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The Troubles | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
The Troubles
00:03:18 1 Overview
00:05:50 2 Background
00:05:58 2.1 1609–1791
00:07:30 2.2 1791–1912
00:09:09 2.3 1912–1922
00:13:29 2.4 1922–1966
00:15:22 3 Late 1960s
00:15:58 3.1 Civil rights campaign and unionist backlash
00:22:52 3.2 August 1969 riots and aftermath
00:27:25 4 1970s
00:27:34 4.1 Violence peaks and Stormont collapses
00:29:41 4.2 Bloody Sunday
00:34:18 4.3 Sunningdale Agreement and UWC strike
00:38:13 4.4 Proposal of an independent Northern Ireland
00:40:39 4.5 Mid-1970s
00:43:13 4.6 Late 1970s
00:45:07 5 1980s
00:50:41 6 1990s
00:51:44 6.1 Escalation in South Armagh
00:53:30 6.2 First ceasefire
00:55:31 6.3 Second ceasefire
00:58:24 6.4 Political process
01:00:44 7 Collusion between British forces and loyalists
01:05:24 8 The Disappeared
01:06:59 9 Shoot-to-kill allegations
01:07:42 10 Parades issue
01:08:55 11 Social repercussions
01:11:08 12 Casualties
01:13:17 12.1 Responsibility
01:15:02 12.2 Status
01:16:12 12.3 Location
01:16:43 12.4 Chronological listing
01:16:52 12.5 Additional statistics
01:17:01 13 See also
01:17:56 13.1 In popular culture
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- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The Troubles (Irish: Na Trioblóidí) was an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, and the Conflict in Ireland, it is sometimes described as a guerrilla war or a low-level war. The conflict began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Although the Troubles primarily took place in Northern Ireland, at times the violence spilled over into parts of the Republic of Ireland, England, and mainland Europe.
The conflict was primarily political and nationalistic, fuelled by historical events. It also had an ethnic or sectarian dimension, although it was not a religious conflict. A key issue was the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. Unionists/loyalists, who were mostly Protestants, wanted Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom. Irish nationalists/republicans, who were mostly Catholics, wanted Northern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom and join a united Ireland.
The conflict began during a campaign to end discrimination against the Catholic/nationalist minority by the Protestant/unionist government and police force. The authorities attempted to suppress this protest campaign and were accused of police brutality; it was also met with violence from loyalists, who alleged it was a republican front. Increasing inter-communal violence, and conflict between nationalist youths and police, eventually led to riots in August 1969 and the deployment of British troops. Some Catholics initially welcomed the army as a more neutral force, but it soon came to be seen as hostile and biased. The emergence of armed paramilitary organisations led to the subsequent warfare over the next three decades.
The main participants in the Troubles were republican paramilitaries such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA); loyalist paramilitaries such as the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and Ulster Defence Association (UDA); British state security forces – the British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC); and political activists and politicians. The security forces of the Republic played a smaller role. Republican paramilitaries carried out a guerrilla campaign against the British security forces, as well as a bombing campaign against infrastructure, commercial and political targets. Loyalists targeted republicans/nationalists, and attacked the wider Catholic community in what they claimed was retaliation. At times there were bouts of sectarian tit-for-tat violence. The British security forces undertook both a policing and a counter-insurgency role, primarily against republicans. There were some incidents of collusion between British security forces and loyalists. The Troubles also involved numerous ri ...