Don't eat at Mr. Lee in Nicaragua's MetroCentro mall!
via YouTube Capture
Student Journalists Report From Nicaragua
In the spring of 2015, ten Brown students spent their break in Nicaragua learning how to be foreign correspondents. This trip was the culmination of a course called “International Journalism: Foreign Reporting in Practice” taught by former New York Times correspondent Stephen Kinzer. Each student wrote about a different aspect in Nicaraguan life, ranging from street food to teen pregnancy to the hip-hop scene. They presented their stories and reported on their trip on April 8 , 2015 at the Joukowsky Forum in the Watson Institute, where this course has been based.
video000
BRUTAL CIA & DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DIRCTED ENERGY WEAPON ATTACK AGAINST AMERICAN WHISTLE BLOWER IN NICARAGUA
CIA & NSA operatives attacking me day and night but mostly in my sleep.
As soon as I doze off they are targeting me with Delta Waves preventing me from waking up after I fall asleep so I cannot feel the severe pain and trauma they are inflicting on my eras.
OH MY GOD MY GOD THE PAIN. THE TORTURE. OH MY GOD PLEASE MAKE IT STOP!
They have caused severe severe damage to my ears.
Severe acoustic trauma, nerve damage, recruitment damage and distortion caused by CIA & NSA directed energy weapon attacks.
Hearing is decimated. They have severe damaged my inner and middle ears with ultrasonic and microwave energy weapons.
SEVERE PAIN SEVERE TORUTRE OH MY GOD THE PAIN SEVERE BRUTAL TORTURE TO EARS, BRAIN AND OTHER INTERNAL ORGANS
DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON ATTACK AUGUST 16 2014 0003 hr De Boce En Boce Hostel Granada Nicaragua
CIA DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OPERATIVES DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON ATTACK SKIN BURN & ITCH
oh my god the torture the torture pain trauma torture oh my god please stop the torture!
CIA & DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE BRUTAL SUSTAINED DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON ATTACK CAUSING SKIN TO ITCH AND BURN
CIA & DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE HAVE WEAPONIZED NEUROSCIENCE
The human body is a 'Vibratory' organism and an 'Electromagnetic' Organism.
As such, each organ of the body 'VIBRATES' at a different frequency of Electromagnetic Energy.
By varying the Frequency and Intensity of each stream of energy, CIA & DoD operatives can manipulate and damage each region and organ of the human anatomy.
CIA DoD OPERATIVES USING DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON TORTURE ON WHISTLE BLOWER - BRUTAL TORTURE - CAUSING SKIN TO BURN AND ITCH WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN USING ON ME FOR ALMOST THREE WEEKS NOW
Also causing burning mouth syndrome causing soft tissue in mouth to burn and suffer stabbing pain to soft tissue in mouth caused by directed energy weapon radiation.
APPRX 2200 hrs July 30 2014 Bearded Monkey Hostel Granada Nicaragua
MY SKIN IS CRAWLING MY WHOLE SKIN OVER MY WHOLE BODY IS CRAWLING. SEVERE TORTURE SEVERE TRAUMA AND PAIN SEVERE SEVERE SEVERE PLEASE GOD STOP TORTURE PLEASE GOD STOP TORTURE PLEASE GOD
SEVERE BRUTAL TORTURE! SEVERE SEVERE BRUTAL TORTURE!
MASSIVE INTERFERENCE WITH ALL COMMUNICATIONS
— at The Bearded Monkey Hostel...
КАК НЕ НАДО ДЕЛАТЬ ➔ ЕМ ВУЛКАН В НИКАРАГУА | Ruslan Verin #15
Здравствуй, Никарагуа!!!
Если бы я вел рейтинг самых ужасных границ, то #никарагуа была бы лидером (на сегодняшний день).
Несколько дней назад эту границу пересекали ребята, которых я встретил в Гватемале. Они сказали, что их там продержали 4 часа. Мол надо было сделать электронную регистрацию за неделю до пересечения границы! Но они сидели и ждали и их пропустили через 4 часа!
Я настроился примерно на такой же сценарий! Приехал около 18:00 и дал паспорт ( в интернете не пишут про регистрацию заранее).
Мой паспорт по несколько раз пролистал каждый ????
Потом начали рассматривать прошлые штампы ????
Потом начали вести хронологию и все это записывать в блокноте ????
А затем объявили мне, что им надо 2 фотокопии моего паспорта ????
Потом ещё куча странных вопросов и спокойно так: ждите!
Я ждал! Прошло 3 часа! Ко мне подошёл один из пограничников и сказал, что уже поздно и мне опасно ехать здесь по дорогам ночью! Поэтому я ДОЛЖЕН остаться здесь ночевать, а утром в 5-6 они ОТДАДУТ мне мой паспорт ????
Ладно! Я поставил палатку прямо на границе ????
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✅ Путешествие от Аляски до Мексики
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✅ Путешествие по Центральной Америке
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✅ Путешествие по Африке и Азии есть в Instagram ????
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✔️ Instagram:
✔️ Facebook:
✔️Telegram канал:
✔️ Telegram чат:
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???? Поддержать проект:
???? PayPal: ruslanverin@gmail.com
???? УкрСиббанк: 5215 6710 0031 1579
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TimothyTrespas - MORE cutting government Geneticly Modified Insects out of our stuff...
As crazy as it may sound to the uninitiated, My partner and I have become unwilling subjects in more government secret human experimentation. Along with being drugged daily with powerful LSD like compounds, being regularly zapped with microwave directed energy weapons, being followed and attacked by gangs of highly organized stalkers, being poisoned, gassed, etc, we had the dubious honer of having everything we own, and our entire bodies, infested with crazy genetically modified insects. These were some crazy unkillable bugs that climbed quickly into the pores of your skin or under your fingernail, in your eyes, nose, mouth, genitals, anus, ears, scalp, face, neck, arms, legs, everywhere! There were even invisible nematode like insects with worm-like segmented bodies approx 1/2 inch long that you could only see if you got them stuck to some clear tape. There were little worm-like creatures with shiny red eyes and a nose and mouth that would put their tail-end into your skin and sit their with their heads poking out looking at you! You could see them looking at you! their were fleas, and chiggers, and crazy black dots that would shout out of the tops of our heads and change shape and color to match their surroundings (possible a genetic hybrid from octopus or other chromatophore containing creature.needless to say, we suffered greatly and endured a great deal of pain and discomfort and it cost us thousands of dollars and we are still fighting these crazy bugs after 3 years!
CIA & DoD DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON ATTACK CAUSING SKIN TO ITCH AND BURN
CIA & DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE BRUTAL SUSTAINED DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON ATTACK CAUSING SKIN TO ITCH AND BURN
CIA & DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE HAVE WEAPONIZED NEUROSCIENCE
The human body is a 'Vibratory' organism and an 'Electromagnetic' Organism.
As such, each organ of the body 'VIBRATES' at a different frequency of Electromagnetic Energy.
By varying the Frequency and Intensity of each stream of energy, CIA & DoD operatives can manipulate and damage each region and organ of the human anatomy.
CIA DoD OPERATIVES USING DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPON TORTURE ON WHISTLE BLOWER - BRUTAL TORTURE - CAUSING SKIN TO BURN AND ITCH WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN USING ON ME FOR ALMOST FOUR WEEKS NOW
Also causing burning mouth syndrome causing soft tissue in mouth to burn and suffer stabbing pain to soft tissue in mouth caused by directed energy weapon radiation.
APPRX 2100 hrs August 27 2014 De Boca En Boca Granada Nicaragua
MY SKIN IS CRAWLING MY WHOLE SKIN OVER MY WHOLE BODY IS CRAWLING. SEVERE TORTURE SEVERE TRAUMA AND PAIN SEVERE SEVERE SEVERE PLEASE GOD STOP TORTURE PLEASE GOD STOP TORTURE PLEASE GOD
SEVERE BRUTAL TORTURE! SEVERE SEVERE BRUTAL TORTURE!
THYE DO THIS TO PORTRY THE TARGETED INDIVIDULA AS DELUSIONAL OR UNSTABLE TO DESTROY HIS CREDIBILITY
MASSIVE INTERFERENCE WITH ALL COMMUNICATIONS
— at The DE BOCE EN BOCA HOSTEL GRANDA NICARAGUA AUGUST 27 2104 2100 hrs
CIA/DoD OPERATIVES CONSTANTLY ATTACKING ME CAUSING ME TO MAKE MISTAKES BECAUSE I AM HAVING TO PUSH THROUGH SEVERE PAIN AND TRAUMA TO FUNCTION AS I POST THESE VIDEOS OF THE ATTACKS
THEY ALSO DO THIS TO DISCREDIT THE TARGET TO MAKE HM APPEAR UNSTABLE DELUSIONAL ETC., WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY ATTACKING MY BRAIN WITH SEVERE PULSES OF MICROWAVES
The Oak Ridge Boys and Girls
This past Sunday Sandi and I traveled to the town of Oak Ridge. I suppose I could spin some sort of tale about how the Oak Ridge Boys got their start in the town of Oak Ridge on Roatan. However if I did that I don't think you would bite, but I would like to invite you to come with us as we visit Oak Ridge.
Steven Radelet: The Great Surge: The Ascent of the Developing World
Steven Radelet tells the story of the unprecedented progress developing countries have made over the last two decades, why it happened, and what it may portend for the future. February, 2016.
2012 NEW YEARS #GRENADA MAFIA
#THROW BACK SHIT
Risqué /21
Brooke stretched out across her bed feeling an indentation, in the bed beside her; indicating someone had slept there last night. Brooke sat up with her sheets held to her chest as memories of last night flooded her mind. She assumed since Ethan wasn't in bed when she woke up that they weren't going to speak about last night.
Brooke rolled her head to the left glancing at her nightstand, where her clock stood and read the numbers 1:15; she'd already slept half the day away. Brooke climbed out of bed running her hand through her messy bed head as she walked over to her dresser drawer, and pulled out a clean set of bra and underwear, before heading for the shower.
Brooke quickly showered and then dressed in jean shorts and a flowing pink tank top, she quickly plaited her hair, before deciding she couldn't avoid Ethan any longer. Brooke wandered outside her room and could hear the sound of the TV going on in the living room. She headed in the room finding Ethan sitting on the couch cartoons on the TV and a bowl of cereal in his hand. He was half dressed only wearing a pair of lung slow khakis, with his red boxers peaking up over his waistband.
Hey. Brooke said as she walked into the room.
Hey. Ethan replied back giving her a lazy smile.
Brooke's assumption was right, they had already made a silent agreement to not talk about last night. Brooke couldn't help, but be glad that Ethan was as easygoing as his, and didn't think one night of sex constituted as a relationship.
So what are we doing today? She asked as she joined Ethan on the couch.
He shrugged, I'm good with anything I don't really care.
I think, we should go, go-kart racing. Brooke said smiling.
Sounds good, let's go. Ethan said placing his empty bowl on the coffee table and standing up.
Uh you need a shirt, haven't you hear of the rule no shirt, no shoes, no service? Brooke said smirking.
Ethan returned her grin, Yeah, but that rule only applies to people whose bodies aren't as good looking as mine.
Yeah sure. Brooke said rolling her eyes as she walked over to the front door where she'd kicked off her favorite sandals the first night she'd gotten to the beach house.
Ethan walked back through the living room this time wearing a white short sleeved polo and carrying Brooke's phone and keys.
Thanks. Brooke said smiling at him as she took her keys and phone from him before heading out the door.
--
Brooke turned the corner sharply in her go-kart, with her foot pressing the gas to the floor, but even then she was only running up right behind Ethan never getting enough power to beat him. Brooke decided now was the time to play dirty and she lined up the front of her kart with the back of his and swerved slightly so she bumped him off his straight away. She smiled in victory as she blasted through the finish line grasping first place.
You cheated. Were the first words out of Ethan's mouth once he was out of his go kart.
No, I call it innovative thinking.Brooke said smirking.
I call it you owe me a rematch later, but right now I'm too hungry. Ethan said rolling his eyes at her as he slung his arm over her leading her through the small go kart office and to the parking lot.
You drive. Brooke said handing him her keys.
Ok, but do you mind if we go eat some where that's kind off the map, it's about an hour away from here? Ethan asked.
I don't really care as long as you promise me that they have good food there. Brooke said as she slid into the passenger seat.
Oh, I promise it's the best food you'll ever have 10 times better than Backyard Barbeque. Ethan said grinning as he started the engine, rolling the windows down.
Alright then let's do it. Brooke grinned as Ethan reversed speeding out the parking lot, causing her hair to whip all around her face.
Spanish conquest of the Muisca | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Spanish conquest of the Muisca
00:07:25 1 Pre-Columbian history
00:08:02 1.1 Herrera Period
00:09:25 1.2 Muisca Confederation
00:13:08 2 Spanish exploration
00:17:04 2.1 The first cities
00:18:36 2.1.1 Colombian settlements founded before the main conquest
00:18:47 3 Conquest of the Muisca
00:19:41 3.1 Expedition from Santa Marta to Muisca territories
00:19:52 3.1.1 Soldiers of the first expedition
00:20:17 3.2 1535–39 – years of joint expeditions from three sides
00:20:44 3.2.1 Leaders and soldiers of De Belalcázar and Federmann
00:20:55 3.3 1536 – the harsh expedition towards Muisca territory
00:27:17 3.3.1 1536–1537 – route by the conquistadors
00:27:29 3.4 1537 – the year of the Muisca conquest
00:31:19 3.4.1 1537 – route and foundations
00:31:29 3.5 April 1537 – conquest of Bacatá
00:33:41 3.5.1 May–August 1537 – route towards Hunza through the Tenza Valley (Gonzalo)
00:33:54 3.6 August 1537 – conquest of Hunza
00:36:48 3.7 September 1537 – conquest of Sugamuxi
00:38:03 3.8 1537–38 – Bogotá savanna conquests
00:39:18 3.9 6 August 1538 – foundation of Bogotá
00:40:27 4 Later conquest expeditions
00:40:37 4.1 1538 – Battle of Tocarema and further conquest
00:41:56 4.1.1 1538–1539 – further conquest and foundations by Gonzalo
00:42:10 4.2 April 1539 – return to Spain of Gonzalo, Sebastián and Nikolaus
00:43:46 4.3 1539 – conquest of Tundama
00:46:03 5 Spanish conquest in Muisca history
00:46:14 6 Early colonial period
00:48:39 7 Modern historical revisionism
00:52:29 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Spanish conquest of the Muisca took place from 1537 to 1540. The Muisca were the inhabitants of the central Andean highlands of Colombia before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. They were organised in a loose confederation of different rulers; the zipa of Bacatá, with his headquarters in Funza, the zaque of Hunza, the iraca of the sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi, the Tundama of Tundama, and several independent caciques. The leaders of the Confederation at the time of conquest were zipa Tisquesusa, zaque Quemuenchatocha, iraca Sugamuxi and Tundama in the northernmost portion of their territories. The Muisca were organised in small communities of circular enclosures (ca in their language Muysccubbun; literally language of the people), with a central square where the bohío of the cacique was located. They were called Salt People because of their extraction of salt in various locations throughout their territories, mainly in Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa. For the main part self-sufficient in their well-organised economy, the Muisca traded with the European conquistadors valuable products as gold, tumbaga (a copper-silver-gold alloy) and emeralds with their neighbouring indigenous groups. In the Tenza Valley, to the east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense where the majority of the Muisca lived, they extracted emeralds in Chivor and Somondoco. The economy of the Muisca was rooted in their agriculture with main products maize, yuca, potatoes and various other cultivations elaborated on elevated fields (in their language called tá). Agriculture had started around 3000 BCE on the Altiplano, following the preceramic Herrera Period and a long epoch of hunter-gatherers since the late Pleistocene. The earliest archaeological evidence of inhabitation in Colombia, and one of the oldest in South America, has been found in El Abra, dating to around 12,500 years BP.
The main part of the Muisca civilisation was concentrated on the Bogotá savanna, a flat high plain in the Eastern Ranges of the Andes, far away from the Caribbean coast. The savanna was an ancient lake, that existed until the latest Pleistocene and formed a highly fertile soil for their agriculture. The Muisca were a deeply religious civilisation with a polytheistic society and an advanced astronomical knowledge, which was represented in their complex lunisolar calendar. Men and women had s ...
National Army of Colombia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:48 1 History
00:01:14 1.1 Independence
00:03:04 1.2 19th Century and civil wars (1819–1903)
00:03:35 1.2.1 Gran Colombia – Peru war
00:04:04 1.2.2 Civil wars (1830–1903
00:06:03 1.2.3 Military reform of 1907
00:07:42 1.3 The Leticia Incident and the 1930s
00:09:35 1.4 1940s–1950s
00:10:36 1.5 Recent history
00:11:15 1.5.1 Plan Colombia and modernization
00:13:02 1.5.2 Operation Jaque
00:14:34 1.5.3 Lancero Course
00:15:28 1.5.4 Overseas military operations
00:15:37 1.5.4.1 Korean War
00:16:50 1.5.4.2 Sinai
00:17:15 2 Organization
00:17:24 2.1 Major units
00:17:33 2.1.1 Divisions
00:19:47 2.1.2 Other units
00:20:13 2.2 Combat arms
00:20:45 2.3 Special units
00:21:13 2.3.1 Rapid Deployment Force
00:22:01 2.3.2 Anti-Narcotics Brigade
00:22:26 2.3.3 Air Assault Aviation Division
00:23:07 2.3.4 AFEUR unit
00:25:00 2.3.5 Special Forces Brigade
00:25:15 2.3.6 GAULA groups
00:26:16 3 Specialized Units
00:26:26 3.1 Presidential Guard
00:29:10 4 Schools and courses
00:29:19 4.1 Courses
00:30:07 4.2 Military educational institutions
00:31:06 5 Personnel
00:31:14 5.1 Rank and insignia
00:31:46 5.1.1 Officers
00:31:54 5.1.2 Enlisted
00:32:02 6 Uniforms
00:33:46 7 Equipment
00:33:55 7.1 Land vehicles
00:34:04 7.2 Multipurpose vehicles
00:34:13 7.3 Artillery
00:34:22 7.4 Self-propelled artillery
00:34:31 7.5 Systems of Anti-aircraft defense
00:34:41 7.6 Weapons
00:34:49 7.7 Infantry field artillery
00:34:58 7.8 Aircraft
00:35:07 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The National Army of Colombia (Spanish: Ejército Nacional de Colombia) is the land military force of Colombia and the largest and oldest service branch of the Military Forces of Colombia. It is responsible for carrying out land-based military operations along with the Colombian Naval Infantry (Infanteria de Marina) and for protecting the Colombian state against domestic or foreign threats.
The modern Colombian Army has its roots in the Army of the Commoners (Ejército de los Comuneros), which was formed on 7 August 1819 – before the establishment of the present day Colombia – to meet the demands of the Revolutionary War against the Spanish Empire. After their triumph against the Spanish, the Congress of Angostura created the Greater Colombian Army, to replace the disbanded Commoners Army.
Nicaraguan Women Jailed as sex slaves
just a glimps on what go`s on around her about 11 in the morning!
Dianne Feinstein/Mike Rogers Responsible For Government Gang Stalking 3 of 19
I get in my car after going to the ATM and get on Vista Way. Again when I reach the intersection of Jefferson St. and Vista Way - another familiar pattern - RED car first at the intersection.
Dianne Feinstein/Mike Rogers Responsible For Government Gang Stalking
Government Gang Stalking wouldn't exist if Senator Dianne Feinstein, Chairperson of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, and Representative Mike Rogers, chairperson of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, executed their oversight responsibilities over our intelligence-industrial complex.
The idea that they do not know Government Gang Stalking is going on is ludicrous. Their responsibility lies in acts of omission -- what they are not doing to insure Illegal Surveillance, Unremitting Harassment and Shunning are never used against Citizens as a result of the Misuse of Our National Security Apparatus.
Our Government has a history of dysfunctional surveillance behavior: The U.S. Surveillance State Dates Back To The 19th Century
Call Senator Dianne Feinstein and demand she investigate Government Gang Stalking: 202-224-3841.
Call Representative Mike Rogers and demand he investigate Government Gang Stalking: 202-225-4872
I would like to stress I never say individuals in my videos are Gang Stalkers. I am not a mind reader. I do not know people's intentions. I just show patterns I have seen every day for the last seven years of my Gang Stalking by our Sick, Corrupt, COINTELPRO-loving Government.
My You Tube Channel:
youtube.com/user/bonnieleec
Here I am at the ATM machine witnessing a repetitive pattern - a person in RED comes out of the bank and a RED car passes by.
As I walk away from the ATM machine a RED car passes in front of me.
I get in my car after going to the ATM and get on Vista Way. Again when I reach the intersection of Jefferson St. and Vista Way - another familiar pattern - RED car first at the intersection.
As I ride along Jefferson Street I see one person walking -- a person with a RED shirt.
As I am about to turn left into the Carlsbad Post Office a RED car passes by me in the opposite lane. When I come out of the post office the same car will pass me again.
As I get onto the Coast Highway two RED cars pass by. Here is one of the two.
We had a bite to eat in Angelo's. I turn onto a street nearby - a RED car is coming toward me and a person in RED - the only person on the street - turns into a mobile home park.
As we get out of our car for our walk -- a man with a RED hat is there.
During our walk today - Nov. 13, 2013 - we see a pattern we see over and over again. We approach a corner - a RED vehicle is there.
There is hardly anyone on the street as we walk on Pacific Street, but coming toward us is a man in RED.
Never saw a RED paint set like that before.
Interesting how most people have RED on during our walk on Pacific Street.
As we walk passed an opening for the beach during our walk on Pacific Street - no one coming out but a man wearing RED with his companions.
How interesting no one coming out of the beach as we pass by except first a man with a RED shirt with companions and then a woman and man - and you'll never guess - the woman was wearing a RED dress.
Next the only people walking in front of us are a group of boys - and yup, you guessed it - one of them is carrying RED.
And, of course, hardly a day goes by that we aren't Gang Stalked by the Oceanside, CA POLICE.
Another intersection - another RED car.
Here I am going in Sprouts as a RED truck passes by. It's called Same Time Exit/Entry in Government Gang Stalking - a pattern we see all day, every day.
As I load my groceries in my trunk after coming out of Sprouts - a man with a RED bag comes out of Sprouts.
The Vietnam War: Reasons for Failure - Why the U.S. Lost
In the post-war era, Americans struggled to absorb the lessons of the military intervention. About the book:
As General Maxwell Taylor, one of the principal architects of the war, noted, First, we didn't know ourselves. We thought that we were going into another Korean War, but this was a different country. Secondly, we didn't know our South Vietnamese allies... And we knew less about North Vietnam. Who was Ho Chi Minh? Nobody really knew. So, until we know the enemy and know our allies and know ourselves, we'd better keep out of this kind of dirty business. It's very dangerous.
Some have suggested that the responsibility for the ultimate failure of this policy [America's withdrawal from Vietnam] lies not with the men who fought, but with those in Congress... Alternatively, the official history of the United States Army noted that tactics have often seemed to exist apart from larger issues, strategies, and objectives. Yet in Vietnam the Army experienced tactical success and strategic failure... The...Vietnam War...legacy may be the lesson that unique historical, political, cultural, and social factors always impinge on the military...Success rests not only on military progress but on correctly analyzing the nature of the particular conflict, understanding the enemy's strategy, and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of allies. A new humility and a new sophistication may form the best parts of a complex heritage left to the Army by the long, bitter war in Vietnam.
U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger wrote in a secret memo to President Gerald Ford that in terms of military tactics, we cannot help draw the conclusion that our armed forces are not suited to this kind of war. Even the Special Forces who had been designed for it could not prevail. Even Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that the achievement of a military victory by U.S. forces in Vietnam was indeed a dangerous illusion.
Doubts surfaced as to the effectiveness of large-scale, sustained bombing. As Army Chief of Staff Harold Keith Johnson noted, if anything came out of Vietnam, it was that air power couldn't do the job. Even General William Westmoreland admitted that the bombing had been ineffective. As he remarked, I still doubt that the North Vietnamese would have relented.
The inability to bomb Hanoi to the bargaining table also illustrated another U.S. miscalculation. The North's leadership was composed of hardened communists who had been fighting for independence for thirty years. They had defeated the French, and their tenacity as both nationalists and communists was formidable. Ho Chi Minh is quoted as saying, You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours...But even at these odds you will lose and I will win.
The Vietnam War called into question the U.S. Army doctrine. Marine Corps General Victor H. Krulak heavily criticised Westmoreland's attrition strategy, calling it wasteful of American lives... with small likelihood of a successful outcome. In addition, doubts surfaced about the ability of the military to train foreign forces.
Between 1965 and 1975, the United States spent $111 billion on the war ($686 billion in FY2008 dollars). This resulted in a large federal budget deficit.
More than 3 million Americans served in the Vietnam War, some 1.5 million of whom actually saw combat in Vietnam. James E. Westheider wrote that At the height of American involvement in 1968, for example, there were 543,000 American military personnel in Vietnam, but only 80,000 were considered combat troops. Conscription in the United States had been controlled by the President since World War II, but ended in 1973.
By war's end, 58,220 American soldiers had been killed, more than 150,000 had been wounded, and at least 21,000 had been permanently disabled. According to Dale Kueter, Sixty-one percent of those killed were age 21 or younger. Of those killed in combat, 86.3 percent were white, 12.5 percent were black and the remainder from other races. The youngest American KIA in the war was PFC Dan Bullock, who had falsified his birth certificate and enlisted in the US Marines at age 14 and who was killed in combat at age 15. Approximately 830,000 Vietnam veterans suffered symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. An estimated 125,000 Americans fled to Canada to avoid the Vietnam draft, and approximately 50,000 American servicemen deserted. In 1977, United States President Jimmy Carter granted a full, complete and unconditional pardon to all Vietnam-era draft dodgers. The Vietnam War POW/MIA issue, concerning the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action, persisted for many years after the war's conclusion.
History of the United States Marine Corps | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:13 1 Background
00:11:42 1.1 Colonial era
00:16:49 2 Continental era
00:45:42 3 Establishment of the modern Marine Corps
00:50:42 3.1 Henderson's era
00:55:17 4 Civil War
00:59:24 4.1 Confederate Marines
00:59:42 5 Latter 19th century
01:02:50 5.1 Spanish– & Philippine–American Wars
01:04:52 6 Early 1900s
01:08:18 6.1 Banana Wars
01:14:35 7 World War I
01:18:19 7.1 A new amphibious mission
01:23:54 8 World War II
01:27:32 8.1 Interim: WWII-Korea
01:33:24 9 Korean War
01:35:07 9.1 Interim: Korea-Vietnam
01:36:31 10 Vietnam War
01:37:30 10.1 Interim: post-Vietnam War
01:41:24 11 The 1990s
01:41:33 11.1 Gulf War
01:42:11 11.2 Bosnian War
01:43:26 11.3 Other
01:45:34 12 Twenty-first century
01:46:42 12.1 War in Afghanistan
01:47:51 12.2 Iraq War
01:49:26 13 See also
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The history of the United States Marine Corps (USMC) begins with the founding of the Continental Marines on 10 November 1775 to conduct ship-to-ship fighting, provide shipboard security and discipline enforcement, and assist in landing forces. Its mission evolved with changing military doctrine and foreign policy of the United States. Owing to the availability of Marine forces at sea, the United States Marine Corps has served in nearly every conflict in United States history. It attained prominence when its theories and practice of amphibious warfare proved prescient, and ultimately formed a cornerstone of the Pacific Theater of World War II. By the early 20th century, the Marine Corps would become one of the dominant theorists and practitioners of amphibious warfare. Its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises has made and continues to make it an important tool for U.S. foreign policy.In February 1776, the Continental Marines embarked on their maiden expedition. The Continental Marines were disbanded at the end of the war, along with the Continental Navy. In preparation for the Quasi-War with France, Congress created the United States Navy and the Marine Corps. The Marines' most famous action of this period occurred in the First Barbary War (1801–1805) against the Barbary pirates. In the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Marines made their famed assault on Chapultepec Palace, which overlooked Mexico City, their first major expeditionary venture. In the 1850s, the Marines would see service in Panama, and in Asia. During the U.S. Civil War (1861–1865) the Marine Corps played only a minor role after their participation in the Union defeat at the first battle of First Bull Run/Manassas. Their most important task was blockade duty and other ship-board battles, but they were mobilized for a handful of operations as the war progressed. The remainder of the 19th century would be a period of declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. Under Commandant Jacob Zeilin's term (1864–1876), many Marine customs and traditions took shape. During the Spanish–American War (1898), Marines would lead U.S. forces ashore in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, demonstrating their readiness for deployment. Between 1900 and 1916, the Marine Corps continued its record of participation in foreign expeditions, especially in the Caribbean and Central and South America, which included Panama, Cuba, Veracruz, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Nicaragua.
In World War I, battle-tested, veteran Marines served a central role in the United States' entry into the conflict. Between the world wars, the Marine Corps was headed by Major General John A. Lejeune, another popular commandant. In World War II, the Marines played a central role, under Admiral Nimitz, in the Pacific War, participating in nearly every significant battle. The Corps also ...
U.S. Economic Collapse: Henry B. Gonzalez Interview, House Committee on Banking and Currency
Henry Barbosa González (born Enrique Barbosa González; May 3, 1916 -- November 28, 2000) was a Democratic politician from the state of Texas. He represented Texas's 20th congressional district from 1961 to 1999.
González was born in San Antonio, Texas, the son of Mexican-born parents Genoveva (née Barbosa) and Leonides Gonzalez (from Mapimi, Durango), who had immigrated during the Mexican Revolution. He attended the University of Texas at Austin and San Antonio College, earning his undergraduate degree. Later, he received a Juris Doctor from St. Mary's University School of Law. Upon graduation, he became a probation officer, and was quickly promoted to the chief office of Bexar County, Texas. In 1950, he was Scoutmaster of Troop 90 of San Antonio, of which his son was a member.
González served on the San Antonio City Council from 1953 to 1956, when he was elected to the Texas Senate, having defeated the Republican candidate, Jesse Oppenheimer. He remained in the Senate until 1961 and set the filibuster record in the chamber at the time by speaking for twenty-two straight hours against a set of bills on segregation. Most of the bills were abandoned (eight out of ten). He ran for governor in 1958, finishing second in the Democratic primary (the real contest for governor in a solidly Democratic state) to Price Daniel. In January 1961, González ran in the special election for Lyndon Johnson's Senate seat, finishing sixth. However, in September, 20th District Rep. Paul J. Kilday was appointed to the Court of Military Appeals. González ran in the special election for the San Antonio-based district in November and defeated a strong Republican candidate, John Goode. He was unopposed for a full term in 1962 and was reelected seventeen times. He never faced truly serious or well-funded opposition, having been unopposed in 1970, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1982, and 1984. In fact, the 20th was (and still is) became so heavily Democratic that González faced GOP opposition only five times and handily won each time.
González became known for his liberal views. In 1963, Rep. Ed Foreman (R-Texas) called González a communist and a pinko and González confronted him. González was referred to as a communist in 1986 by a man at Earl Abel's restaurant, a popular San Antonio eatery. The 70 year-old representative responded by punching him in the face. González was acquitted of assault for this incident.
González chaired the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations that investigated the deaths of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. He introduced legislation calling for the impeachment of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. González also blocked hearings into Whitewater until finally agreeing to hold hearings in 1994. In 1997, González fell ill and was unable to return to the House for over a year. Finally, he decided not to run for a 19th full term in 1998. He had long groomed his son, Charlie, to succeed him. Charlie Gonzalez won easily in 1998 and still holds the seat; between them, father and son have served 50 consecutive years in Congress (as of November 2011). He was an outspoken critic of the Federal Reserve System and in 1993 proposed an audit of the central bank.
According to Gretchen Morgenson's book on the 2008 financial meltdown, Reckless Endangerment, while head of the House Banking Committee, Gonzalez invited the organization ACORN to help legislators define the goals when they were devising the new legislation covering Fannie and Freddie.
On October 24, 2006, it was announced that Rep. González's personal notes, correspondence and mementos would become part of the Congressional History Collection at the University of Texas at Austin's Center for American History.
John Henry Faulk Interview: Education, Career, and the Hollywood Blacklist
John Henry Faulk (August 21, 1913--April 9, 1990) from Austin, Texas was a storyteller and radio show host. His successful lawsuit against blacklisters of the entertainment industry helped to bring an end to the Hollywood blacklist. More Faulk:
While a soldier at Camp Swift, Faulk began writing his own radio scripts. An acquaintance facilitated an interview for him at WCBS in New York City. The network executives were sufficiently impressed to offer him his own radio show. Upon his 1946 discharge from the Army, Faulk began his Johnny's Front Porch radio show for WCBS. The show featured Faulk's characterizations that he had been developing since his university years. Faulk eventually went to another radio station, but returned to WCBS for a four-hour morning talk show. The John Henry Faulk Show ran for six years. His radio successes provided opportunity for him to appear as himself on television, in shows like the 1951 Mark Goodson and William Todman game show It's News to Me, hosted by John Charles Daly. He also appeared on Leave It to the Girls in 1953 and The Name's the Same in 1955.
Cactus Pryor met Faulk in the studios of KLBJ (then KTBC) where Faulk stopped by to thank Pryor for letting his mother hear his New York show. Pryor had been accidentally broadcasting Faulk's radio show in Texas where Faulk was not otherwise heard. Although the broadcast happened repeatedly, Pryor always claimed he just hit the wrong button in the studio. Pryor visited Faulk at a Manhattan apartment he shared with Alan Lomax, and became introduced to the movers and shakers of the east coast celebrity scene of that era. When Pryor stood by Faulk during the blacklisting and tried to find him work, Pryor's children were harassed; a prominent Austin physician circulated a letter questioning Pryor's patriotism; an Austin attorney tried to convince Lyndon Johnson to discharge Pryor from the airwaves. The Pryor family and the Faulk family remained close and supportive of each other for the rest of Faulk's life.
In December 1955, Faulk was elected second vice president of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, to Orson Bean's first vice president position and Charles Collingwood as the president of the union. Collingswood, Bean and Faulk were part of a middle-of-the-road slate of non-communist, anti-AWARE organization candidates that Faulk had helped draft. Twenty-seven of thirty-five vacant seats on the board went to the middle-of-the-road slate. Faulk's public position during the campaign had been that the union should be focused on jobs and security, not blacklisting of members.
In the 1970s in Austin, he was also befriended by the young co-editor of the Texas Observer, Molly Ivins, and became an early supporter of hers.
Film
All the Way Home (1963), as Walter Starr
The Best Man (1964), as Governor T.T. Claypoole
Lovin' Molly (1974), as Mr. Grinsom
The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), as Storyteller
Leadbelly (1976). as Governor Neff
Trespasses (1986), as Doctor Silver
Television
It's News to Me (1951--1954), Self
Leave It to the Girls (3 Oct 1953), Self
The Name's the Same (21 Feb 1955), Self
For the People (1965), Episode Seized, Confined and Detained, as Reynolds
Fear on Trial (1975), Writer, Biopic of John Henry Faulk
Hee Haw (1975--1982), Self
Adam (1983), as as Strom Thurmond
Cronkite Remembers (1997), Uncredited archive footage