Catholic church back in business in Czech Rep
(14 Dec 2016) The Catholic church is brewing itself back into business in the Czech Republic, where for 40 years under Communist rule its activities had been decimated and priests and nuns persecuted.
Inside the 12th century Zeliv monastery, overlooked by crucifixes on the stone walls, is modern machinery that a visitor might not expect to find: a brand new beer production line.
It's part of the church's plan to become self-sufficient in the Czech Republic, where for decades its activities had been suppressed by the former Communist regime's ambition to create a fully atheist society.
In a grand restitution plan worth billions of dollars approved in 2012, the country's churches and religious groups have been receiving compensation for property seized by the Communists together with assets such as farmland, forests, art and buildings whose return they have been seeking since the 1989 Velvet Revolution toppled the totalitarian rule.
But as the contribution from the state is gradually being reduced in exchange, the Catholic church, which has been the biggest beneficiary of those restitutions, is testing out ways to put that money to work and become financially independent.
It's investing in everything from farming to financial markets.
At the Zeliv monastery, they're focusing on brewing - seemingly a safe bet in a nation where average consumption of beer is the highest in the world.
The church in November for the first time revealed figures about its new business activities.
They show it invested 1.2 billion koruna (47 million US dollars) in 2015, mainly in farming, forestry, buildings, and financial products.
It opened another new brewery in the northern city of Litomerice.
It spent another 1.1 billion koruna (43 million US dollars) on church schools and the restoration of more than 6,500 historic buildings.
It put a total of 940 million koruna (37 million US dollars) so far in an investment fund that has generated a 4 percent yield.
The land and other assets the church is getting back were valued at 75 billion koruna (3.7 billion US dollars) in 2012.
The church also gets 59 billion koruna (2.9 billion US dollars as of 2012) in financial compensation to be paid through 2043, and the state will gradually stop covering its expenses by 2030.
It all began in 1948, when the Communists seized power in the former Czechoslovakia and confiscated all the property owned by churches and persecuted priests and nuns.
Churches were allowed to function only under strict state control and supervision.
At least 65 Catholic priests, monks and nuns were executed or killed in prisons while others were driven to suicide amid the state's brutal campaign of terror.
Zeliv itself had a role in the Communist regime's campaign.
It became a concentration camp where almost 500 priests and other church members were detained in the 1950s. It was later turned into a lunatic asylum.
Today, it's a small scale example of what is going on nationwide.
The brewing originally opened in 2005, renewing a tradition that dates to 14th century in this place, but it was this year that its output was ramped up to create a business.
Production increased almost ten-fold to reach 2,000 hectolitres a year.
So far, only a small team of three brews four different kinds of craft beer, with additional specialties created for Christmas, Easter and other holidays.
The beers bear names of memorable local abbots, including the very first one, Godsalk, who took charge in 1149.
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HISTORICAL PLACES OF CZECH REPUBLIC IN GOOGLE EARTH PART ONE ( 1/6 )
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1. CASTLE SYCHROV,SYCHROV 50°37'34.59N 15° 5'20.12E
2. ST.JOHN'S CHURCH,ZD'AR NAD SAZAVOU 49°34'48.79N 15°56'31.37E
3. CHARLES BRIDGE ONE,PRAGUE 50° 5'13.93N 14°24'26.78E
4. EVANGELICAL CHURCH,LITOMERICE 50°32'12.94N 14° 8'15.05E
5. TOWER,PLZEN 49°45'5.30N 13°23'27.64E
6. CHURCH OF VIRGIN MARY,STERNBERK 49°43'54.13N 17°18'5.88E
7. ST.NICHOLAR CHURCH,PRAGUE 50° 5'16.27N 14°25'11.98E
8. CASTLE ZAMEK,NAPAJEDLA 49°10'9.92N 17°30'46.37E
9. CHARLES BRIDGE TWO,PRAGUE 50° 5'10.80N 14°24'47.07E
10. ST.CATHERINE OF ALEXANDRIA CHURCH,OLOMOUC
49°35'25.52N 17°15'14.57E
11. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH,LIBEREC 50°43'37.28N 15°10'17.10E
12. BOŽSKÉHO SPASITELE'S CATHEDRAL,OSTRAVA
49°50'8.76N 18°17'20.24E
13. ST.JACOB CHURCH,BRNO 49°11'47.70N 16°36'30.42E
14. CASTLE ZAMEK,KRAVARE 49°55'43.43N 17°59'56.90E
15. TOWER,ZNOJMO 48°51'13.06N 16° 3'4.71E
16. ST.BARTHOLOMEW'S CATHEDRAL,PLZEN 49°44'50.84N 13°22'39.10E
17. NATIONAL MUSEUM,PRAGUE 50° 4'44.02N 14°25'50.30E
18. MUSEUM,LIBEREC 50°46'25.18N 15° 4'3.90E
19. SEBASTIAN CHURCH&BELL TOWER,MIKULOVA
48°48'22.90N 16°38'46.65E
20. HOLY CROSS CHURCH,PODEBRADY 50° 8'30.20N 15° 7'24.39E
21. CHURCH OLD TOWN SQUARE,MLADA BOLESLAV
50°24'42.63N 14°54'13.29E
22. MARIAN COLUMN,HRADEC KRALOVE 50°12'33.28N 15°49'57.99E
23. VIRGIN MARY CHURCH,KRALUPY NAD VLTAVOU
50°14'26.50N 14°18'37.76E
24. LOKET CASTLE,LOKET 50°11'13.62N 12°45'15.36E
25. CASTLE LOBKOVICE,NERATOVICE 50°15'6.13N 14°32'28.71E
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Dapitan | Wikipedia audio article
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Dapitan, officially the City of Dapitan, (Subanon: Gembagel G'benwa Dapitan/Bagbenwa Dapitan; Tagalog: Lungsod ng Dapitan; Chavacano: Ciudad de Dapitan), or simply referred to as Dapitan City, is a 3rd class city in the province of Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 82,418 people.It is historically significant as the place where José Rizal was exiled by the Spaniards for his revolutionary activities. He is considered a national hero, and this is known as the Shrine City in the Philippines. The city is also home to Gloria's Fantasyland, the first amusement park in Mindanao.
Bohemia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bohemia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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SUMMARY
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Bohemia ( boh-HEE-mee-ə; Czech: Čechy; German: Böhmen ; Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia; Italian: Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in a historical context, such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings.
Bohemia was a duchy of Great Moravia, later an independent principality, a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently a part of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Austrian Empire. After World War I and the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state, Bohemia became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, border regions with sizeable German-speaking minorities of all three Czech lands were joined to Nazi Germany as the Sudetenland.The remainder of Czech territory became the Second Czechoslovak Republic and was subsequently occupied as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, In 1969, the Czech lands (including Bohemia) were given autonomy within Czechoslovakia as the Czech Socialist Republic. In 1990, the name was changed to the Czech Republic, which became a separate state in 1993 with the split of Czechoslovakia.Until 1948, Bohemia was an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia as one of its lands (země). Since then, administrative reforms have replaced self-governing lands with a modified system of regions (kraje) which do not follow the borders of the historical Czech lands (or the regions from the 1960 and 2000 reforms). However, the three lands are mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of the Czech Republic: We, citizens of the Czech Republic in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia…Bohemia had an area of 52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi) and today is home to approximately 6.5 million of the Czech Republic's 10.5 million inhabitants. Bohemia was bordered in the south by Upper and Lower Austria (both in Austria), in the west by Bavaria and in the north by Saxony and Lusatia (all in Germany), in the northeast by Silesia (in Poland), and in the east by Moravia (also part of the Czech Republic). Bohemia's borders were mostly marked by mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše, a part of the Sudetes range; the Bohemian-Moravian border roughly follows the Elbe-Danube watershed.
Bohemia | Wikipedia audio article
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Bohemia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bohemia ( boh-HEE-mee-ə; Czech: Čechy; German: Böhmen ; Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia; Italian: Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in a historical context, such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings.
Bohemia was a duchy of Great Moravia, later an independent principality, a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently a part of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Austrian Empire. After World War I and the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state, Bohemia became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, border regions with sizeable German-speaking minorities of all three Czech lands were joined to Nazi Germany as the Sudetenland.The remainder of Czech territory became the Second Czechoslovak Republic and was subsequently occupied as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, In 1969, the Czech lands (including Bohemia) were given autonomy within Czechoslovakia as the Czech Socialist Republic. In 1990, the name was changed to the Czech Republic, which became a separate state in 1993 with the split of Czechoslovakia.Until 1948, Bohemia was an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia as one of its lands (země). Since then, administrative reforms have replaced self-governing lands with a modified system of regions (kraje) which do not follow the borders of the historical Czech lands (or the regions from the 1960 and 2000 reforms). However, the three lands are mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of the Czech Republic: We, citizens of the Czech Republic in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia…Bohemia had an area of 52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi) and today is home to approximately 6.5 million of the Czech Republic's 10.5 million inhabitants. Bohemia was bordered in the south by Upper and Lower Austria (both in Austria), in the west by Bavaria and in the north by Saxony and Lusatia (all in Germany), in the northeast by Silesia (in Poland), and in the east by Moravia (also part of the Czech Republic). Bohemia's borders were mostly marked by mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše, a part of the Sudetes range; the Bohemian-Moravian border roughly follows the Elbe-Danube watershed.
Bohemia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:04 1 Etymology
00:04:31 2 History
00:04:40 2.1 Ancient Bohemia
00:09:08 2.2 Přemysl dynasty
00:12:15 2.3 Luxembourg dynasty
00:13:20 2.4 Hussite Bohemia
00:16:33 2.5 Habsburg Monarchy
00:21:48 2.6 20th century
00:26:27 3 Kladsko
00:28:21 4 Traditional administrative divisions
00:29:27 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8480983669197372
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bohemia ( boh-HEE-mee-ə; Czech: Čechy; German: Böhmen ; Polish: Czechy; Latin: Bohemia; is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in a historical context, such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings.
Bohemia was a duchy of Great Moravia, later an independent principality, a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently a part of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Austrian Empire. After World War I and the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state, Bohemia became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, border regions with sizeable German-speaking minorities of all three Czech lands were joined to Nazi Germany as the Sudetenland.The remainder of Czech territory became the Second Czechoslovak Republic and was subsequently occupied as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, In 1969, the Czech lands (including Bohemia) were given autonomy within Czechoslovakia as the Czech Socialist Republic. In 1990, the name was changed to the Czech Republic, which became a separate state in 1993 with the split of Czechoslovakia.Until 1948, Bohemia was an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia as one of its lands (země). Since then, administrative reforms have replaced self-governing lands with a modified system of regions (kraje) which do not follow the borders of the historical Czech lands (or the regions from the 1960 and 2000 reforms). However, the three lands are mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of the Czech Republic: We, citizens of the Czech Republic in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia…Bohemia had an area of 52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi) and today is home to approximately 6.5 million of the Czech Republic's 10.5 million inhabitants. Bohemia was bordered in the south by Upper and Lower Austria (both in Austria), in the west by Bavaria and in the north by Saxony and Lusatia (all in Germany), in the northeast by Silesia (in Poland), and in the east by Moravia (also part of the Czech Republic). Bohemia's borders were mostly marked by mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše, a part of the Sudetes range; the Bohemian-Moravian border roughly follows the Elbe-Danube watershed.
Bohemia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bohemia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bohemia ( boh-HEE-mee-ə; Czech: Čechy; German: Böhmen ; Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia; Italian: Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in a historical context, such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings.
Bohemia was a duchy of Great Moravia, later an independent principality, a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently a part of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Austrian Empire. After World War I and the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state, Bohemia became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, border regions with sizeable German-speaking minorities of all three Czech lands were joined to Nazi Germany as the Sudetenland.The remainder of Czech territory became the Second Czechoslovak Republic and was subsequently occupied as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, In 1969, the Czech lands (including Bohemia) were given autonomy within Czechoslovakia as the Czech Socialist Republic. In 1990, the name was changed to the Czech Republic, which became a separate state in 1993 with the split of Czechoslovakia.Until 1948, Bohemia was an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia as one of its lands (země). Since then, administrative reforms have replaced self-governing lands with a modified system of regions (kraje) which do not follow the borders of the historical Czech lands (or the regions from the 1960 and 2000 reforms). However, the three lands are mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of the Czech Republic: We, citizens of the Czech Republic in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia…Bohemia had an area of 52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi) and today is home to approximately 6.5 million of the Czech Republic's 10.5 million inhabitants. Bohemia was bordered in the south by Upper and Lower Austria (both in Austria), in the west by Bavaria and in the north by Saxony and Lusatia (all in Germany), in the northeast by Silesia (in Poland), and in the east by Moravia (also part of the Czech Republic). Bohemia's borders were mostly marked by mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše, a part of the Sudetes range; the Bohemian-Moravian border roughly follows the Elbe-Danube watershed.
Bohemia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bohemia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Bohemia ( boh-HEE-mee-ə; Czech: Čechy; German: Böhmen ; Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia; Italian: Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in a historical context, such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings.
Bohemia was a duchy of Great Moravia, later an independent principality, a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently a part of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Austrian Empire. After World War I and the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state, Bohemia became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, border regions with sizeable German-speaking minorities of all three Czech lands were joined to Nazi Germany as the Sudetenland.The remainder of Czech territory became the Second Czechoslovak Republic and was subsequently occupied as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, In 1969, the Czech lands (including Bohemia) were given autonomy within Czechoslovakia as the Czech Socialist Republic. In 1990, the name was changed to the Czech Republic, which became a separate state in 1993 with the split of Czechoslovakia.Until 1948, Bohemia was an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia as one of its lands (země). Since then, administrative reforms have replaced self-governing lands with a modified system of regions (kraje) which do not follow the borders of the historical Czech lands (or the regions from the 1960 and 2000 reforms). However, the three lands are mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of the Czech Republic: We, citizens of the Czech Republic in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia…Bohemia had an area of 52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi) and today is home to approximately 6.5 million of the Czech Republic's 10.5 million inhabitants. Bohemia was bordered in the south by Upper and Lower Austria (both in Austria), in the west by Bavaria and in the north by Saxony and Lusatia (all in Germany), in the northeast by Silesia (in Poland), and in the east by Moravia (also part of the Czech Republic). Bohemia's borders were mostly marked by mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše, a part of the Sudetes range; the Bohemian-Moravian border roughly follows the Elbe-Danube watershed.
Bohemia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:24 1 Etymology
00:05:13 2 History
00:05:23 2.1 Ancient Bohemia
00:10:24 2.2 Přemysl dynasty
00:13:50 2.3 Luxembourg dynasty
00:15:03 2.4 Hussite Bohemia
00:18:38 2.5 Habsburg Monarchy
00:24:28 2.6 20th century
00:29:39 3 Kladsko
00:31:44 4 Traditional administrative divisions
00:32:58 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7799385246260366
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bohemia ( boh-HEE-mee-ə; Czech: Čechy; German: Böhmen ; Polish: Czechy; Latin: Bohemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in a historical context, such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings.
Bohemia was a duchy of Great Moravia, later an independent principality, a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently a part of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Austrian Empire. After World War I and the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state, Bohemia became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, border regions with sizeable German-speaking minorities of all three Czech lands were joined to Nazi Germany as the Sudetenland.The remainder of Czech territory became the Second Czechoslovak Republic and was subsequently occupied as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In 1969, the Czech lands (including Bohemia) were given autonomy within Czechoslovakia as the Czech Socialist Republic. In 1990, the name was changed to the Czech Republic, which became a separate state in 1993 with the split of Czechoslovakia.Until 1948, Bohemia was an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia as one of its lands (země). Since then, administrative reforms have replaced self-governing lands with a modified system of regions (kraje) which do not follow the borders of the historical Czech lands (or the regions from the 1960 and 2000 reforms). However, the three lands are mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of the Czech Republic: We, citizens of the Czech Republic in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia…Bohemia had an area of 52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi) and today is home to approximately 6.5 million of the Czech Republic's 10.5 million inhabitants. Bohemia was bordered in the south by Upper and Lower Austria (both in Austria), in the west by Bavaria and in the north by Saxony and Lusatia (all in Germany), in the northeast by Silesia (in Poland), and in the east by Moravia (also part of the Czech Republic). Bohemia's borders were mostly marked by mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše, a part of the Sudetes range; the Bohemian-Moravian border roughly follows the Elbe-Danube watershed.
Bohemia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Bohemia
00:02:37 1 Etymology
00:03:50 2 History
00:03:59 2.1 Ancient Bohemia
00:07:44 2.2 Přemysl dynasty
00:10:21 2.3 Luxembourg dynasty
00:11:17 2.4 Hussite Bohemia
00:13:57 2.5 Habsburg Monarchy
00:18:22 2.6 20th century
00:22:16 3 Kladsko
00:23:53 4 Traditional administrative divisions
00:24:50 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Bohemia ( boh-HEE-mee-ə; Czech: Čechy; German: Böhmen ; Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia; Italian: Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. In a broader meaning, Bohemia sometimes refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in a historical context, such as the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by Bohemian kings.
Bohemia was a duchy of Great Moravia, later an independent principality, a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently a part of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Austrian Empire. After World War I and the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state, Bohemia became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, border regions with sizeable German-speaking minorities of all three Czech lands were joined to Nazi Germany as the Sudetenland.The remainder of Czech territory became the Second Czechoslovak Republic and was subsequently occupied as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, In 1969, the Czech lands (including Bohemia) were given autonomy within Czechoslovakia as the Czech Socialist Republic. In 1990, the name was changed to the Czech Republic, which became a separate state in 1993 with the split of Czechoslovakia.Until 1948, Bohemia was an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia as one of its lands (země). Since then, administrative reforms have replaced self-governing lands with a modified system of regions (kraje) which do not follow the borders of the historical Czech lands (or the regions from the 1960 and 2000 reforms). However, the three lands are mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of the Czech Republic: We, citizens of the Czech Republic in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia…Bohemia had an area of 52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi) and today is home to approximately 6.5 million of the Czech Republic's 10.5 million inhabitants. Bohemia was bordered in the south by Upper and Lower Austria (both in Austria), in the west by Bavaria and in the north by Saxony and Lusatia (all in Germany), in the northeast by Silesia (in Poland), and in the east by Moravia (also part of the Czech Republic). Bohemia's borders were mostly marked by mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše, a part of the Sudetes range; the Bohemian-Moravian border roughly follows the Elbe-Danube watershed.