Monuments at Pattadakal and Aihole, Karnataka, India in 4K (Ultra HD)
Pattadakal was capital of the Chalukya dynasty of Karnataka in Southern India between the 6th and 8th centuries.
It is inscribed on the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites, quote: Pattadakal, in Karnataka, represents the high point of an eclectic art which, in the 7th and 8th centuries under the Chalukya dynasty, achieved a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India. An impressive series of nine Hindu temples, as well as a Jain sanctuary, can be seen there.
Recorded February 2016 in 4K (Ultra HD) with Sony AX100.
Music:
Bindi Society - Falling in Light - 04 - Shivoham
Licensed via ilicensemusic.com
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Rayappa Kasi Inside Mallikarjuna Temple, UNESCO, Pattadakal, India
Pattadakal (ಪಟ್ಟದ್ಕಲ್ಲು) Temples, Karnataka || UNESCO World Heritage Site..
Pattadakal, also called Paṭṭadakallu or Raktapura, is a complex of 7th and 8th century Hindu and Jain temples in Karnataka, India. Located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, this is a UNESCO World Heritage site 23 km from Badami and 10 km from Aihole, both of which are historically significant centres of Chalukya monuments. The monument is a protected site under Indian law and is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
1) Kadasiddheshwara temple
2) Jambulingeshwara temple
3) Galaganatha Temple
4) Chandrashekhara Temple
5) Sangameshwara Temple
6) Kashi Vishwanatha Temple
7) Mallikarjuna Temple
8) Virupaksha Temple
9) Papanatha temple
10) Jain Narayana Temple
UNESCO has described Pattadakal as a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India and an illustration of eclectic art at its height. The Hindu temples are generally dedicated to Shiva, but elements of Vaishnavism and Shaktism theology and legends are also featured. The friezes in the Hindu temples display various Vedic and Puranic concepts, depict stories from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, as well as elements of other Hindu texts, such as the Panchatantra and the Kirātārjunīya. The Jain temple is only dedicated to a single Jina. The most sophisticated temples, with complex friezes and a fusion of Northern and Southern styles, are found in the Papanatha and Virupaksha temples. The Virupaksha temple is an active house of Hindu worship.
Pattadakal | Sightseeing in Pattadakal | Temples in Pattadakal
Pattadakal, also called Paṭṭadakallu or Raktapura, is a complex of 7th and 8th century CE Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka (India). Located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, this UNESCO World Heritage site.
Distance : 23 km from Badami and 9.7 km from Aihole, both of which are historically significant centres of Chalukya monuments. The nearest airport to Pattadakal is Sambra Belgaum Airport (IATA Code: IXG), a 3-hour drive to the west, which operates daily flights to Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai.
Access to the site by train is also possible via an Indian Railways service that stops at Badami on the Hubli-Solapur metre-gauge line.
There are ten major temples at Pattadakal, nine Hindu and one Jain, along with numerous small shrines and plinths. Eight of the major temples are clustered together, a ninth one about half a kilometer south of this cluster, and the tenth, a Jain temple, located about a kilometer to the west of the main cluster. The Hindu temples are all connected by a walkway, while the Jain temple has road access
Rayappa Kasi Virupaksha Temple, UNESCO, Pattadakal, India
The Virupaksha temple located to the immediate south of the Mallikarjuna temple is the largest and most sophisticated of the monuments at Pattadakal. It is called Shri Lokeshvara Mahasila Prasada in inscriptions, named after its sponsor Queen Lokmahadevi, and it is dated to about 740 CE. The temple is notable for its range and quality of construction, as a paradigmatic example of perfected Dravidian architecture, as well as the inscriptions and names of the artists carved beneath the panels they worked on.
The Virupaksha temple faces east, has a square garbha griya (sanctum) with a Shiva Linga. Around the sanctum, the temple has a covered circumabulatory path (pradakshina patha). In front of the sanctum is an antarala with two small shrines. Therein are Ganesha and Parvati in her Durga aspect as Mahishasuramardini killing the buffalo demon. They are oriented to face each other. The Nandi pavillion is outside, aligned to east-west axis, as are the mandapa and the antechamber. The temple premises forms a rectangle consisting of fused squares, the premises are bounded by walls, which is decorated with carvings. Inside the bounded compound are smaller shrines, the layout of the foundation footprint indicates that there were 32 such small shrines originally but most have long been lost. The entrance leads to a mandapa with 18 columns (4-5-aisle-5-4, with a 4x4 set forming the inner mandapa and two lead to the darshana space). The temple is brightened by natural light by windows integrated into the wall design.
UNESCO World Heritage Site, Group of Monuments at Pattadakal, Art of Chalukya dynasty #19
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pattadakal: Guided Tour Part 5
Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
UNESCO World Heritage site
7th - 9th century Hindu and Jain temples, Pattadakal monuments Karnataka 7.jpg
Location Bagalkot district, Karnataka, India
Criteria Cultural: iii, iv
Reference 239
Inscription 1987 (11th Session)
Coordinates 15°57′05″N 75°48′53″E
Pattadakal is located in IndiaPattadakal
Location of Pattadakal
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View of the main group
Pattadakal, also called Paṭṭadakallu or Raktapura, is a complex of 7th and 8th century CE Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka (India). Located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, this UNESCO World Heritage site[1][2] is 14 miles (23 km) from Badami and about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Aihole, both of which are historically significant centres of Chalukya monuments.[3][4] The monument is a protected site under Indian law and is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).[5]
UNESCO has described Pattadakal as a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India and an illustration of eclectic art at its height.[2] The Hindu temples are generally dedicated to Shiva, but elements of Vaishnavism and Shaktism theology and legends are also featured. The friezes in the Hindu temples display various Vedic and Puranic concepts, depict stories from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, as well as elements of other Hindu texts, such as the Panchatantra and the Kirātārjunīya.[2][6] The Jain temple is only dedicated to a single Jina.[7] The most sophisticated temples, with complex friezes and a fusion of Northern and Southern styles, are found in the Papanatha and Virupaksha temples.[8][9] The Virupaksha temple is an active house of Hindu worship.[10]
Pattadakal | Chalukya dynasty | UNESCO World Heritage site
Pattadakal is on the west bank of the river Malaprabha in Bagalkot district. This place have stories to say about the royal coronation, happiness, anger, revenge and war during those days. Pattadakal monuments along with Badami and Aihole has folklore tales to tell on Chalukya kingdom.
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Filmed / Edited by Rahul Aravind
Script: Sabari
Narration: Melkote Kainkaryam Srihari
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Story of The Wonderful Pattadakal Temple - Hindi
Friends, on our channel, you are once again welcome,
In this video, I will tell you about the Pattadakal Memorial Group.
Pediatric city is situated on the banks of Malayaprabha river in Bagalkot district of the state of northern Karnataka.
There are ten temples in total, including a Jain Dharamsala.
Here are four temples of Dravid style, four are of Nagar style and Papnath temple is of mixed style.
The kings of the Chalukya dynasty constructed many temples here in the seventh and the eighth century.
Pattadakal is called a university of architecture.
Here are the temples of both Dravid (South Indian) and Nagar (North Indian or Arya) styles.
Pattadakal was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987.
Virupaksha temple is the best temple here.
This was made by Lokmahadevi, wife of Maharaja Vikramaditya II, in 745 AD, as a memorial of victory over the Pallava dynasty of Kanchi of her husband.
Apart from this, the Sangameshwar Temple is also very attractive.
This temple is incomplete. It was built by Maharaj Vijayaditya Satyashey. The Kashi Vishwanath temple here was built by the Rashtrakut dynasty in the eighth century. Sangameshwar Temple is the oldest temple here
The nearest is Mallikarjuna Temple.
It was built in 745 AD by the second queen of Vikramaditya Trilokamahadevi. This vairapaksha is a small representation of the temple.
In the Galganth temple, Lord Shiva is depicted as beating the darkness of darkness.
Kadasiddheshwar Temple has Shiva's Trishul Dhari statue.
Shivaling is established in Jambuling temple. Here is the statue of Goddess Parvati and Nand Ji.
The Jain temple is situated on Pathadkal-Badami road. These are manufactured in Dravidian style by the Rashtrakutas of Maynakhet. Here are the samples of some very beautiful craft of the ninth century. These were made by Amogvarsha first or by his son Krishna II.
Paptnath temple here is built in Vesara style. Built in 680 AD, this temple was first started in civil style, but later changed to Dravid style. The crafts here tell about the events of Ramayana and Mahabharata.
If our video looks good and do not forget to share it, thanks for watching our video
Rayappa Kasi Kannada Inscription Victory Pillar, UNESCO, Pattadakal, India
Old Kannada inscription on victory pillar, Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal, 733–745 CE
Pattadakal, also called Paṭṭadakallu (ಪಟ್ಟದ ಕಲ್ಲು) or Raktapura, is a collection of ten Hindu and Jain temples in north Karnataka (India) dated to the 7th and 8th century CE. The UNESCO declared it a World Heritage site in 1987. Located on the left bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, it is 14 miles (23 km) from Badami and about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Aihole, both of which are major centers of historically important Chalukya monuments.
The Pattadakal monuments, states UNESCO, are notable for a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India and illustrating the apogee of an eclectic art. The Hindu temples are dedicated to Shiva, yet inclusively present Vaishnavism and Shaktism ideas, theology and legends. The friezes in the temples show Vedic and Puranic concepts, communicate stories from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, and other Hindu texts such as the Panchatantra and the Kirātārjunīya. The Jain temple is dedicated to a single Jina. The most sophisticated temples, with complex scenes in friezes and a fusion of North and South styles are found in the Virupaksha and Papanatha temples. Among the monuments, the Virupaksha temple continues to be an active worship site.
Aihole and Pattadakal Karnataka, India-Cradles of Architecture
There is a travelling exhibition called The Death of Architecture; Circa 2000 doing the rounds of our major cities and public places currently (July 2018). It is assembled by 13 of India’s thinking and concerned design practices of India.
I quote Aniket Bhagwat as under:
Through evocative art works, poetry and prose, the exhibition decodes and amplifies actions some which are orchestrated, others inconsiderate. Actions, that slowly tear and restructure the fabric of our cities and the architecture within and along with that impact our sense of being.
In a sense, it consolidates the many critical discussions that forms the dough which leads to design such as those about the demise of our cities as we know them, or the meaning of inspirations from the past, or ideas of beauty, or duplicitous ways of achieving identity, or ways of understanding spatiality.
allowed introspection and reinvention.
And increasingly it has lesser and lesser to do about making an impact on mankind and society at large. And
all the accompanying distractions have undercut the basic but primal joy of beautiful spaces, as if that was an irrelevant pursuit.
Architecture is a balm and even an opiate; it is a perspicuous, rational and intuitive structuring system that can create spatial arrangements in ways that can have bearing on intellectual and emotional deliberations that leave indelible impressions across time.
And yet today, its death is once again being whispered.
This video of Aihole and Pattadakal needs to be viewed in the above context.
In the plains of Northern Karnataka on the banks of the Malaprabha river are scattered ancient temples that played a major role in the evolution of temple architecture in South India.
Aihole is a historic site of ancient and medieval era Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments in north Karnataka (India) dated from the fourth century through the twelfth century. Aihole is 22 miles (35 km) from Badami and about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Pattadakal, both of which are major centers of historically important Chalukya monuments. Aihole, along with nearby Badami, emerged by the 6th century as the cradle of experimentation with temple architecture, stone artwork, and construction techniques. This resulted in 16 types of free-standing temples and 4 types of rock-cut shrines.The experimentation in architecture and arts that began in Aihole yielded the group of monuments at Pattadakal, a UNESCO world heritage site.
Over one hundred Aihole temples are Hindu, a few are Jain and one is Buddhist. These were built and coexisted in close proximity. The site is spread over about 5 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi). Both Hindu and Jain monuments include monasteries, as well as social utilities such as stepwell water tanks.
Pattadakal, is a complex of 7th and 8th century Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka (India). Located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, this UNESCO World Heritage site is 14 miles (23 km) from Badami and about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Aihole, both of which are historically significant centres of Chalukya monuments. The monument is a protected site under Indian law and is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India.
UNESCO has described Pattadakal as a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India and an illustration of eclectic art at its height. The Hindu temples are generally dedicated to Shiva, but elements of Vaishnavism and Shaktism theology and legends are also featured. The friezes in the Hindu temples display various Vedic and Puranic concepts, depict stories from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, as well as elements of other Hindu texts, such as the Panchatantra and the Kiratarjuniya. The Jain temple is only dedicated to a single Jina.
(Excerpts from Wikipedia)
Credits
Video and Stills-Susan Sharma
Guide - Mr.Chandru
Chandru can be contacted at badamiheritage@gmail.com. His mobile number is 09448823161
Temple of Shiva, and Jain Temple history of Aihole with 3D view
Aihole is 22 miles (35 km) from Badami and about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Pattadakal, both of which are major centers of historically important Chalukya monuments. Aihole, along with nearby Badami (Vatapi), emerged by the 6th century as the cradle of experimentation with temple architecture, stone artwork, and construction techniques. This resulted in 16 types of free-standing temples and 4 types of rock-cut shrines. The experimentation in architecture and arts that began in Aihole yielded the group of monuments at Pattadakal, a UNESCO world heritage site.
Over one hundred Aihole temples are Hindu, a few are Jain and one is Buddhist. These were built and coexisted in close proximity. The site is spread over about 5 square kilometres (3.5 sq KM).The Hindu temples are dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, Surya and other Hindu deities. The Jain Basadi temples are dedicated to Mahavira, Parshvanatha, Neminatha and other Jain Tirthankaras. The Buddhist monument is a monastery. Both Hindu and Jain monuments include monasteries, as well as social utilities such as step well water tanks with artistic carvings near major temples
Pattadakal
Pattadakal(place of coronation), also called Paṭṭadakallu or Raktapura, famous monuments of 7th and 8th century .These Hindu and Jain temples belong to chalukya dynasty in northern Karnataka (India). Pattadakal monuments reflect a fusion of two major Indian architectural styles, one from north India (Rekha-Nagara-Prasada) and the other from south India (Dravida-Vimana).UNESCO world heritage site. Pattadakal was considered a holy place, being where the Malprabha river turned northwards towards the Himalayas and the Kailasha mountan (uttara-vahini).there are ten major temples at Pattadakal, nine Hindu and one Jain, along with numerous small shrines and plinths.
Best time: October – March
Timings : Sunrise-Sunset
Entrance fee
Indians - Rs.40/- by Cash | Rs.35/- by Card
Foreigners - Rs.850/- by Cash | Rs.800/- by Card
Video Camera - Rs.25/-
Distances from Pattadakal
Aihole - 14 km
Badami - 22 km
Bangalore - 454
Teertha Yatra - Pattadakal
Teertha Yatra - Pattadakal
A show which provides information about temples all over India.
AIHOLE | BADAMI | PATTADAKAL | AERIAL VIEW | INCREDIBLE KARNATAKA
Aihole (pronounced Eye-ho-lé), also referred to as Aivalli, Ahivolal or Aryapura, is a historic site of ancient and medieval era Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments in north Karnataka (India) dated from the fourth century through the twelfth century CE.[1][2][3] Located around an eponymous small village surrounded by farmlands and sandstone hills, Aihole is a major archaeological site featuring over one hundred and twenty stone and cave temples from this period, spread along the Malaprabha river valley, in Bagalakote district.[4]
Aihole is 22 miles (35 km) from Badami and about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Pattadakal, both of which are major centers of historically important Chalukya monuments. Aihole, along with nearby Badami (Vatapi), emerged by the 6th century as the cradle of experimentation with temple architecture, stone artwork, and construction techniques. This resulted in 16 types of free-standing temples and 4 types of rock-cut shrines.[5] The experimentation in architecture and arts that began in Aihole yielded the group of monuments at Pattadakal, a UNESCO world heritage site.[6][7]
Over one hundred Aihole temples are Hindu, a few are Jain and one is Buddhist. These were built and coexisted in close proximity. The site is spread over about 5 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi).[8] The Hindu temples are dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, Surya and other Hindu deities. The Jain Basadi temples are dedicated to Mahavira, Parshvanatha, Neminatha and other Jain Tirthankaras.[9] The Buddhist monument is a monastery. Both Hindu and Jain monuments include monasteries, as well as social utilities such as stepwell water tanks with artistic carvings near major temples
Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (UNESCO/NHK)
Pattadakal, in Karnataka, represents the high point of an eclectic art which, in the 7th and 8th centuries under the Chalukya dynasty, achieved a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India. An impressive series of nine Hindu temples, as well as a Jain sanctuary, can be seen there. One masterpiece from the group stands out -- the Temple of Virupaksha, built c. 740 by Queen Lokamahadevi to commemorate her ...
Source: UNESCO TV / © NHK Nippon Hoso Kyokai
URL:
PATTADAKAL
Pattadakal, also called Paṭṭadakallu or Raktapura, is a complex of 7th and 8th century CE Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka (India). Located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, this UNESCO World Heritage site is 14 miles (23 km) from Badami and about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Aihole, both of which are historically significant centres of Chalukya monuments.The monument is a protected site under Indian law and is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India.The Hindu temples are generally dedicated to Shiva, but elements of Vaishnavism and Shaktism theology and legends are also featured. The Jain temple is only dedicated to a single Jina.
Pattadakal was considered a holy place, being where the Malprabha river turned northwards towards the Himalayas and the Kailasha mountan. As its name implies, it was used during the Chalukya dynasty for coronation ceremonies, such as that of Vinayaditya in the 7th century CE.Other names this place was known by were Kisuvolal meaning valley of red soil, Raktapura meaning city of red, and Pattada-Kisuvolal meaning red soil valley for coronation.The site, states Archaeological Survey of India, is mentioned in texts by Srivijaya and is referred to by Ptolemy as Petirgal in his Geography.
Pattadakal | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Pattadakal
00:01:23 1 Location
00:02:34 2 History
00:06:22 3 Description
00:06:31 3.1 Site layout
00:07:04 3.2 Style
00:08:10 3.3 Kadasiddheshwara temple
00:09:26 3.4 Jambulingeshwara temple
00:10:54 3.5 Galaganatha Temple
00:12:31 3.6 Chandrashekhara Temple
00:13:32 3.7 Sangameshwara Temple
00:16:44 3.8 Kashi Vishwanatha Temple
00:19:08 3.9 Mallikarjuna Temple
00:21:28 3.10 Virupaksha Temple
00:25:45 3.11 Papanatha temple
00:27:33 3.12 Jain Narayana Temple
00:29:09 3.13 Other monuments and inscriptions
00:30:53 4 Significance
00:32:55 4.1 Early medieval era music and arts
00:33:29 5 See also
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SUMMARY
=======
Pattadakal, also called Paṭṭadakallu or Raktapura, is a complex of 7th and 8th century CE Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka (India). Located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, this UNESCO World Heritage site is 14 miles (23 km) from Badami and about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Aihole, both of which are historically significant centres of Chalukya monuments. The monument is a protected site under Indian law and is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).UNESCO has described Pattadakal as a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India and an illustration of eclectic art at its height. The Hindu temples are generally dedicated to Shiva, but elements of Vaishnavism and Shaktism theology and legends are also featured. The friezes in the Hindu temples display various Vedic and Puranic concepts, depict stories from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, as well as elements of other Hindu texts, such as the Panchatantra and the Kirātārjunīya. The Jain temple is only dedicated to a single Jina. The most sophisticated temples, with complex friezes and a fusion of Northern and Southern styles, are found in the Papanatha and Virupaksha temples. The Virupaksha temple is an active house of Hindu worship.
India/Karnataka /Pattadakal Part 64
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Pattadakal
Pattadakal also spelled Paṭṭadakallu is a World Heritage site, a village and an important tourist centre in the state of Karnataka and is located on the left bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalkot district and is 22 km from Badami and 514 km from Bangalore. It is 22 km from Badami and about 10 km from Aihole, both of which are well known for Chalukya monuments. The Pre-Chalukya historical and Archaeological site Bachinagudda is also near Pattadakal.
Pattadakal is a great centre of Chalukya art and architecture, noted for its temples and inscriptions. According to inscriptions, the place was known by the names Kisuvolal (Red Town - mostly mountains near pattadakal gave this name), Raktapura, Pattada Kisuvolal. The literary work Hammira Kavya of 1540 quotes the place as Pattashilapura and Hammirapura. It has been mentioned in the 11th and 12th century inscriptions, as well as in the literary work Singirajapurana of 1500 and Hammira Kavya as the place where the Chalukya kings were crowned.
Pattadakal continued to be an important centre under the Rashtrakutas and the Kalyani Chalukyas. It became a chief city for a small region called Kisukadu-70. The Sindhas of Yaramabarige (Yelburgi) also ruled it for some time.
UNESCO in 1987 included Pattadakal in its list of World Heritage sites.
The group of 8th century monuments in Pattadakal are the culmination of the earliest experiments in the vesara style of Hindu temple architecture. The town displays both Dravidian (Southern) and the Nagara (Northern) styles of temple architecture.
Jain Temple
Jain Narayana temple built by the Rashtrakuta dynasty at Pattadakal
Jain Temple located on the Pattadakal-Badami Road, is built in the Dravidian style by the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta. It has some very beautiful sculptures & probably dates from the 9th century and was built by either King Amoghavarsha I or his son Krishna II. It consists of a mukhamantapa, a navaranga, shukanasa and garbhagriha. Its construction may be of the 9th century. Principle deity of the temple is Parshvanatha,23rd tirthankar of Jainism.
Walls of the upper shrine reflect the arrangements of the walls of the ground floor on a diminished scale. Its antarala front is covered by the basal part of the sukanasa projection, while the parapet on the other three sides carries karnakutas and salas. The third storey of lesser width is relieved on its sides except on the front side. The bays contain kudu-like arches and half-arches as in northern style temples. The subdued griva recess over this storey supports a beautifully carved square shikhara.
Excavation by the Archaeological Survey of India in the premises of the temple has brought to light the remains of a large temple complex built in bricks and also a beautiful sculpture of Tirthankara standing in sama-bhanga indicating the existence of a temple, probably belonging to the pre or beginning of the early Chalukyan rule.Wikipedia
Pattadakal temple complex | UNESCO World Heritage site | Indian old Chalukya temples
Pattadakal, also called Paṭṭadakallu or Raktapura, is a complex of the 7th and 8th century CE Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka (India). Located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, this UNESCO World Heritage site is 14 miles (23 km) from Badami and about 6 miles (9.7 km) from Aihole, both of which are historically significant centers of Chalukya monuments. The monument is a protected site under Indian law and is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
UNESCO has described Pattadakal as a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India and an illustration of eclectic art at its height. The Hindu temples are generally dedicated to Shiva, but elements of Vaishnavism and Shaktism theology and legends are also featured. The friezes in the Hindu temples display various Vedic and Puranic concepts, depict stories from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, as well as elements of other Hindu texts, such as the Panchatantra