:24:29 2.6.1 Imperial Japanese Army
00:27:24 2.6.2 Nazi Germany
00:32:35 2.6.3 Western Allies
00:35:58 2.6.3.1 Accidental release
00:38:13 2.7 Post-World War II
00:38:53 2.7.1 Britain
00:42:32 2.7.2 United States
00:47:01 2.7.3 Soviet Union
00:49:37 2.8 Use in conflicts after World War II
00:49:48 2.8.1 North Yemen
00:52:14 2.8.2 Rhodesian Bush War
00:52:51 2.8.3 Vietnamese border raids in Thailand
00:53:17 2.8.4 Iran–Iraq War
00:54:59 2.8.5 Halabja
00:55:45 2.8.6 Persian Gulf War
00:59:38 2.8.7 Angola
01:02:48 2.8.8 Falklands War
01:03:33 2.8.9 Syrian Civil War
01:05:40 2.9 Terrorism and anti-terrorism
01:09:38 2.10 Chemical weapons treaties
01:10:24 2.10.1 Chemical Weapons Convention
01:11:04 3 Technology
01:12:41 3.1 Chemical warfare agents
01:14:16 3.1.1 Persistency
01:17:30 3.1.2 Classes
01:19:33 3.1.3 Designations
01:20:14 3.2 Delivery
01:21:19 3.2.1 Dispersion
01:26:27 3.2.2 Thermal dissemination
01:28:29 3.2.3 Aerodynamic dissemination
01:30:13 3.3 Protection against chemical warfare
01:33:41 3.3.1 Decontamination
01:36:06 4 Sociopolitical climate
01:38:37 4.1 Efforts to eradicate chemical weapons
01:40:21 4.2 Chemical weapon proliferation
01:42:25 5 Chemical weapons destruction
01:42:35 5.1 India
01:43:56 5.2 Iraq
01:44:57 5.3 Japan
01:45:36 5.4 Russia
01:48:09 5.5 United States
01:52:47 6 Herbicidal warfare
01:53:38 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.817780640096751
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for nuclear, biological, and chemical (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). None of these fall under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due to their destructive potential. In theory, with proper protective equipment, training, and decontamination measures, the primary effects of chemical weapons can be overcome. In practice, they continue to cause much suffering, as most victims are defenceless civilians. Many nations possess vast stockpiles of weaponized agents in preparation for wartime use. The threat and the perceived threat have become strategic tools in planning both measures and counter-measures.
The use of chemical weapons is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law.
History of chemical warfare | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:14 1 Definition
00:04:08 2 History
00:04:17 2.1 Ancient and medieval times
00:08:45 2.2 Early modern era
00:10:29 2.3 Industrial era
00:13:22 2.4 World War I
00:17:06 2.5 Interwar years
00:18:35 2.5.1 Use by Italians in Libya and Ethiopia
00:22:35 2.5.1.1 Nerve agents
00:24:44 2.6 World War II
00:24:53 2.6.1 Imperial Japanese Army
00:27:51 2.6.2 Nazi Germany
00:33:08 2.6.3 Western Allies
00:36:34 2.6.3.1 Accidental release
00:38:51 2.7 Post-World War II
00:39:31 2.7.1 Britain
00:43:10 2.7.2 United States
00:47:47 2.7.3 Soviet Union
00:50:23 2.8 Use in conflicts after World War II
00:50:34 2.8.1 North Yemen
00:53:01 2.8.2 Rhodesian Bush War
00:53:37 2.8.3 Vietnamese border raids in Thailand
00:54:03 2.8.4 Iran–Iraq War
00:55:45 2.8.5 Halabja
00:56:31 2.8.6 Persian Gulf War
01:00:29 2.8.7 Angola
01:03:43 2.8.8 Falklands War
01:04:28 2.8.9 Syrian Civil War
01:06:36 2.9 Terrorism and anti-terrorism
01:10:38 2.10 Chemical weapons treaties
01:11:24 2.10.1 Chemical Weapons Convention
01:12:03 3 Technology
01:13:42 3.1 Chemical warfare agents
01:15:15 3.1.1 Persistency
01:18:29 3.1.2 Classes
01:20:30 3.1.3 Designations
01:21:11 3.2 Delivery
01:22:16 3.2.1 Dispersion
01:27:26 3.2.2 Thermal dissemination
01:29:27 3.2.3 Aerodynamic dissemination
01:31:14 3.3 Protection against chemical warfare
01:34:44 3.3.1 Decontamination
01:37:13 4 Sociopolitical climate
01:39:49 4.1 Efforts to eradicate chemical weapons
01:41:32 4.2 Chemical weapon proliferation
01:43:34 5 Chemical weapons destruction
01:43:44 5.1 India
01:45:04 5.2 Iraq
01:46:05 5.3 Japan
01:46:44 5.4 Russia
01:49:16 5.5 United States
01:53:59 6 Herbicidal warfare
01:54:50 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8710731510969839
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare and biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for nuclear, biological, and chemical (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). None of these fall under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due to their destructive potential. In theory, with proper protective equipment, training, and decontamination measures, the primary effects of chemical weapons can be overcome. In practice, they continue to cause much suffering, as most victims are defenceless civilians. Many nations possess vast stockpiles of weaponized agents in preparation for wartime use. The threat and the perceived threat have become strategic tools in planning both measures and counter-measures.
The use of chemical weapons is prohibited under customary international humanitarian law.
Chemical warfare agent | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:55 1 International law
00:03:05 1.1 Before the Second World War
00:04:58 1.2 Modern agreements
00:06:27 2 Use
00:07:45 3 Countries with stockpiles
00:07:55 3.1 CWC states with declared stockpiles
00:08:38 3.1.1 India
00:09:52 3.1.2 Iraq
00:11:21 3.1.3 Japan
00:11:53 3.1.4 Libya
00:12:59 3.1.5 Russia
00:14:08 3.1.6 Syria
00:16:46 3.1.7 United States
00:17:31 3.2 Non-CWC states with stockpiles
00:17:42 3.2.1 Israel
00:19:35 3.2.2 North Korea
00:20:22 4 Manner and form
00:22:04 5 Disposal
00:24:28 6 Lethality
00:26:02 7 Exposure during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn
00:28:16 8 Unitary versus binary weapons
00:28:53 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.990306298078207
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the term chemical weapon may also be applied to any toxic chemical or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves.Chemical weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), though they are distinct from nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and radiological weapons. All may be used in warfare and are known by the military acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare). Weapons of mass destruction are distinct from conventional weapons, which are primarily effective due to their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential. Chemical weapons can be widely dispersed in gas, liquid and solid forms, and may easily afflict others than the intended targets. Nerve gas, tear gas and pepper spray are three modern examples of chemical weapons.
Lethal unitary chemical agents and munitions are extremely volatile and they constitute a class of hazardous chemical weapons that have been stockpiled by many nations. Unitary agents are effective on their own and do not require mixing with other agents. The most dangerous of these are nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, and VX) and vesicant (blister) agents, which include formulations of sulfur mustard such as H, HT, and HD. They all are liquids at normal room temperature, but become gaseous when released. Widely used during the First World War, the effects of so-called mustard gas, phosgene gas and others caused lung searing, blindness, death and maiming.
The Nazi Germans during WW-II committed genocide mainly against Jews but included other targeted populations in the Holocaust, a commercial hydrogen cyanide blood agent trade named Zyklon B discharged in large gas chambers was the preferred method to efficiently murder their victims in a continuing industrial fashion, this resulted in the largest death toll to chemical weapons in history.As of 2016, CS gas and pepper spray remain in common use for policing and riot control; while CS is considered a non-lethal weapon, pepper spray is known for its lethal potential. Under the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993), there is a legally binding, worldwide ban on the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their precursors. Notwithstanding, large stockpiles of chemical weapons continue to exist, usually justified as a precaution against putative use by an aggressor.
Chemical weapon agent | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:55 1 International law
00:04:05 1.1 Before the Second World War
00:06:33 1.2 Modern agreements
00:08:30 2 Use
00:10:12 3 Countries with stockpiles
00:10:23 3.1 CWC states with declared stockpiles
00:11:19 3.1.1 India
00:12:53 3.1.2 Iraq
00:14:48 3.1.3 Japan
00:15:29 3.1.4 Libya
00:16:55 3.1.5 Russia
00:18:27 3.1.6 Syria
00:21:57 3.1.7 United States
00:22:55 3.2 Non-CWC states with stockpiles
00:23:06 3.2.1 Israel
00:25:36 3.2.2 North Korea
00:26:36 4 Manner and form
00:28:50 5 Disposal
00:32:01 6 Lethality
00:34:03 7 Exposure during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn
00:36:59 8 Unitary versus binary weapons
00:37:45 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7226021466645844
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the term chemical weapon may also be applied to any toxic chemical or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves.Chemical weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), though they are distinct from nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and radiological weapons. All may be used in warfare and are known by the military acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare). Weapons of mass destruction are distinct from conventional weapons, which are primarily effective due to their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential. Chemical weapons can be widely dispersed in gas, liquid and solid forms, and may easily afflict others than the intended targets. Nerve gas, tear gas and pepper spray are three modern examples of chemical weapons.
Lethal unitary chemical agents and munitions are extremely volatile and they constitute a class of hazardous chemical weapons that have been stockpiled by many nations. Unitary agents are effective on their own and do not require mixing with other agents. The most dangerous of these are nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, and VX) and vesicant (blister) agents, which include formulations of sulfur mustard such as H, HT, and HD. They all are liquids at normal room temperature, but become gaseous when released. Widely used during the First World War, the effects of so-called mustard gas, phosgene gas and others caused lung searing, blindness, death and maiming.
The Nazi Germans during WW-II committed genocide mainly against Jews but included other targeted populations in the Holocaust, a commercial hydrogen cyanide blood agent trade named Zyklon B discharged in large gas chambers was the preferred method to efficiently murder their victims in a continuing industrial fashion, this resulted in the largest death toll to chemical weapons in history.As of 2016, CS gas and pepper spray remain in common use for policing and riot control; while CS is considered a non-lethal weapon, pepper spray is known for its lethal potential. Under the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993), there is a legally binding, worldwide ban on the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their precursors. Notwithstanding, large stockpiles of chemical weapons continue to exist, usually justified as a precaution against putative use by an aggressor.
Chemical munitions | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:58 1 International law
00:03:07 1.1 Before the Second World War
00:05:02 1.2 Modern agreements
00:06:34 2 Use
00:07:53 3 Countries with stockpiles
00:08:03 3.1 CWC states with declared stockpiles
00:08:47 3.1.1 India
00:10:01 3.1.2 Iraq
00:11:31 3.1.3 Japan
00:12:04 3.1.4 Libya
00:13:11 3.1.5 Russia
00:14:22 3.1.6 Syria
00:17:10 3.1.7 United States
00:17:56 3.2 Non-CWC states with stockpiles
00:18:06 3.2.1 Israel
00:20:02 3.2.2 North Korea
00:20:49 4 Manner and form
00:22:32 5 Disposal
00:24:59 6 Lethality
00:26:35 7 Exposure during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn
00:28:50 8 Unitary versus binary weapons
00:29:26 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8783206655970236
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the term chemical weapon may also be applied to any toxic chemical or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves.Chemical weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), though they are distinct from nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and radiological weapons. All may be used in warfare and are known by the military acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare). Weapons of mass destruction are distinct from conventional weapons, which are primarily effective due to their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential. Chemical weapons can be widely dispersed in gas, liquid and solid forms, and may easily afflict others than the intended targets. Nerve gas, tear gas and pepper spray are three modern examples of chemical weapons.
Lethal unitary chemical agents and munitions are extremely volatile and they constitute a class of hazardous chemical weapons that have been stockpiled by many nations. Unitary agents are effective on their own and do not require mixing with other agents. The most dangerous of these are nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, and VX) and vesicant (blister) agents, which include formulations of sulfur mustard such as H, HT, and HD. They all are liquids at normal room temperature, but become gaseous when released. Widely used during the First World War, the effects of so-called mustard gas, phosgene gas and others caused lung searing, blindness, death and maiming.
The Nazi Germans during WW-II committed genocide mainly against Jews but included other targeted populations in the Holocaust, a commercial hydrogen cyanide blood agent trade named Zyklon B discharged in large gas chambers was the preferred method to efficiently murder their victims in a continuing industrial fashion, this resulted in the largest death toll to chemical weapons in history.As of 2016, CS gas and pepper spray remain in common use for policing and riot control; while CS is considered a non-lethal weapon, pepper spray is known for its lethal potential. Under the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993), there is a legally binding, worldwide ban on the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their precursors. Notwithstanding, large stockpiles of chemical weapons continue to exist, usually justified as a precaution against putative use by an aggressor.
Chemical weapon | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:22 1 International law on chemical weapons
00:03:33 1.1 Before the Second World War
00:05:41 1.2 Modern agreements
00:07:23 2 Use
00:08:51 3 Countries with stockpiles
00:09:01 3.1 CWC states with declared stockpiles
00:09:51 3.1.1 India
00:11:13 3.1.2 Iraq
00:12:53 3.1.3 Japan
00:13:28 3.1.4 Libya
00:14:43 3.1.5 Russia
00:16:02 3.1.6 Syria
00:19:02 3.1.7 United States
00:19:53 3.2 Non-CWC states with stockpiles
00:20:04 3.2.1 Israel
00:22:13 3.2.2 North Korea
00:23:05 4 Manner and form
00:25:01 5 Disposal
00:27:44 6 Lethality
00:29:29 7 Exposure during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn
00:32:02 8 Unitary versus binary weapons
00:32:43 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8768009534020496
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the term chemical weapon may also be applied to any toxic chemical or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves.Chemical weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), though they are distinct from nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and radiological weapons. All may be used in warfare and are known by the military acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare). Weapons of mass destruction are distinct from conventional weapons, which are primarily effective due to their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential. Chemical weapons can be widely dispersed in gas, liquid and solid forms, and may easily afflict others than the intended targets. Nerve gas, tear gas and pepper spray are three modern examples of chemical weapons.
Lethal unitary chemical agents and munitions are extremely volatile and they constitute a class of hazardous chemical weapons that have been stockpiled by many nations. Unitary agents are effective on their own and do not require mixing with other agents. The most dangerous of these are nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, and VX) and vesicant (blister) agents, which include formulations of sulfur mustard such as H, HT, and HD. They all are liquids at normal room temperature, but become gaseous when released. Widely used during the First World War, the effects of so-called mustard gas, phosgene gas and others caused lung searing, blindness, death and maiming.
The Nazi Germans during WW-II committed genocide mainly against Jews but included other targeted populations in the Holocaust, a commercial hydrogen cyanide blood agent trade named Zyklon B discharged in large gas chambers was the preferred method to efficiently murder their victims in a continuing industrial fashion, this resulted in the largest death toll to chemical weapons in history.As of 2016, CS gas and pepper spray remain in common use for policing and riot control; while CS is considered a non-lethal weapon, pepper spray is known for its lethal potential. Under the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993), there is a legally binding, worldwide ban on the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their precursors. Notwithstanding, large stockpiles of chemical weapons continue to exist, usually justified as a precaution against putative use by an aggressor.
Chemical weapons | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:57 1 International law on chemical weapons
00:03:08 1.1 Before the Second World War
00:05:04 1.2 Modern agreements
00:06:37 2 Use
00:07:57 3 Countries with stockpiles
00:08:07 3.1 CWC states with declared stockpiles
00:08:52 3.1.1 India
00:10:07 3.1.2 Iraq
00:11:37 3.1.3 Japan
00:12:10 3.1.4 Libya
00:13:18 3.1.5 Russia
00:14:29 3.1.6 Syria
00:17:07 3.1.7 United States
00:17:53 3.2 Non-CWC states with stockpiles
00:18:05 3.2.1 Israel
00:20:00 3.2.2 North Korea
00:20:47 4 Manner and form
00:22:32 5 Disposal
00:25:00 6 Lethality
00:26:38 7 Exposure during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn
00:28:53 8 Unitary versus binary weapons
00:29:31 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9178730476716566
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the term chemical weapon may also be applied to any toxic chemical or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through its chemical action. Munitions or other delivery devices designed to deliver chemical weapons, whether filled or unfilled, are also considered weapons themselves.Chemical weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), though they are distinct from nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and radiological weapons. All may be used in warfare and are known by the military acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare). Weapons of mass destruction are distinct from conventional weapons, which are primarily effective due to their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential. Chemical weapons can be widely dispersed in gas, liquid and solid forms, and may easily afflict others than the intended targets. Nerve gas, tear gas and pepper spray are three modern examples of chemical weapons.
Lethal unitary chemical agents and munitions are extremely volatile and they constitute a class of hazardous chemical weapons that have been stockpiled by many nations. Unitary agents are effective on their own and do not require mixing with other agents. The most dangerous of these are nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, and VX) and vesicant (blister) agents, which include formulations of sulfur mustard such as H, HT, and HD. They all are liquids at normal room temperature, but become gaseous when released. Widely used during the First World War, the effects of so-called mustard gas, phosgene gas and others caused lung searing, blindness, death and maiming.
The Nazi Germans during WW-II committed genocide mainly against Jews but included other targeted populations in the Holocaust, a commercial hydrogen cyanide blood agent trade named Zyklon B discharged in large gas chambers was the preferred method to efficiently murder their victims in a continuing industrial fashion, this resulted in the largest death toll to chemical weapons in history.As of 2016, CS gas and pepper spray remain in common use for policing and riot control; while CS is considered a non-lethal weapon, pepper spray is known for its lethal potential. Under the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993), there is a legally binding, worldwide ban on the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their precursors. Notwithstanding, large stockpiles of chemical weapons continue to exist, usually justified as a precaution against putative use by an aggressor.