Birmingham ethnic festival, 8/17/14, via DJI Phantom
Birmingham Vulcan Drone Footage
Vulcan aerial view in Birmingham, Alabama.
Night Railfanning Downtown Birmingham
We saw several trains tonight from three Class 1s in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. We see mainly CSX in this video.
1. CSX manifest with AC6000 CW and SD40-2!
2. CSX unit coal train.
3. CSX Q183.
4. CSX Empty manifest.
5. NS 75K.
6. NS 74K.
Please comment, rate, subscribe, and add as friend!
Chimney Swifts in Birmingham, Al. = Birdingham!
Chimney Swifts nest in pairs, yet roost by the hundreds during non-breeding season creating tornado-like funnels as they seek shelter for the evening. The downtown skyline will be filled with the swirling, chirping cigar-shaped birds during Birmingham Audubon’s annual Chimney Swift Count. Unlike most birds, Chimney Swifts cannot perch and fly all day eating up to one-third their body weight in insects until they roost, clinging to rough surfaces in chimneys and other vertical shelter. The video captures one of city’s most prolific Chimney Swift Roosts located in Birmingham’s historic Civil Rights District.
Prof. W. Fitzhugh Brundage, “A Vexing & Awkward Dilemma: The Legacy of a Confederate Landscape”
An invited lecture by Professor W. Fitzhugh Brundage, William B. Umstead Professor of History and Chair, Department of History, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His talk is titled A Vexing and Awkward Dilemma: The Legacy of a Confederate Landscape.
Eureka Number 3 Abandoned Coal Mine in Alabama
Historic, Eureka No 3 coal mine. Birmingham Alabama.
Iron ore steel mills Ensley, Birmingham, Alabama
Vintage film 1948 Ensley, Birmingham, Alabama showing steel mills and industrial development.
A History Of The Acipco-Finley Neighborhood (Save The Finley Roundhouse); By Khari Marquette
This video was created for my campaign to save the old Southern Railroad Roundhouse on Finley Avenue in Birmingham, Alabama. I am on a mission to save it. Give this video a good like and share it to someone you know that would be interested in this project.
Standard Iron & Metal Birmingham, Alabama
Call for prices! 205 328 0538
CBS42 Morning News 5AM
CBS42 Morning News 5AM
Vision & Justice | Thursday | Part I || Radcliffe Institute
THURSDAY, APRIL 25
At “Vision & Justice: A Convening,” participants considered the role of the arts in understanding the nexus of art, race, and justice. The two-day event opened on Thursday, April 25, with a spoken word performance by 2017 National Youth Poet Laureate Amanda Gorman and the presentation of the Gordan Parks Foundation Essay Prizes.
OPENING PROGRAM: Knafel Center, Radcliffe Institute
Welcome Remarks: Tomiko Brown-Nagin (0:01)
Introduction: Sarah Lewis (4:10)
Video by Lance Oppenheim (8:00)
Video of Amanda Gorman Performance (20:16)
Gordon Parks Foundation Essay Prize Overview
Robin Kelsey (24:02)
Remarks about the The Gordon Parks Foundation
Peter Kunhardt Jr. (26:36)
Gordon Parks Foundation Essay Prize Presentations
Robin Kelsey (31:06)
Martha Tedeschi (35:59)
Kasseem Dean (Swizz Beatz) (41:52)
Citizenship and Racial Narratives
Alexandra Bell, Jelani Cobb, Nicole Fleetwood, and Makeda Best (49:21)
Tributes
Khalil Gibran Muhammad Tribute to Jamel Shabazz (1:33:04)
Leigh Raiford Tribute to Dawoud Bey (1:43:39)
For detailed biographical information on the participants, visit
For information about the Radcliffe Institute and its many public programs, visit
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The Southern Museum of Flight (Part 2) - KEN HERON
Ken was given unique access to the exhibits at The Southern Museum of Flight in Birmingham, Alabama.
They even allowed him to fly his DRONE among the antique planes, helicopters and other displays! A big-BIG thanks to the museum staff for trusting in Ken's piloting skills!!
Part 1:
Part 3:
Museum Web:
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Music by Epidemic Sound (
Video Edited with Adobe Premiere Pro CC
--------------------------------------------
Ken Heron is a holder of an FAA Part 107 Certificate
This flight complies with the rules set forth by the FAA
for UAV flights within The United States.
What is TOWPATH? What does TOWPATH mean? TOWPATH meaning, definition & explanation
✪✪✪✪✪ ✪✪✪✪✪
What is TOWPATH? What does TOWPATH mean? TOWPATH meaning - TOWPATH pronunciation - TOWPATH definition - TOWPATH explanation - How to pronounce TOWPATH?
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under license.
A towpath is a road or trail on the bank of a river, canal, or other inland waterway. The purpose of a towpath is to allow a land vehicle, beasts of burden, or a team of human pullers to tow a boat, often a barge. This mode of transport was common where sailing was impractical due to tunnels and bridges, unfavourable winds, or the narrowness of the channel.
After the Industrial Revolution, towing became obsolete when engines were fitted on boats and when railway transportation superseded the slow towing method. Since then, many of these towpaths have been converted to multi-use trails. They are still named towpaths — although they are now only occasionally used for the purpose of towing boats.
Towpaths are popular with cyclists and walkers, and some are suitable for equestrians. In snowy winters they are popular in the USA with cross-country skiers and snowmobile users.
Although historically not designed or used as towpaths, acequia ditch banks also are popular recreational trails.
In Britain, most canals were owned by private companies, and the towpaths were deemed to be private, for the benefit of legitimate users of the canal. The nationalisation of the canal system in 1948 did not result in the towpaths becoming public rights of way, and subsequent legislation, such as the Transport Act of 1968, which defined the government's obligations to the maintenance of the inland waterways for which it was now responsible, did not include any commitment to maintain towpaths for use by anyone. However, some ten years later British Waterways started to relax the rule that a permit was required to give access to a towpath, and began to encourage leisure usage by walkers, anglers and in some areas, cyclists. The British Waterways Act of 1995 still did not enshrine any right of public access, although it did encourage recreational access of all kinds to the network, although the steady development of the leisure use of the canals and the decline of commercial traffic had resulted in a general acceptance that towpaths are open to everyone, and not just boat users. The concept of free access to towpaths is now enshrined in the legislation which transferred responsibility for the English and Welsh canals from British Waterways to the Canal & River Trust in 2012.
Not all towpaths are suitable for use by cyclists, but where they are, and the canal is owned by British Waterways, a permit is required. There is no charge for a permit, but it acts as an opportunity to inform cyclists about safe and unsafe areas to cycle. Some areas including London are exempt from this policy, but are covered instead by the London Towpath Code of Conduct. There is also a Two Tings policy in place, requiring bikes used on a towpath to be fitted with a bell, which should be rung twice when approaching pedestrians. Parts of some towpaths have been incorporated into the National Cycle Network, and in most cases this has resulted in the surface being improved.
'Underdog Columbus': City Faces Tough Competition for Democratic Convention
COLUMBUS (Chris Vanocur/Dawn Faugl) -- Mayor Michael Coleman tells ABC 6 that Columbus is an underdog to host the 2016 Democratic National Convention.
Friday, Columbus officially submitted its bid to host the event. Five other cities are also in the running. They are: Cleveland, New York, Philadelphia, Phoenix and Birmingham, Alabama.
Monday, though, Coleman said Columbus may face some tough odds. The truth is, we're probably the underdog, but at the same time we think
we can accept and perform a great Democratic convention for the nation.
Columbus was unsuccessful in its recent attempt to host the 2016 Republican Convention. Now, with New York also in the mix, the city's chances with the Democrats may not be much better.
Still, the mayor says, hosting a convention is a lot like playing hockey, If you don't shoot the puck you never win the game and so this is about shooting the puck for the city of Columbus.
Economy of Alabama | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:13 1 Etymology
00:04:31 2 History
00:04:40 2.1 Pre-European settlement
00:06:24 2.2 European settlement
00:09:07 2.3 Early 19th century
00:12:05 2.3.1 Civil War and Reconstruction
00:15:30 2.4 20th century
00:26:25 3 Geography
00:29:51 3.1 Climate
00:34:20 3.2 Flora and fauna
00:35:47 4 Demographics
00:37:08 4.1 Ancestry
00:41:14 4.2 Census-designated and metropolitan areas
00:41:26 4.3 Cities
00:41:34 4.4 Language
00:42:35 4.5 Religion
00:47:40 4.6 Health
00:48:25 5 Economy
00:52:19 5.1 Largest employers
00:52:39 5.2 Agriculture
00:53:17 5.3 Industry
00:57:21 5.4 Tourism
00:58:02 5.5 Healthcare
00:58:24 5.6 Banking
00:59:48 5.7 Electronics
01:00:27 5.8 Construction
01:00:56 6 Law and government
01:01:06 6.1 State government
01:06:38 6.2 Taxes
01:09:11 6.3 County and local governments
01:12:08 6.4 Politics
01:15:31 6.5 Elections
01:15:40 6.5.1 State elections
01:18:24 6.5.2 Local elections
01:19:42 6.5.3 Federal elections
01:20:35 7 Education
01:20:44 7.1 Primary and secondary education
01:22:56 7.2 Colleges and universities
01:25:53 8 Media
01:29:02 9 Culture
01:29:11 9.1 Literature
01:29:20 9.2 Sports
01:29:29 9.2.1 College sports
01:31:05 9.2.2 Professional sports
01:32:19 10 Transportation
01:32:28 10.1 Aviation
01:33:01 10.2 Rail
01:33:22 10.3 Roads
01:35:37 10.4 Ports
01:36:23 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8873897674130902
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State. The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city; the largest city by land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana.From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U.S., suffered economic hardship, in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture. Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and otherwise discriminate against African Americans from the end of the Reconstruction Era up until at least the 1970s. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 to the 1960s. During this time, urban interests and African Americans were markedly under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the state's economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state's economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology.
Culture of Alabama | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:17 1 Etymology
00:04:42 2 History
00:04:51 2.1 Pre-European settlement
00:06:40 2.2 European settlement
00:09:32 2.3 Early 19th century
00:12:39 2.3.1 Civil War and Reconstruction
00:16:14 2.4 20th century
00:27:39 3 Geography
00:31:12 3.1 Climate
00:35:54 3.2 Flora and fauna
00:37:24 4 Demographics
00:38:48 4.1 Ancestry
00:43:00 4.2 Census-designated and metropolitan areas
00:43:11 4.3 Cities
00:43:20 4.4 Language
00:44:23 4.5 Religion
00:49:37 4.6 Health
00:50:23 5 Economy
00:54:24 5.1 Largest employers
00:54:45 5.2 Agriculture
00:55:23 5.3 Industry
00:59:39 5.4 Tourism
01:00:21 5.5 Healthcare
01:00:44 5.6 Banking
01:02:11 5.7 Electronics
01:02:51 5.8 Construction
01:03:22 6 Law and government
01:03:31 6.1 State government
01:09:17 6.2 Taxes
01:11:56 6.3 County and local governments
01:15:01 6.4 Politics
01:18:31 6.5 Elections
01:18:40 6.5.1 State elections
01:21:30 6.5.2 Local elections
01:22:50 6.5.3 Federal elections
01:23:44 7 Education
01:23:53 7.1 Primary and secondary education
01:26:09 7.2 Colleges and universities
01:29:10 8 Media
01:32:20 9 Culture
01:32:29 9.1 Literature
01:32:37 9.2 Sports
01:32:46 9.2.1 College sports
01:34:27 9.2.2 Professional sports
01:35:43 10 Transportation
01:35:53 10.1 Aviation
01:36:27 10.2 Rail
01:36:48 10.3 Roads
01:39:07 10.4 Ports
01:39:55 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9046237324384161
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State. The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city; the largest city by land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana.From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U.S., suffered economic hardship, in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture. Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and otherwise discriminate against African Americans from the end of the Reconstruction Era up until at least the 1970s. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 to the 1960s. During this time, urban interests and African Americans were markedly under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the state's economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state's economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology.
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Demopolis, Alabama | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:32 1 History
00:01:41 1.1 Colonization
00:04:32 1.2 American settlement
00:18:31 1.3 Civil War and aftermath
00:27:26 1.4 20th century
00:31:23 2 Geography
00:32:24 3 Transportation
00:34:12 4 Demographics
00:38:10 4.1 2010 census
00:42:11 5 Government
00:43:09 6 Education
00:44:15 7 Historic sites
00:46:25 8 Demopolis in the arts
00:48:44 9 See also
00:49:08 10 Climate
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7171176666852169
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Demopolis is the largest city in Marengo County, Alabama, United States. The population was 7,483 at the time of the 2010 United States Census.The city lies at the confluence of the Black Warrior and Tombigbee rivers. It is situated atop a cliff composed of the Demopolis Chalk Formation, known locally as White Bluff, on the east bank of the Tombigbee River. It is at the center of Alabama's Canebrake region and is also within the Black Belt.Demopolis was founded after the fall of Napoleon's Empire and named by a group of French expatriates, a mix of exiled Bonapartists and other French migrants who had settled in the United States after the overthrow of the colonial government in Saint-Domingue following the failed Saint-Domingue expedition. The name, meaning in Greek the People's City or City of the People, was chosen to honor the democratic ideals behind the endeavor. First settled in 1817, it is one of the oldest continuous settlements in Alabama. It was incorporated on December 11, 1821..
Southern United States | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Southern United States
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western United States, with the Midwestern United States and Northeastern United States to its north and the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico to its south.
The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States but is commonly defined as including the states that fought for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. The Deep South is fully located in the southeastern corner. Arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries. While the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia, permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, they became more culturally, economically, and politically aligned with the industrial Northern states, and are often identified as part of the Mid-Atlantic or Northeast by many residents, businesses, public institutions, and private organizations,but the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South.
Usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, which have distinguished it in some ways from the rest of the United States. The Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European (mostly English, Scottish, Scotch-Irish, Irish, German, French, and Spanish American), African, and some Native American components.Some other aspects of the historical and cultural development of the South have been influenced by the institution of slave labor on plantations in the Deep South to an extent seen nowhere else in the United States; the presence of a large proportion of African Americans in the population; support for the doctrine of states' rights, and the legacy of racial tension magnified by the Civil War and Reconstruction Era, as seen in thousands of lynchings (mostly from 1880 to 1930), the segregated system of separate schools and public facilities known as Jim Crow laws, that lasted until the 1960s, and the widespread use of poll taxes and other methods to frequently deny black people of the right to vote or hold office until the 1960s. Since the late 1960s, black people have held many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia and South Carolina. Many black people have also been elected or appointed as mayors and police chiefs in the metropolises of Charlotte, Birmingham, Richmond, Columbia, Memphis, Houston, Atlanta, Jacksonville, and New Orleans, and serve in both the U.S. Congress and state legislatures.Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was highly rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants. The American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States. Sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance (especially evangelical churches such as the Southern Baptist Convention) and predominantly conservative, religion-influenced politics. Indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations, and race relations. This is ...
Politics of Alabama | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:16 1 Etymology
00:04:38 2 History
00:04:47 2.1 Pre-European settlement
00:06:36 2.2 European settlement
00:09:25 2.3 Early 19th century
00:12:28 2.3.1 Civil War and Reconstruction
00:16:01 2.4 20th century
00:27:19 3 Geography
00:30:51 3.1 Climate
00:35:31 3.2 Flora and fauna
00:37:00 4 Demographics
00:38:25 4.1 Ancestry
00:42:40 4.2 Census-designated and metropolitan areas
00:42:51 4.3 Cities
00:42:59 4.4 Language
00:44:03 4.5 Religion
00:49:18 4.6 Health
00:50:04 5 Economy
00:54:07 5.1 Largest employers
00:54:28 5.2 Agriculture
00:55:06 5.3 Industry
00:59:18 5.4 Tourism
01:00:00 5.5 Healthcare
01:00:22 5.6 Banking
01:01:48 5.7 Electronics
01:02:28 5.8 Construction
01:02:59 6 Law and government
01:03:08 6.1 State government
01:08:49 6.2 Taxes
01:11:27 6.3 County and local governments
01:14:29 6.4 Politics
01:17:59 6.5 Elections
01:18:08 6.5.1 State elections
01:20:56 6.5.2 Local elections
01:22:16 6.5.3 Federal elections
01:23:10 7 Education
01:23:20 7.1 Primary and secondary education
01:25:35 7.2 Colleges and universities
01:28:38 8 Media
01:31:55 9 Culture
01:32:04 9.1 Literature
01:32:12 9.2 Sports
01:32:21 9.2.1 College sports
01:34:00 9.2.2 Professional sports
01:35:16 10 Transportation
01:35:25 10.1 Aviation
01:35:59 10.2 Rail
01:36:20 10.3 Roads
01:38:40 10.4 Ports
01:39:27 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.900093012353679
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State. The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city; the largest city by land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana.From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U.S., suffered economic hardship, in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture. Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and otherwise discriminate against African Americans from the end of the Reconstruction Era up until at least the 1970s. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 to the 1960s. During this time, urban interests and African Americans were markedly under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the state's economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state's economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology.