CONTRIBUTION OF CARPATHIAN BIOSPHERE NATURE RESERVE
Hamor Fedir, Voloschuk Mikola, Hleb Ruslan – Carpathian biosphere nature reserve, Rakhiv, Ukraine
CONTRIBUTION OF CARPATHIAN BIOSPHERE NATURE RESERVE IN DISCOVERY AND PRESERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF MARMAROS
Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe | Wikipedia audio article
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Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
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SUMMARY
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Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe is a transnational composite nature UNESCO World Heritage site, encompassing forests in 12 European countries.
The Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians include ten separate massifs located along the 185 km (115 mi) long axis from the Rakhiv mountains and Chornohora ridge in Ukraine over the Poloniny Ridge (Slovakia) to the Vihorlat Mountains in Slovakia. The Ancient Beech Forests of Germany include five locations, cover 4,391 hectares and were added in 2011.
The Carpathian site covers a total area of 77,971.6 ha (192,672 acres), out of which only 29,278.9 ha (72,350 acres) are part of the actual preserved area, while the rest is considered a buffer zone. Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians cover areas of Zakarpattia and Prešov Regions. Over 70% of the site is located in Ukraine. The area includes two national parks, and some habitat controlled areas, mostly in Slovakia. Both national parks, along with a neighboring area in Poland, compose a separate biosphere reserve, the East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve. Besides Havešová, Rožok, and Stužica (all of them located in Bukovské vrchy), there is a fourth component situated in Slovakia, named Kyjovský prales of Vihorlat. Ukrainian locations include Chornohora, Kuziy-Trybushany, Maramarosh, Stuzhytsia–Uzhok, Svydovets, and Uholka–Shyrikyi Luh. Only a few of the ten components are accessible to visitors. Stužica is the only one of three locations in Bukovské vrchy (Slovakia) with available hiking trails. In 2017, UNESCO extended the site, adding forests in Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Italy, Romania, Slovenia, and Spain.The last intact virgin forest in the temperate latitudes of Europe is to be found in the Carpathians. Trees can live to a hundred years old in these forests, providing an important habitat for organisms such as mushrooms, moss, lichen, insects, rare birds (e.g. capercaillie and black grouse) and mammals (e.g. bats, brown bear, wolf and lynx). Large parts of the forest in the Romanian part of the Carpathians have been lost due to deforestation. The pressure on timber as a resource may increase due to international demand and European companies may start large-scale felling in neighbouring Ukraine. Currently unprotected areas of virgin forest can be permanently preserved in the Ukrainian Carpathians by expanding and reinforcing conservation areas. In the Ukrainian Carpathians there are nine national parks and two biosphere reserves. There is a general ban on tree felling in coniferous forest areas above 1,100 metres. If park administrations are shown to work, management of larger, previously unprotected areas of virgin forest to preserve them on a permanent basis, may occur. There are roughly 100,000 additional hectares of forest which could be integrated into the existing conservation areas.
Закарпатская область. Карпаты. Город Рахов. Zakarpattia Oblast. Carpathians. City Rakhiv.
Картографические данные: Google, DigitalGlobe
Map data : Google, DigitalGlobe
МОИ ПУТЕШЕСТВИЯ. MY TRAVELS
Закарпатская область (Украина). Карпаты. Город Рахов.
Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukraine). Carpathians. City Rakhiv.
Видео создано из моих авторских фотографий во время поездки в Карпаты и посещения города Рахов
The video was created from my author's photos during a trip to the Carpathians and visits to the city Rakhiv
Субтитры к данному видео опубликованы по материалам статьи из Википедии.
Лицензия: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
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Subtitles for this video posted on the article from Wikipedia.
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Рахов – один из районных центров Закарпатья. Это небольшой живописный городок, окружённый со всех сторон Карпатскими горами. Здесь очень чистый воздух.
Рахов – самый высокогорный город в Украине. Расположен в месте слияния двух красивых карпатских рек - Белая Тиса и Чёрная Тиса.
В нескольких километрах от Рахова в посёлке расположен географический центр Европы – место, куда любят приезжать туристы.
Датой основания Рахова считается 1447 год, хотя письменное упоминание об этом поселении известно ещё с 910 года. Одними из первых поселенцев Рахова были, скорее всего, гуцулы из Галичины — Мельничук, Ворохты и другие. Крестьяне занимались овцеводством, рыболовством, охотой, пчеловодством. Жили в домах-землянках, впоследствии строили гуцульские дома-гражды.
В XIII веке Венгрия полностью овладела горными районами Закарпатья. Постепенно сюда стали прибывать и селиться здесь венгерские феодалы.
Испытал Рахов и ужасы татаро-монгольского нашествия. В 1241 году шестидесятитысячная орда хана Батыя прошла через него в Венгрию. За период своего господства татаро-монголы огнём и мечом опустошили и разрушили почти все города и села востока Венгрии.
Во времена вхождения закарпатских земель в состав Австро-Венгрии сюда переселилось много немецких колонистов, при участии которых происходило становление лесоперерабатывающей отрасли. Огромным толчком к социально-экономическому развитию края стало строительство железной дороги в Рахов и Ясиня, которая была сдана в эксплуатацию 15 августа 1895 года. Строили железную дорогу 16 000 итальянцев и специалистов из других стран Европы.
В начале XX века Рахов стал уездным городом — центром Тисодолинянського уезда (округа) Мараморошского комитата. С этого же периода известна и печать поселения — с изображением головы оленя, обращенной в левую геральдическую сторону.
В ноябре 1918 года в Рахове началась борьба за освобождение и воссоединение края с украинским народом. 5 января 1919 года в селе Ясиня была свергнута местная власть и образована Гуцульская Республика во главе с Степаном Клочураком, которая продержалась до 11 июня 1919 года.
21 марта 1919 года в Венгрии власть перешла к коммунистам. В апреле Совет рабочих, солдат и крестьян в Рахове возглавил П. Попенко. В конце того же года Притисенские поселения были заняты румынскими войсками — Румыния еще летом 1919 г. напала на Венгрию, оказывая содействие контрреволюционному венгерскому правительству графа Дьюлы Каройи.
Во время вхождения Закарпатья (тогдашнее название — Карпатская Русь) в состав Чехословакии населенные пункты Раховщины активно развивались как центры туризма. Рахов в то время называли Гуцульским Парижем.
В 1939 г., после кратковременного существования независимой Карпатской Руси, Закарпатье вошло в состав Венгрии. Город был занят частями Красной армии в октябре 1944 года.
В 1945 году Рахов, как и все Закарпатье, вошел в состав УССР.
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UKRAINE'S CARPATHIANS
UKRAINE'S CARPATHIANS
UKRAINE'S HIGHEST MOUNTAINS
The Carpathians are a crescent-shaped mountain system that was formed by the same forces that lifted the higher Alps to the west. The Carpathians begin as a range of low hills near Bratislava, Slovakia, reach their highest point in Slovakia's High Tatras (Gerlachovský peak at 2655 m.), and continue arching eastward into Ukraine before turning south and bending through Romania, where they reach another high point at 2543 m. (Moldoveanu) and then fade into the plains. The Ukrainian Carpathians are gentle peaks that rise as high as 2061 m. (Hoverla). The higher peaks experienced some glaciation during the last Ice Age, and there are even a number of small tarns above 1700 m. and a proper lake, Sinevir, at 1000 m.
The Ukrainian Carpathians are home to numerous small ski areas and several larger resorts, such as Bukovel, Slavsko, and Drahobrat.
MOUNTAIN WEATHER
Pink rhododendrons overlook the valley
Fortunately for winter visitors, the Carpathians have a relatively mild temperate climate. This is not Siberia. Winter temperatures may get down to -10 or -15° C (5 to 14° F), but not much colder than that. The problem is usually rain and snow. The Carpathians are moist mountains with between 800 and 1600 mm (31 to 58 inches) of precipitation spread quite evenly throughout the year. Summers are warm with frequent rain and thunderstorms. The treeline is around 1500-1800 m. above sea level.
HIKING IN THE CARPATHIANS
Hikers slog up a muddy trail
There are virtually no restricted areas in the Ukrainian Carpathians. There are a few reserves that prohibit camping (for example, the east side of Hoverla). There are no equipped campsites, no hikers' refuges, almost no groomed hiking trails, few signs (more in recent years)... Hikers tend to follow logging roads and improvised trails. Topographical maps can be found that show hiking routes. Hikers should bring good rain (or snow) gear. Finding water to drink is not a problem, as there are springs all over.
SKIING AND OTHER RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES
Skiers on a tow lift at Verkhniy Studenyy
The Carpathians have lots of opportunities for river rafting, skiing, horseback riding, mountain and road biking, and other forms of active leisure.
GETTING TO THE CARPATHIANS
Rafters on the Prut river
Access is not a problem if you have a car and a good map since there are adequate roads throughout the region. Otherwise, you will have to get there by train and/or bus. There are overnight trains from Kiev to Uzhhorod that make it very easy to get to the northern part of Ukraine's Carpathians, including Slavsko (one of Ukraine's prominent ski resorts). This is the only regular-speed railway route through the Carpathians. Other destinations in the northern Carpathians can be reached by minibus from Lviv and Uzhhorod.
Access is slightly more difficult in the more rugged central and southern Carpathians. There are trains to Ivano-Frankivsk, Kolomyia, and Chernivtsi from cities in central and eastern Ukraine. From there you can take minibusses to destinations in the mountains, as well as a slow narrow-gauge diesel train that runs from Ivano-Frankivsk to Rakhiv and back several times a day. Usually, but not always, buses leave and arrive at train stations, but sometimes the bus station is in a different part of town.
Especially convenient, though less comfortable than the train, is the Kiev-Yaremcha overnight bus, which passes through Kolomyia. A second bus, Kiev-Tyachiv, passes through Yaremcha, Yasinya, and Rakhiv on its way to Tyachiv.
If you are hiking, you may need to get a ride to your trailhead once you get to the town you need. Don't worry about planning ahead; popular routes are serviced by local taxi drivers. You just may need to ask around. In the winter you might even get to go for a ride on a horse-drawn sled. There are also numerous obscure ski slopes that are off the beaten path.
All this means that a trip to the Carpathians often involves two or three legs that may take as long as twenty hours if you're traveling from Kiev (longer from eastern Ukraine).
Полонина, Рахівський район