Allied Invasion of Italy | Battle of Salerno | World War 2 Documentary
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This film – originally titled as ‘Battle of Salerno’ – is a short documentary produced by the U.S. Army about the Allied invasion of Italy during World War 2. It pictures Operation Avalanche, the main invasion at Salerno by the American Fifth Army under Lieutenant General Mark Clark on 9 September, 1943. The scenes of the documentary were filmed under fire by combat photographers. It was an episode of ’The Big Picture’ TV series and published in 1958.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND / CONTEXT
In the final push to defeat the Axis powers of Italy and Germany during World War 2, the United States and Great Britain, the leading Allied powers, planned to invade Italy. The Italian Campaign, from July 10, 1943, to May 2, 1945, was a series of Allied beach landings and land battles from Sicily and southern Italy up the Italian mainland toward Germany. The campaign seared into history the names of such places as Anzio, Salerno and Monte Cassino, as Allied armies severed the German-Italian Axis in fierce fighting and threatened the southern flank of Germany. The Allied advance through Italy produced some of the most bitter, costly fighting of the war, much of it in treacherous mountain terrain.
The Allied plan:
In Casablanca, Morocco, in January 1943, Allied leaders decided to use their massive military resources in the Mediterranean to launch an invasion of Italy, which British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the “soft underbelly of Europe”. The objectives were to remove Italy from the war, secure the Mediterranean Sea and force Germany to divert some divisions from the Russian front and other German divisions from northern France, where the Allies were planning their cross-Channel landing at Normandy, France.
Italy surrenders, Germany fights on:
On July 10, 1943, Operation Husky, the code name for the invasion of Sicily, began with airborne and amphibious landings on the island’s southern shores. Jarred by the Allied invasion, the Italian fascist regime fell rapidly into disrepute, as the Allies had hoped. On July 24, 1943, Prime Minister Benito Mussolini was deposed and arrested. A new provisional government was set up under Marshal Pietro Badoglio, who had opposed Italy’s alliance with Nazi Germany and who immediately began secret discussions with the Allies about an armistice.
On August 17, 1943, Allied forces marched on the major port city of Messina (Sicily), expecting to fight one final battle; instead, they discovered some 100,000 German and Italian troops had managed to escape to the Italian mainland. The battle for Sicily was complete, but German losses had not been severe, and the Allies’ failure to capture the fleeing Axis armies undermined their victory.
Meanwhile, the German command deployed 16 new divisions on the Italian mainland. German leader Adolf Hitler did not want to let the Allies establish air bases in Italy that could threaten Germany’s southern cities as well as its primary oil supplies in Romania. He instructed his army group commander in southern Italy, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, to make the Allies pay dearly for every inch of their advance.
Battle of Salerno (Operation Avalanche):
On 9 September 1943, the U.S. 5th Army under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark landed along the Salerno coastline while British Commando units and their American counterparts, the U.S. Rangers, landed on the peninsula itself. Salerno had been chosen as the first site for invasion of the peninsula because it was the northern-most point to which the Allies could fly planes from its bases in Sicily. Rockets launched from landing craft provided cover, and the beach landings went relatively smoothly. It wasn’t until two days later that the Germans, with some Italian troops coerced into service, mounted a heavy counterattack on the beachhead. But Clark called in the 82nd Airborne for support, and by the 15th, Salerno was in Allied hands. Meanwhile, the British 1st Airborne Division, having successfully landed at Taranto, captured the airfield at Foggia.
With the Salerno beachhead secure, the Fifth Army began its attack northwest towards Naples on 19 September.
Clark was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the second-highest U.S. award for valor in combat.
Allied Invasion of Italy | Battle of Salerno | World War 2 Documentary
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NOTE: THE VIDEO DOCUMENTS HISTORICAL EVENTS. SINCE IT WAS PRODUCED DECADES AGO, IT HAS HISTORICAL VALUES AND CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A VALUABLE HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. THE VIDEO HAS BEEN UPLOADED WITH EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES. ITS TOPIC IS REPRESENTED WITHIN HISTORICAL CONTEXT. THE VIDEO DOES NOT CONTAIN SENSITIVE SCENES AT ALL!
Operation Avalanche - The Battle of Salerno
Operation Avalanche started on 9th September 1943.
The vessels were approaching the beaches. At 01.35 a battery of coastal guns opened fire at the vessels carrying Commandos, but the German forces in the south remained quiet. Ship Number 357, with American Rangers on board, received a direct hit, killing many of the soldiers. The battery was quickly silenced, when HMS Brecon and HMS Blankley, two British destroyers opened fire and the USS Biscayne set off a smoke screen.
The landing in the North zone was made by British X Corps , commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Richard McCreery. The landing in the Southern zone by the American VI Corps, commanded by Major-General Ernest K. Dawley. The US Rangers and British commandoes were supporting 46th and 56th Divisions on their left flank by landing at Maiori and Vietri.
In the American sector, the 36th Division was assaulting the beach, with the 45th being kept as a floating reserve. All three assault divisions were put ashore onto one beach-head. Out of the Allied landing troops, only few of them had any battle experience, with the American 36th Division being the prime example. It was completely inexperienced, being the first US troops to land in Europe.
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Cristina Lenardon e Sabrina Porini intervistate al termine della gara contro il Krka, terminata 29-28 in favore delle slovene.
Normandy Invasion: Preparations & D-Day Landings | World War 2 Documentary | 1944
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This film is a 1944 documentary produced by the U.S. Coast Guard about the Allied invasion of Normandy during World War 2. It pictures the preparations for and the D-Day landings on June 6, 1944. Many scenes of the documentary were filmed under fire by combat photographers.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND / CONTEXT
During World War 2, the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June 1944 to August 1944, resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany’s control. Codenamed Operation Overlord, the battle began on June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day, when some 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy region. The invasion was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated, and by the following spring the Allies had defeated the Germans. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe.
Preparing for D-Day:
After World War 2 began, Germany invaded and occupied northwestern France beginning in May 1940. The Americans entered the war in December 1941, and by 1942 they and the British (who had been evacuated from the beaches of Dunkirk in May 1940 after being cut off by the Germans in the Battle of France) were considering the possibility of a major Allied invasion across the English Channel. The following year, Allied plans for a cross-Channel invasion began to ramp up. In November 1943, Adolf Hitler, who was aware of the threat of an invasion along France’s northern coast, put Erwin Rommel in charge of spearheading defense operations in the region, even though the Germans did not know exactly where the Allies would strike. Hitler charged Rommel with finishing the Atlantic Wall, a 2,400-mile fortification of bunkers, landmines and beach and water obstacles.
In January 1944, General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Operation Overlord. In the months and weeks before D-Day, the Allies carried out a massive deception operation intended to make the Germans think the main invasion target was Pas-de-Calais (the narrowest point between Britain and France) rather than Normandy. In addition, they led the Germans to believe that Norway and other locations were also potential invasion targets. Many tactics was used to carry out the deception, including fake equipment; a phantom army commanded by George Patton and supposedly based in England, across from Pas-de-Calais; double agents; and fraudulent radio transmissions.
D-Day landings:
By dawn on June 6, 1944, thousands of paratroopers and glider troops were already on the ground behind enemy lines, securing bridges and exit roads. The amphibious invasions began at 6:30 a.m. The British and Canadians overcame light opposition to capture beaches codenamed Gold, Juno and Sword, as did the Americans at Utah Beach. U.S. forces faced heavy resistance at Omaha Beach. However, by day’s end, approximately 156,000 Allied troops had successfully stormed Normandy’s beaches. Less than a week later, on June 11, the beaches were fully secured and over 326,000 troops, more than 50,000 vehicles and some 100,000 tons of equipment had landed at Normandy.
For their part, the Germans suffered from confusion in the ranks and the absence of celebrated commander Rommel, who was away on leave. At first, Hitler, believing the invasion was a feint designed to distract the Germans from a coming attack north of the Seine River, refused to release nearby divisions to join the counterattack. He also hesitated in calling for armored divisions to help in the defense. Moreover, the Germans were hampered by effective Allied air support, which took out many key bridges and forced the Germans to take long detours, as well as efficient Allied naval support, which helped protect advancing Allied troops.
In the ensuing weeks, the Allies fought their way across the Normandy countryside. By the end of June, the Allies had seized the vital port of Cherbourg, landed approximately 850,000 men and 150,000 vehicles in Normandy, and were poised to continue their march across France.
Normandy Invasion: Preparations & D-Day Landings | World War 2 Documentary | 1944
TBFA_0119 (DM_0063)
NOTE: THE VIDEO DOCUMENTS HISTORICAL EVENTS. SINCE IT WAS PRODUCED DECADES AGO, IT HAS HISTORICAL VALUES AND CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A VALUABLE HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. THE VIDEO HAS BEEN UPLOADED WITH EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES. ITS TOPIC IS REPRESENTED WITHIN HISTORICAL CONTEXT. THE VIDEO DOES NOT CONTAIN SENSITIVE SCENES AT ALL!
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Invasion of Normandy | The D-Day Convoy | 1944 | World War 2 Documentary
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This US Army documentary shows United States military activities just prior to and including the D-Day invasion of 6 June 1944. The film shows movements of American troops from all parts to points of embarkation prior to the Normandy invasion as well as scenes of the beach landings as the invasion gets underway.
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About Operation Overlord:
Operation Overlord was the code name for the invasion of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe in 1944. The operation commenced on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings (Operation Neptune, commonly known as D-Day). A 1,200-plane airborne invasion preceded the amphibious landing involving more than 5,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June, and more than three million allied troops were in France by the end of August.
The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion in 1944 was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, and General Bernard Montgomery was named as commander of the 21st Army Group, which comprised all the land forces involved in the invasion. The Normandy coast was chosen as the site of the invasion, with the Americans assigned to land at Utah and Omaha Beaches, the British at Sword and Gold Beaches, and Canadians at Juno Beach. German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was placed in charge of developing fortifications all along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an invasion.
The Allies failed to reach their goals for the first day, but gained a tenuous foothold that they gradually expanded as they captured the port at Cherbourg on 26 June and the city of Caen on 21 July. A failed counteraction by German forces on 8 August led to 50,000 soldiers of the German 7th Army and the Fifth Panzer Army being encircled by the Allies in the Falaise pocket. The Allies launched an invasion of southern France (Operation Dragoon) on 15 August, and the Liberation of Paris followed on 25 August. German forces retreated across the Seine on 30 August 1944, marking the close of Operation Overlord.
About the Allied preparation for the invasion of Normandy:
By May 1944, 1.5 million American troops had arrived in the United Kingdom. Most were housed in temporary camps in the south-west of England, ready to move across the English Channel to the western section of the landing zone. British and Canadian troops were billeted in accommodations further east, spread from Southampton to Newhaven, and even on the east coast for men who would be coming across in later waves. A complex system called Movement Control assured that the men and vehicles left on schedule from twenty departure points. Some men had to board their craft nearly a week before departure. The ships met at a rendezvous point (nicknamed Piccadilly Circus) south-east of the Isle of Wight to assemble into convoys to cross the Channel. Minesweepers began clearing lanes on the evening of 5 June, and a thousand aircrafts left before dawn to eliminate the German coastal defenses. Some 1,200 aircraft departed England just before midnight to transport three airborne divisions to their drop zones behind the German lines several hours before the beach landings. The US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were assigned objectives on the Cotentin Peninsula west of Utah. The British 6th Airborne Division was assigned to capture intact the bridges over the Caen Canal and River Orne. The Free French 4th SAS battalion of 538 men was assigned objectives in Brittany (Operation Dingson, Operation Samwest).
Some 132,000 men were transported by sea on D-Day, and a further 24,000 came by air. Preliminary naval shelling commenced at 05:45 and continued until 06:25 from five battleships, twenty cruisers, sixty-five destroyers, and two monitors. Infantry began arriving on the beaches at around 06:30.
Invasion of Normandy | The D-Day Convoy | 1944 | World War 2 Documentary
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