Controversial monuments in Russia
Since toppling statues of Joseph Stalin, post-Soviet Russians have taken to building monuments to a different national hero in recent years: Ivan the Terrible (Oryol, Russia) — A year ago, Russia built its first monument to tsar Ivan the Terrible, who ruled in the 16th century. When he occupied the city of Polotsk, in Belarus, in 1563, he ordered that all the Jews who refused to be baptized be drowned in the river. Tsar Nicholas II, the last emperor of the Russian Empire. Declared a saint and a martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church seven years ago, the tsar has been depicted in stone embraced by an angel. During his reign, pogroms broke out throughout the Russian empire resulting in the murder of approximately 3,000 Jews. Speaking on behalf of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia, Boruch Gorin said that he understands if the monuments are built out of respect for the lawless execution of Nicholas Romanov, as well as his wife, his innocent children, and his servants. What he does not support, however, is the elevation of Nicholas II to sainthood and honoring him for having been a great ruler of the country, he said. While there are no documents that prove that Nicholas II ordered or directed the pogroms himself, he certainly did nothing to stop them, said Gorin. Anton Denikin (Moscow, Russia) — In 2005, the remains of Anton Denikin, commander of the White forces who fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, were honorably returned to Moscow and a monument was erected on Denikin’s grave. The military forces that Denikin commanded during the Russian Civil War organized pogroms that are estimated to have resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of Jews including women and children.
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Review Novhorod-Siverskyi - Огляд Новгород-Сіверський
This video is a brief overview of - the city of #NovgorodSeversky, #Ukraine, fortress, monastery and museum, The Tale of Igor's Campaign.
#The #town was first chronicled in 1044. From 1098 it was the capital of the Siverian Principality, which served as a buffer zone against incursions of the Cumans (Polovtsy) and other steppe peoples. One of the numerous campaigns of local princes against the Cumans produced the great monument of early East Slavic literature, the #Tale of #Igor's #Campaign.
After the town's destruction by Mongols in 1239, it passed to the princes of Bryansk and then to the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. It was ruled by Dymitr Korybut (Kaributas), son of Algirdas. Muscovy obtained the area following the Battle of Vedrosha in 1503, but lost it to Poland after the Time of Troubles. The town finally passed to Russia as a result of the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667). During the Cossack epoch, the town received the status of sotenny (literally, 'relating to a hundred') and later polkovoi (regimental) town; these were military and administrative divisions in the Cossack army and country. Also Novhorod-Siverskyi became a cultural center of Left-Bank Ukraine. It was made the capital of a separate namestnichestvo in 1782–97. Thereafter its importance steadily declined.
During World War II, Novhorod-Siverskyi was occupied by the German Army from 26 August 1941 to 16 September 1943.
The Principality of Novgorod-Seversk was a medieval Rus' principality centered on the town now called Novhorod-Siverskyi. The principality was aligned to the Principality of Chernigov. It may have been created in 1139, the date of one modern authority.In 1185, a large Rus'ian campaign against the Polovtsy ended in defeat for Prince Igor, famously recorded in The Tale of Igor's Campaign. The principality was taken by the principality of Briansk after the Mongol invasions, and then by the Lithuanians when the power of the Golden Horde began to decline. In the fifteenth-century the principality was given to Prince Ivan of Mozhaisk when he fled from Grand Prince Vasily II.
Prince of Novgorod-Seversk was the kniaz, the ruler or sub-ruler, of the Principality of Novgorod-Seversk. It may have been created in 1139, the date of one modern authority, and is most famous for Igor Sviatoslavich, hero of the Old Russian Tale of Igor's Campaign.
The Tale of Igor's Campaign (Old East Slavic: Слово о плъкоу Игоревѣ, Slovo o plŭku Igorevě) is an anonymous epic poem written in the Old East Slavic language. The title is occasionally translated as The Song of Igor's Campaign, The Lay of Igor's Campaign, The Lay of the Host of Igor, and The Lay of the Warfare Waged by Igor.
The poem gives an account of a failed raid of Igor Svyatoslavich (d. 1202) against the Polovtsians of the Don River region. While some have disputed the authenticity of the poem, the current scholarly consensus is that the poem is authentic and dates to the medieval period (late 12th century).
The Tale of Igor's Campaign was adapted by Alexander Borodin as an opera and became one of the great classics of Russian theatre. Entitled Prince Igor, it was first performed in 1890.
According to the Primary Chronicle, before the 11th century the principality was ruled by local tribal elders and voivodes from Kiev who were appointed by the Grand Prince to collect tribute from the local population, manage judicial trials, and defend the land from external enemies. In the years 1024–1036 the principality of Chernigov was passed under the administration of son of the Vladimir the Great, Mstislav of Chernigov, who came there from Tmutorokan. Together with Yaroslav the Wise, Mstislav ruled the Kievan Rus' establishing Chernigov as one of the most important administration centers in Rus'. Upon the death of Mstislav, Chernigov was incorporated into the realm of Kiev.
After Yaroslav the Wise the principality of Chernigov was passed to one of his sons, Grand Prince Sviatoslav, who initiated the Chernigov branch of the Rurikids. During the civil war of the Yaroslavichi, Chernigov was contested between sons of Svyatoslav and Vsevolod. By the decision of the Liubech Congress in 1097, the sons of Sviatoslav, Oleg, Davyd, and their descendants, secured the principality. After that the principality obtained a certain degree of autonomy and was primarily secured after the Oleg's descendants.
The Principality was later split into three main apanage principalities: Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversk, and Murom-Ryazan, while Tmutarakan, due to its remoteness, often became contested and eventually was overtaken. Murom and later the Ryazan principality drifted away from the influence of Chernigov and after some time was contested by the Principality of Vladimir. Nonetheless the influence of Chernigov princes remained large and they retained the title of Kiev Grand Prince for some time. Chernigov was one of the largest economic and cultural centers of Kievan Rus.
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National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
00:01:29 1 History
00:01:38 1.1 Foundation of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
00:04:14 1.2 Closure and reopening as the Kiev Theological Academy
00:05:35 1.3 During the Soviet era
00:06:52 1.4 Since Ukrainian independence
00:08:47 1.5 Claims of continuity with the old Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
00:10:16 2 Academics
00:10:25 2.1 Profile
00:13:11 2.2 Admissions
00:14:21 2.3 Reputation
00:15:48 2.4 Institutions associated with NaUKMA
00:16:50 2.4.1 Foreign Partner Universities
00:17:11 3 Research
00:17:53 4 Libraries
00:18:44 5 Campus
00:20:28 6 University traditions
00:21:58 7 Student life
00:23:05 8 Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in literature and popular culture
00:24:07 9 Notable alumni and faculty members
00:25:58 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (NaUKMA) (Ukrainian: Національний університет «Києво-Могилянська академія» (НаУКМА), Natsional'nyi universytet Kyyevo-Mohylians'ka akademiya) is a national, coeducational research university located in Kiev, Ukraine. The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, the school's predecessor, was established in 1615. The NaUKMA is located on the Academy's grounds in the ancient Podil neighborhood. In 1991, it was re-organized, and teaching began the following year. NaUKMA has the highest level of accreditation as outlined by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, and is one of the thirteen educational institutions in Ukraine having a status of a research and autonomous university. NaUKMA takes part in numerous international university collaborations, such as the European University Association. The university is bilingual in Ukrainian and English. It is one of Ukraine’s few universities with internationally recognized diplomas.With around 3000 students, NaUKMA is one of the smallest universities in Ukraine. Alumni of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy played a formative role in the intellectual and church life of Ukraine and Russia in 17th and 18th centuries. Among the most notable alumni were hetman Ivan Mazepa and philosopher Hryhori Skovoroda. The university is known as pro-Western and served as headquarters for Orange Revolution activists.
Partitions of Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Partitions of Poland
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years. The partitions were conducted by Habsburg Austria, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures and annexations.The First Partition of Poland was decided on August 5, 1772. Two decades later, Russian and Prussian troops entered the Commonwealth again and the Second Partition was signed on January 23, 1793. Austria did not participate in the Second Partition. The Third Partition of Poland took place on October 24, 1795, in reaction to the unsuccessful Polish Kościuszko Uprising the previous year. With this partition, the Commonwealth ceased to exist.In English, the term Partitions of Poland is sometimes used geographically as toponymy, to mean the three parts that the partitioning powers divided the Commonwealth into the Austrian Partition, the Prussian Partition and the Russian Partition. In Polish, there are two separate words for the two meanings. The consecutive acts of dividing and annexation of Poland are referred to as rozbiór (plural: rozbiory), while the term zabór (pl. zabory) means each part of the Commonwealth annexed in 1772–95 becoming part of Imperial Russia, Prussia, or Austria.
In Polish historiography, the term Fourth Partition of Poland has also been used, in reference to any subsequent annexation of Polish lands by foreign invaders. Depending on source and historical period, this could mean the events of 1815, or 1832 and 1846, or 1939 (see below), bringing the total number of Poland's names for the ceding of territory to neighboring empires to seven. The term Fourth Partition in a temporal sense can also mean the diaspora communities that played an important political role in re-establishing the Polish sovereign state after 1918.