Mahishasuramardhini Cave, Mahabalipuram
Mahishasuramardhini mandapa is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture dating from the late 7th century, of the Pallava dynasty. It is a rock-cut cave temple located on a hill, near a lighthouse, along with other caves in Mamallapuram. It is the one of the finest testimonials of ancient Vishwakarma Sthapathis (Vishwakarma sculpture). Mamallapuram, also popularly known as Mahabalipuram, is a small village to the south of Chennai, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984. This Cave Temple has many interesting architectural features of which three exquisitely carved reliefs on the cave walls of three sanctums are prominent. One is of Vishnu reclining on the seven hooded serpent, Adisesha, another of Durga, the main deity of the cave temple slaying the buffalo headed demon Mahishasura, and the third sanctum also has a sculpture of Vishnu. The cave also depicts many scenes from the Puranas (Hindu mythology stories in Sanskrit dating from the 5th century AD).
According to legend, Durga killed the demon Mahishasura, who was considered unconquerable. Hence, following his slaying, she was given the title Mahishasuramardhini (conqueror of Mahisha). The granite-carved cave temple depicts the goddess Mahishasuramardhini, considered an incarnation of the goddess Durga, and is named after her as Mahishasuramardhini Cave Temple. The cave's interior relief depicts this battle. The goddess is shown riding a lion, her several arms holding a bow and arrow, pursuing the retreating Mahisha with his followers.
The cave is dated to the period of king Narasimhavarman Mahamalla (630–668 AD) of the Pallava dynasty, after whom the town is also named. The cave architecture is also said to be a continuation of the great religious themes that were carved in Western India. The cave reflects a transitional style of architecture in its columns mounted on seated lions and frescoes carved on the walls inside the cave which evolved during the rule of Pallava kings Mahendra Varman I and Rajasimha or Narasimhavarman I known as Mamalla. This style was continued by Mamalla's son Parameshvaravarman I. Historical research has also confirmed that Mahabalipuram town came to be established only after it was named after Mamalla and the caves and rathas are all attributed to his reign during the year 650 AD.
Source: Wikipedia
This footage is part of the professionally-shot broadcast stock footage archive of Wilderness Films India Ltd., the largest collection of HD imagery from South Asia. The Wilderness Films India collection comprises of 50, 000+ hours of high quality broadcast imagery, mostly shot on HDCAM / SR 1080i High Definition, Alexa, SR, XDCAM and 4K. Write to us for licensing this footage on a broadcast format, for use in your production! We are happy to be commissioned to film for you or else provide you with broadcast crewing and production solutions across South Asia. We pride ourselves in bringing the best of India and South Asia to the world...
Please subscribe to our channel wildfilmsindia on Youtube for a steady stream of videos from across India. Also, visit and enjoy your journey across India at clipahoy.com , India's first video-based social networking experience!
Reach us at rupindang@gmail.com and admin@wildfilmsindia.com
Mahishasuramardhini Mandapa in Mahabalipuram
Mahishasuramardhini Mandapa.
Cave Temple; also known as Yampuri.
an example of Indian rock-cut architecture dating from the late 7th century, of the Pallava dynasty. It is a rock-cut cave temple located on a hill, near a lighthouse, along with other caves in Mamallapuram. It is the one of the finest testimonials of ancient Vishwakarma Sthapathis (Vishwakarma sculpture). Mamallapuram, also popularly known as Mahabalipuram, is a small village to the south of Chennai, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984.This Cave Temple has many interesting architectural features of which three exquisitely carved reliefs on the cave walls of three sanctums are prominent. One is of Vishnu reclining on the seven hooded serpent, Adisesha, another of Durga, the main deity of the cave temple slaying the buffalo headed demon Mahishasura, and the third sanctum also has a sculpture of Vishnu. The cave also depicts many scenes from the Puranas (Hindu mythology stories in Sanskrit dating from the 5th century AD).
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Ancient Rock Cut Mahishasuramardini Cave Temple | Mahabalipuram | India | Tuff Echo
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Mahishasuramardhini Mandapa is an example of Dravidian rock-cut architecture dating from the late 7th century, of the Pallava dynasty. It is a rock-cut cave temple located on a hill, near a lighthouse, along with other caves in Mamallapuram. Mamallapuram, also popularly known as Mahabalipuram, is a small village to the south of Chennai, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Interior of Mahisamardini cave, Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu
Vishnu in a reclining pose lying on a serpent in Mahishasura mardini cave temple.
Mahishasuramardhini mandapa is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture dating from the late 7th century, of the Pallava dynasty. It is a rock-cut cave temple located on a hill, near a lighthouse, along with other caves in Mamallapuram. It is the one of the finest testimonials of ancient Vishwakarma Sthapathis (Vishwakarma sculpture). Mamallapuram, also popularly known as Mahabalipuram, is a small village to the south of Chennai, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984. This Cave Temple has many interesting architectural features of which three exquisitely carved reliefs on the cave walls of three sanctums are prominent. One is of Vishnu reclining on the seven hooded serpent, Adisesha, another of Durga, the main deity of the cave temple slaying the buffalo headed demon Mahishasura, and the third sanctum also has a sculpture of Vishnu. The cave also depicts many scenes from the Puranas (Hindu mythology stories in Sanskrit dating from the 5th century AD).
According to legend, Durga killed the demon Mahishasura, who was considered unconquerable. Hence, following his slaying, she was given the title Mahishasuramardhini (conqueror of Mahisha). The granite-carved cave temple depicts the goddess Mahishasuramardhini, considered an incarnation of the goddess Durga, and is named after her as Mahishasuramardhini Cave Temple. The cave's interior relief depicts this battle. The goddess is shown riding a lion, her several arms holding a bow and arrow, pursuing the retreating Mahisha with his followers.
The cave is dated to the period of king Narasimhavarman Mahamalla (630–668 AD) of the Pallava dynasty, after whom the town is also named. The cave architecture is also said to be a continuation of the great religious themes that were carved in Western India. The cave reflects a transitional style of architecture in its columns mounted on seated lions and frescoes carved on the walls inside the cave which evolved during the rule of Pallava kings Mahendra Varman I and Rajasimha or Narasimhavarman I known as Mamalla. This style was continued by Mamalla's son Parameshvaravarman I. Historical research has also confirmed that Mahabalipuram town came to be established only after it was named after Mamalla and the caves and rathas are all attributed to his reign during the year 650 AD.
Source: Wikipedia
This footage is part of the professionally-shot broadcast stock footage archive of Wilderness Films India Ltd., the largest collection of HD imagery from South Asia. The Wilderness Films India collection comprises of 50, 000+ hours of high quality broadcast imagery, mostly shot on HDCAM / SR 1080i High Definition, Alexa, SR, XDCAM and 4K. Write to us for licensing this footage on a broadcast format, for use in your production! We are happy to be commissioned to film for you or else provide you with broadcast crewing and production solutions across South Asia. We pride ourselves in bringing the best of India and South Asia to the world...
Please subscribe to our channel wildfilmsindia on Youtube for a steady stream of videos from across India. Also, visit and enjoy your journey across India at clipahoy.com , India's first video-based social networking experience!
Reach us at rupindang@gmail.com and admin@wildfilmsindia.com
Mahishamardini Cave, Mahabalipuram
Mahishamardini cave temple located in Mahabalipuram, a World Heritage site located near Coromandal Coast near Chennai, Tamilnadu. For more details click on -
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Wall depicts battle between Mahisa and Durga in Mahisamardini cave
Mahishasuramardhini mandapa is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture dating from the late 7th century, of the Pallava dynasty. It is a rock-cut cave temple located on a hill, near a lighthouse, along with other caves in Mamallapuram. It is the one of the finest testimonials of ancient Vishwakarma Sthapathis (Vishwakarma sculpture). Mamallapuram, also popularly known as Mahabalipuram, is a small village to the south of Chennai, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984. This Cave Temple has many interesting architectural features of which three exquisitely carved reliefs on the cave walls of three sanctums are prominent. One is of Vishnu reclining on the seven hooded serpent, Adisesha, another of Durga, the main deity of the cave temple slaying the buffalo headed demon Mahishasura, and the third sanctum also has a sculpture of Vishnu. The cave also depicts many scenes from the Puranas (Hindu mythology stories in Sanskrit dating from the 5th century AD).
According to legend, Durga killed the demon Mahishasura, who was considered unconquerable. Hence, following his slaying, she was given the title Mahishasuramardhini (conqueror of Mahisha). The granite-carved cave temple depicts the goddess Mahishasuramardhini, considered an incarnation of the goddess Durga, and is named after her as Mahishasuramardhini Cave Temple. The cave's interior relief depicts this battle. The goddess is shown riding a lion, her several arms holding a bow and arrow, pursuing the retreating Mahisha with his followers.
The cave is dated to the period of king Narasimhavarman Mahamalla (630–668 AD) of the Pallava dynasty, after whom the town is also named. The cave architecture is also said to be a continuation of the great religious themes that were carved in Western India. The cave reflects a transitional style of architecture in its columns mounted on seated lions and frescoes carved on the walls inside the cave which evolved during the rule of Pallava kings Mahendra Varman I and Rajasimha or Narasimhavarman I known as Mamalla. This style was continued by Mamalla's son Parameshvaravarman I. Historical research has also confirmed that Mahabalipuram town came to be established only after it was named after Mamalla and the caves and rathas are all attributed to his reign during the year 650 AD.
Source: Wikipedia
This footage is part of the professionally-shot broadcast stock footage archive of Wilderness Films India Ltd., the largest collection of HD imagery from South Asia. The Wilderness Films India collection comprises of 50, 000+ hours of high quality broadcast imagery, mostly shot on HDCAM / SR 1080i High Definition, Alexa, SR, XDCAM and 4K. Write to us for licensing this footage on a broadcast format, for use in your production! We are happy to be commissioned to film for you or else provide you with broadcast crewing and production solutions across South Asia. We pride ourselves in bringing the best of India and South Asia to the world...
Please subscribe to our channel wildfilmsindia on Youtube for a steady stream of videos from across India. Also, visit and enjoy your journey across India at clipahoy.com , India's first video-based social networking experience!
Reach us at rupindang@gmail.com and admin@wildfilmsindia.com
MAHISHASURAMARTHINI MANDAPAM MAHABALIPURAM
The Mahishasuramardini mandapa has the goddess Durga in bas relief, slaying a buffalo-headed demon, and the Vishnu Sayana Mandapa shows Lord Vishnu lying under the protective hood of the seven-headed serpent Adishesha.
மகிஷாசுரமர்த்தினி குகை கோவில் | Mahishasuramardini Cave Temple Mahabalipuram
மகிஷாசுரமர்த்தினி குகை கோவில் | Mahishasuramardini Cave Temple Mahabalipuram
மாமல்லபுரம் மகிஷாசுரமர்த்தினி மண்டபம் என்பது, காஞ்சிபுரம் மாவட்டத்தில், தமிழ்நாட்டின் கிழக்குக் கடற்கரை ஓரத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள பண்டைத் துறைமுக நகரான மகாபலிபுரத்தில் உள்ள பல குடைவரைக் கோயில்களுள் ஒன்று. இது கடற்கரைக் கோயிலுக்கு வடக்கில் அமைந்துள்ள பாறை ஒன்றில் குடையப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகவும் சிறிய இக்குடைவரை. இது இராசசிம்ம பல்லவன் காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்தது எனக் கருதப்படுகிறது. இக்குடைவரையின் பின் சுவரில் கொற்றவையின் சிற்பம் செதுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இதில் முழுத்தூண்கள் இல்லை. கீழ்ப்பகுதியில் சிங்க உருவம் கொண்ட இரண்டு அரைத்தூண்கள் மட்டும் காணப்படுகின்றன.[1]
மகிஷாசுரமர்த்தினி மண்டபத்தில் இருக்கும் மிக அழகான சிற்பத்தொகுதி, துர்க்கை (சக்தி) சிங்க வாகனத்தில் ஏறி, மகிஷன் என்னும் எருமைத்தலை கொண்ட அரக்கனை வதம் செய்யும் காட்சி. மகிஷாசுரமர்த்தினி என்று அழைக்கப்படும் சக்தி, பத்து கைகளுடன் இருக்கிறாள். ஆயுதங்களுடன் ஆக்ரோஷமாகக் காணப்படும் மகிஷாசுர மர்த்தினியை எருமைத்தலை கொண்ட மகிஷாசுரன் கதாயுதத்துடன் எதிர்த்து நிற்கும் காட்சி தத்ரூபமாகச் செதுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. மகிஷாசுரனுக்கு ஆதரவாகப் பல அரக்கர்களும், சக்திக்கு ஆதரவாகப் பல கணங்களும் காணப்படுகிறார்கள்.
1900 ஆம் ஆண்டு கட்டப்பட்டது இந்த புதிய கலங்கரை விளக்கம். மாமல்லபுரத்திற்கு சுற்றுலா வரும் சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் தவறாமல் பார்க்கும் இடங்களில் கலங்கரை விளக்கமும் ஒன்றாகும். கடந்த 1991ம் ஆண்டு கலங்கரை விளக்கங்களில் மக்கள் ஏறி பார்ப்பது இந்தியா முழுவதும் தடை செய்யப்பட்டது. இந்நிலையில் 20 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு கடந்த 2012ம் ஆண்டு இந்த தடை விலக்கப்பட்டது. இதையடுத்து கலங்கரை விளக்கம் பொதுமக்கள் பார்வையிட திறந்து விடப்பட்டது. மேலும், அருகிலேயே மியூசியமும் அமைக்கப்பட்டு தினந்தோறும் ஏராளமான சுற்றுலாப் பயணிகள் இதை பார்த்து ரசிக்கின்றனர்.
This Video is about Mahishamardini Rock Cut Mandapam and Mahabalipuram lighthouse.
we have covered old lighthouse in Mahabalipuram and the new Lighthouse Museum Mahabalipuram.
You can also see the Sculptures of Mahishasura Mardini and Vishnu at sleeping pose with Seven Headed Athiseshan.
Mahishasuramardhini Mandapa (Cave Temple; also known as Yampuri) is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture dating from the late 7th century, of the Pallava dynasty. It is a rock-cut cave temple located on a hill, near a lighthouse, along with other caves in Mamallapuram. It is the one of the finest testimonials of ancient Vishwakarma Sthapathis (Vishwakarma sculpture). Mamallapuram, also popularly known as Mahabalipuram, is a small village to the south of Chennai, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984. This Cave Temple has many interesting architectural features of which three exquisitely carved reliefs on the cave walls of three sanctums are prominent. One is of Vishnu reclining on the seven hooded serpent, Adisesha, another of Durga, the main deity of the cave temple slaying the buffalo headed demon Mahishasura, and the third sanctum also has a sculpture of Vishnu.The cave also depicts many scenes from the Puranas (Hindu mythology stories in Sanskrit dating from the 5th century AD).
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Mahishamardini Rock Cut Mandapa | Mahabalipuram | UNESCO World Heritage Site
Mahishasuramardhini Mandapa (Cave Temple; also known as Yampuri) is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture dating from the late 7th century, of the Pallava dynasty. It is a rock-cut cave temple located on a hill, near a lighthouse, along with other caves in Mamallapuram. It is the one of the finest testimonials of ancient Vishwakarma Sthapathis (Vishwakarma sculpture). Mamallapuram, also popularly known as Mahabalipuram, is a small village to the south of Chennai, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984. This Cave Temple has many interesting architectural features of which three exquisitely carved reliefs on the cave walls of three sanctums are prominent. One is of Vishnu reclining on the seven hooded serpent, Adisesha, another of Durga, the main deity of the cave temple slaying the buffalo headed demon Mahishasura, and the third sanctum also has a sculpture of Vishnu. The cave also depicts many scenes from the Puranas (Hindu mythology stories in Sanskrit dating from the 5th century AD).
Mahisasurmardini cave temple || Mahabalipuram || Tamilnadu || India
Mahishasuramardini Mandapa,
Mahishasuramardini Mandapa is located in Tamil Nadu Mahishasuramardini Mandapa
Location of
Geography
Coordinates 12.6167°N 80.1917°ECoordinates: 12.6167°N 80.1917°E
Country India
State Tamil Nadu
District Kancheepuram district
Culture
Sanctum Goddess Durga
Architecture
Number of temples 1
Inscriptions Inscribed in 1984 under Asia-Pacific of UNESCO
History
Date built Mid-7th century
Creator Pallava dynasty
Mahishasuramardhini Mandapa (Cave Temple; also known as Yampuri) is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture dating from the late 7th century, of the Pallava dynasty. It is a rock-cut cave temple located on a hill, near a lighthouse, along with other caves in Mamallapuram. It is the one of the finest testimonials of ancient Vishwakarma Sthapathis (Vishwakarma sculpture). Mamallapuram, also popularly known as Mahabalipuram, is a small village to the south of Chennai, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984. This Cave Temple has many interesting architectural features of which three exquisitely carved reliefs on the cave walls of three sanctums are prominent. One is of Vishnu reclining on the seven hooded serpent, Adisesha, another of Durga, the main deity of the cave temple slaying the buffalo headed demon Mahishasura, and the third sanctum also has a sculpture of Vishnu. The cave also depicts many scenes from the Puranas (Hindu mythology stories in Sanskrit dating from the 5th century AD).
Varaha cave temple in Mahabalipuram
Varaha Cave Temple (also Adivaraha Cave Temple) is a rock-cut cave temple located at Mamallapuram, on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal in Kancheepuram District in Tamil Nadu, India. It is part of the hill top village, which is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the north of the main Mahabalipurm sites of rathas and the Shore Temple. It is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture dating from the late 7th century. The temple is one of the finest testimonial to the ancient Vishwakarma Sthapathis, of rock-cur cave architecture, out of many such caves also called mandapas. Part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, the temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site as inscribed in 1984 under criteria i, ii, iii and iv. The most prominent sculpture in the cave is that of Lord Vishnu in the incarnated form of a Varaha or boar lifting Bhudevi, the mother earth goddess from the sea. Also carved are many mythical figures.
The cave reflects a transitional style of architecture in its columns mounted on seated lions and frescoes carved on the walls inside the cave which evolved during the rule of Pallava kings Mahendra Varman I and Rajasimha or Narasimhavarman I known as Mamalla. This style was continued by Mamalla's son Parameshvaravarman I. Historical research has also confirmed that Mahabalipuram town came to be established only after it was named after Mamalla and the caves and rathas are all attributed to his reign during the year 650 AD. It is the earliest known monument in Mahabalipuram though not the most visited due its hidden location. The distinctive feature of the Pallava style is that the frontage of the cave has, without exception, finely carved columns mounted on lions in a sitting posture. The structure is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984.
Source: Wikipedia
This footage is part of the professionally-shot broadcast stock footage archive of Wilderness Films India Ltd., the largest collection of HD imagery from South Asia. The Wilderness Films India collection comprises of 50, 000+ hours of high quality broadcast imagery, mostly shot on HDCAM / SR 1080i High Definition, Alexa, SR, XDCAM and 4K. Write to us for licensing this footage on a broadcast format, for use in your production! We are happy to be commissioned to film for you or else provide you with broadcast crewing and production solutions across South Asia. We pride ourselves in bringing the best of India and South Asia to the world...
Please subscribe to our channel wildfilmsindia on Youtube for a steady stream of videos from across India. Also, visit and enjoy your journey across India at clipahoy.com , India's first video-based social networking experience!
Reach us at rupindang@gmail.com and admin@wildfilmsindia.com
Mahishasura Mardhini Cave in Mahabalipuram
A superb example for the artistic wizardry of South India - Mahishasuramardhini cave. Shot in a single rock without any additions, this cave houses a canvas of Goddess Durga fighting against Mahishasura, the buffalo headed demon. I have no words to tell about this wonder... Just take a peek.
Maheshwaran
Camera: Maheshwaran
Mahabalipuram Mahisha mardini cave
Mahabalipuram - Mahisha mardini cave
India - Mahabalipuram - Arjuna's penance - Krishna's mandapa - Ratha's - Shore temple
India : Mahabalipuram :
- Arjuna's penance = Descend of Ganges
- Elephant
- Gopuram
- Krishna's butterball
- Krishna's mandapa
- Mahishasuramardini cave
- Old lighthouse
- Ratha's
- Shore temple
- Trimurti temple
- Varaha cave
- Streetviews
Mahisamardini cave & lighthouse Mahabalipuram
Mahishasuramardini cave, lighthouse and Arjuna's penance model etc at Mahabalipuram.
3 Mamallapuram Mahishamardini Mandapam
The Rock cut Temples of Mahabalipuram
Mahabalipuram or Mammalapuram in Tamilnadu has been declared as the UNESCO World heritage Site. About 50 odd kilometers from Chennai, mahabalipuran is well situated by the Bay of Bengal. The carvings on rock, design patterns and architecture here is as lovely as being hit by the cool air on the beach.
1. Shore temple
2. Krishna's butter ball
3. Pancha Rathas
4. Light house
a must see.
The pathways and garden are well maintained. The site and monuments are upto the mark. Job well done by Archaeological Survey of India, Chennai Circle.
Mahishamardini Rock Cut Mandapa | மகிஷாசுரமர்த்தினி கற் குகை மண்டபம் மகாபலிபுரம்
Mahishasuramardhini mandapa (Cave Temple; also known as yampuri) is an example of Indian rock cut architecture dating from the late 7th century, of the pallava dynasty. It's a rock cut cave temple located on a hill near a lighthouse along with other caves in Mahabalipuram.
Mahesha Mardhini Cave and Light House - Mahabalipuram|Tamilnadu| Chennai Tourist Places
Mahishasuramardhini Mandapa (Cave Temple; also known as Yampuri) is an example of Indian rock-cut architecture dating from the late 7th century, of the Pallava dynasty. It is a rock-cut cave temple located on a hill, near a lighthouse, along with other caves in Mamallapuram. It is the one of the finest testimonials of ancient Vishwakarma Sthapathis (Vishwakarma sculpture). Mamallapuram, also popularly known as Mahabalipuram, is a small village to the south of Chennai, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984. This Cave Temple has many interesting architectural features of which three exquisitely carved reliefs on the cave walls of three sanctums are prominent. One is of Vishnu reclining on the seven hooded serpent, Adisesha, another of Durga, the main deity of the cave temple slaying the buffalo headed demon Mahishasura, and the third sanctum also has a sculpture of Vishnu. The cave also depicts many scenes from the Puranas (Hindu mythology stories in Sanskrit dating from the 5th century AD).
The cave is dated to the period of king Narasimhavarman Mahamalla (630–668 AD) of the Pallava dynasty, after whom the town is also named. The cave architecture is also said to be a continuation of the great religious themes that were carved in Western India. The cave reflects a transitional style of architecture in its columns mounted on seated lions and frescoes carved on the walls inside the cave which evolved during the rule of Pallava kings Mahendra Varman I and Rajasimha or Narasimhavarman I known as Mamalla. This style was continued by Mamalla's son Parameshvaravarman I. Historical research has also confirmed that Mahabalipuram town came to be established only after it was named after Mamalla and the caves and rathas are all attributed to his reign during the year 650 AD.