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Unique Kangaroo Group Reveals Climate Survival Tactics
The discovery of a genetically distinct group of eastern grey kangaroos sheds light on how they survived aeons of climate-induced expansion and contraction of their grassland habitat, say researchers.
The population, unique to the Sunshine Coast in Queensland, formed as a result of a larger population becoming fragmented due to climate-induced changes in vegetation, they report in a recent issue of PLOS ONE.
They're not a different species, says senior author, Dr Jenny Seddon, a geneticist at the University of Queensland.
They don't look different and can still interbreed, although there might be something that is adaptively different about them.
Kangaroo grassland habitats expanded during ice ages but shrank when the climate warmed and wetter vegetation like rainforest took over.
To date, scientists have not understood how kangaroos managed to be resilient in the face of such changes.
Did they move somewhere else or could they just survive by retreating to the reduced habitat areas.
One way to answer this question is to use genetics to study the movement of animals in response to past climate change.
Studies of genetic differences between eastern grey kangaroos suggest they expanded north into Queensland from further south.
Scientists expected that all the eastern grey kangaroos in Queensland would, however, be more or less genetically the same, given the large distances these animals can move.
But Seddon and colleagues found otherwise.
Kangaroos from the Sunshine Coast region in southeast Queensland were quite different from the other kangaroos in Queensland, says Seddon.
She says this suggests that after the last ice age when rainforest expanded, it would have prevented kangaroos in this area on the Sunshine Coast from mixing with others in Queensland.
A little pocket of them would have been left trapped, says Seddon. They would have become isolated from the rest.
This not only explains why they are genetically distinct, but tells scientists how such species survived a constant changing habitat over millennia of natural climate variability.
Kangaroos have managed to survive in small pockets of suitable habitat, says Seddon.
While this may bode well for their future survival, Seddon says fragmentation of grassland habitats by urban development is now another threat eastern greys must contend with.
It's going to be harder for them to find those suitable habitats to seek refuge in, she says.
Dugong Story by Alexandra Seddon
Alexandra Seddon is a published author who turned her talents to collage and writing stories for children based on Australian Animals. Profits from sales of her books help fund the volunteer work of Potoroo Palace Native Animal Educational Sanctuary near Merimbula, NSW, Australia.
Australian platypus
Australian platypus at Canarvon Gorge, central Queensland
As seen on Coxy's Big Break - Sea Mammals
The wallabies of Waimate - Roadside Stories
Nineteenth-century settlers were often keen to introduce exotic plants and animals to New Zealand -- with mixed results. Australian wallabies and possums, common around Waimate, have become serious pests, and plagues of rabbits cause massive production losses for farmers.
Waimate,
Introduced animal pests,
Acclimatisation,
Possums,
Rabbits,
Overrun by rabbits,
Archival audio sourced from Radio New Zealand Sound Archives, Sound files may not be reused without permission from Radio New Zealand Sound Archives (Reference number sa-d-00709-03-s2-pm D709.3b).
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Roadside Stories are a series of audio guides to places of interest on major road trips in New Zealand. Each guide tells the story of an attraction along the way -- its people, its history, its cultural and natural significance. For more information about Roadside Stories visit
Harcourts Ouwens Casserly - 62 Porter Road, Emu Bay - Alexander Ouwens
The Best of Both Worlds - Love the Lifestyle
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Here's your chance to enjoy a serene country atmosphere with the benefit of one of KI's best swimming beaches only a short walk away. Magic elevated, panoramic coastal views over meadow pastures are enjoyed from a wall of picture windows and a large entertainer's balcony. This modern open plan home features 2 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms. With a north facing aspect with outstanding natural light filled open plan space, offering tranquil surrounds and scenic views, set over a 10 acre land holding.
What we love about this property:
- Open and airy rural ambience yet relatively close to town
- Modern, clean, uncluttered residence with all facilities in place (mains gas & electricity, water pumped from tank with no hassle)
- Large rainwater tank
- Low maintenance residence
- Relatively low maintenance - 10 acre land-holding (thanks partly to casual 'agistment' arrangement with local sheep farmer. ie. no fee but free woolly lawnmowers)
- Reverse cycle air conditioning
- Cool summer breezes
- Northerly aspect for all-round sun (especially beautiful in cooler months)
- 20 minute walk to Australia's best (child-friendly) beach
- Large shed with concrete floor & electricity (capable of conversion into sleeping quarters)
With a north facing aspect this lifestyle property offers so many options. This home will be enjoyed by all the family, particularly the kids or grand kids as they pack their fishing rods, explore, enjoy family picnics and trips to all the wonderful attractions that the area and Kangaroo Island have to offer. This home is ready for your new lifestyle or the ideal holiday retreat.
Rose Street Artist Market - Coxy's Big Break
Shown on Channel 9's Coxy's Big Break June 2010 - Trendy Melbourne Episode
Timeline of New Zealand history | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of New Zealand history
00:00:12 1 Prehistory (to 1000 CE)
00:01:16 2 Pre-colonial time (1000 to 1839)
00:01:28 2.1 1000 to 1600
00:02:32 2.2 17th century
00:03:31 2.3 18th century
00:05:40 2.4 Early 19th century; 1801–1839
00:10:27 3 Colony and self-government (1840 to 1946)
00:10:39 3.1 1840s
00:13:19 3.2 1850s
00:15:05 3.3 1860s
00:18:20 3.4 1870s
00:20:33 3.5 1880s
00:22:59 3.6 1890s
00:25:23 3.7 1900s
00:27:51 3.8 1910s
00:30:46 3.9 1920s
00:32:32 3.10 1930s
00:35:29 3.11 1940 to 1946
00:39:21 4 Full independence (1947 to 1983)
00:39:33 4.1 1947 to 1949
00:40:57 4.2 1950s
00:43:36 4.3 1960s
00:46:16 4.4 1970s
00:50:07 4.5 1980s
00:51:08 5 Restructuring (1984 to date)
00:51:19 5.1 1984 to 1989
00:55:18 5.2 1990s
01:00:56 5.3 2000s
01:04:35 5.4 2010s
01:07:14 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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This is a timeline of the history of New Zealand that includes only events deemed to be of principal importance – for less important events click the year heading or refer to List of years in New Zealand.