Unit 731 museum opens in NE China
A museum that revisits the wartime atrocities conducted by Japanese military unit 731 during World War II opened in northeast China's Heilongjiang Province on Saturday, the 70th anniversary of Japan's World War II surrender.
Japanese World War II veterans recall horrors of Unit 731
Former members of Unit 731, a Japanese military unit that conducted illegal human experiments during World War II, can be seen discussing the atrocities they committed in a video that was recently released. Coming just before the 69th anniversary of Japan's surrender on Aug. 15, the video has shed new light on the unit's past activities in northeast China's city of Harbin. They are telling history to a Chinese man who has been researching the unit for 16 years.
War In China Aka North China (1937)
Title reads: North China.
Sino-Japanese War.
M/S of armed Japanese soldiers running through paddy field, there are explosions in the background. Various shots of Japanese soldiers crossing a river. Soldiers wade into water and hold up pontoon bridge on their shoulders, allowing more men to cross.
Low angled shot of horses pulling gun carriage galloping past. Various shots of armed soldiers running over rubble of bombed buildings. M/S of soldiers marching along road.
FILM ID:943.46
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES.
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British Pathé also represents the Reuters historical collection, which includes more than 136,000 items from the news agencies Gaumont Graphic (1910-1932), Empire News Bulletin (1926-1930), British Paramount (1931-1957), and Gaumont British (1934-1959), as well as Visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1984. All footage can be viewed on the British Pathé website.
Photos of Japanese Biological Warfare in China Displayed in Tokyo
A photography exhibition about Japanese biological and chemical warfare in China during World War II opened in Tokyo on Saturday, marking the 70th anniversary of the end of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
The exhibition displayed a total of 405 photographs showing how Japanese Unit 731 used Chinese for vivisection in order to develop biological weapons, and the pain Japanese war atrocities inflicted on the Chinese victims over the past 70 years.
The exhibition was sponsored by the China Foundation for Human Rights Development and Japanese non-governmental organizations, including the Japan-China friendship Association.
At the opening ceremony, representatives said that the exhibition was aimed at educating Japanese, especially the younger generation, about this part of WWII history in order to help build a more peaceful and friendly relationship between China and Japan.
Many Japanese don't know about the biological warfare and the Chinese victims who suffered from Japanese war crimes, even 70 years on. This exhibition is aimed at teaching more Japanese about those victims' lives, said a Japanese representative.
The exhibition attracted visitors from all walks of life and will run until August 18.
This show has revealed so much damage that I wasn't aware of. I never knew that Chinese people suffered so miserably during that war, said a young Japanese visitor.
On the same day, protesters took to the streets in front of the controversial Yasukuni Shrine, with those opposing the shrine and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's security policies clashing with nationalists, who gathered to honor the soldiers who died in the war. Hundreds of riot police were deployed to separate the angry groups.
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China Holds Ceremonies to Mark September 18 Incident, Beginning of Japan's Aggression
Three Northeast China's Provinces held grand ceremony respectively on Friday morning to commemorate the 84th anniversary of the September 18 Incident.
Shenyang, capital city of Liaoning Province, where the incident occurred in 1931, sounded warning sirens and rang bells along to remind people of the Japanese aggression.
Officials, soldiers, veterans and students attended the ceremony which was held outside of the September 18 Historical Museum in Shenyang.
The bells sounded 14 times to mark the 14 years of Japanese aggression.
Similar commemorations were held in Harbin of Heilongjiang Province and Changchun of Jilin Province, both in northeast China.
On September 18, 1931, Japanese troops blew up a section of the railway under their control near Shenyang, and then accused Chinese troops of sabotage as a pretext for attack. They bombarded barracks near Shenyang the same evening, beginning a large-scale armed aggression in northeast China.
The incident was followed by Japan's full-scale aggression of China and the rest of Asia, triggering off the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1937-1945).
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New Evidence Revealing Japanese Aggressors' Atrocities in China
New exhibits revealing the atrocities of the notorious Japanese bacteria troops Unit 731 are going to meet with the public in northeast China's Heilongjiang Province as China prepares to mark the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the world anti-Fascist war.
Among the new exhibits are medals won by Surgeon General Shiro Ishii, a critical Japanese army medical officer who led the bacteria war and suggested to the Japanese army to conduct the tests in northeast China.
Ishii's idea won support from the army and in 1933, a bacteria experiment field was established some 70 kilometers away from the Harbin City. This move marked the beginning of the human body experiment. Later, the Japanese army decided to establish a bigger base with better infrastructure to carry out bacteria studies.
It was definitely not an accidental or isolated event. It was part of their entire war strategy, said Xin Peilin, research fellow from Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Social Sciences.
Some 'special transfer' archives marked as confidential were revealed to the public starting from 1997. An order sent out by the Japanese Kwantung Army recorded a man named Li Pengge, who was an intelligence agent in the fight against the Japanese aggression. He was caught in 1941 by the Japanese troops. As he refused to cooperate with the aggressors, he was then transferred to the Unit 731.
Li's daughter, Li Fengqin, who had spent years to find her father, found a name list of the victims killed by the 731 Unit in the newspaper in 1998. The clue ignited her hope and eight years later, she found her father's name in the 'special transfer' archive in the Museum of War Crimes Evidence by Japanese Army Unit 731.
We went to the relics of the Unit 731 as soon as we found that archive. My brother and I, we mourned for our father. I'd never had the chance to call my father, never. And neither my brother, as he was still a baby then. We knelt down there and for the first time, we called 'father', said Li.
The more than 1,000 'special transfer' archives currently found show that people being sent to the Unit 731 included not only Chinese, but also Koreans and Russians.
The 'special transfer' archives are evidence to prove the existence of Unit 731 and to prove that the Unit 731 used human beings to do experiments. The archives made clear about the human sources, their identities, the number of the victims and their nationalities. So these archives should be the most powerful evidence to prove that the Unit 731 used live human beings to do experiments, said Jin Chengmin, curator of the Museum of War Crime Evidence by Japanese Army Unit 731.
On August 9, 1945, the Soviet Red Army attacked the Japanese troops in northeast China. Unable to resist the attacks, the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office ordered the Unit 731 to withdraw at once and to bomb the facilities, destroy the documents and kill the witnesses.
Why the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office thought of the Unit 731 the moment the Soviet Red Army launched attacks? This was because they knew that they were conducting the bacteria warfare, developing the bacteria weapons. The bacteria warfare was against the international convention. It was the most important evidence to declare the emperor as a war criminal in the future. So the Unit 731 came to their mind at once and decided to destroy the evidence, said Xu Zhanjiang, research fellow of the Museum of War Crime Evidence by Japanese Army Unit 731.
On August 15, 1945, Japanese Emperor Hirohito delivered a recorded radio address to the nation, announcing the surrender of Japan in World War II, one day after Japan declared its acceptance of the provisions of the Potsdam Proclamation.
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Quê hương Mãn Châu ⛄ HẮC LONG GIANG
Làng tuyết trắng Tuyết hương (Zhong Guo Xue Xiang) nằm cách Cáp Nhĩ Tân – thủ phủ của tỉnh Hắc Long Giang 280km. Ngôi làng rất nổi tiếng với những ngôi nhà gỗ nhỏ xinh phủ đầy tuyết trắng giống hệt như truyện cổ tích.
Làng nằm ở độ cao 1.500m so với mực nước biển, do bị ảnh hưởng bởi luồng không khí ấm của biển Nhật Bản và gió lạnh từ hồ Baikal nên tuyết ở đây kéo dài hơn 7 tháng và lượng tuyết rơi trung bình đạt tới 2m.
Tuy có khung cảnh đẹp tuyệt vời như vậy nhưng làng tuyết trắng Tuyết hương chỉ mới được biết tới vài năm trước đây với những bức ảnh về ngôi làng do một số nhiếp ảnh gia chụp đạt giải thưởng quốc tế. Ngay lập tức, một vài bộ phim truyền hình, điện ảnh khá nổi tiếng đã được quay ở đây như She's My Ex-wife, Cool In Summer And Warm In Winter, Winter Of The Wacky King, Heilong Town And The Snowstorm…
Từ đó, ngày càng nhiều khách du lịch đổ xô đến tham quan ngôi làng độc đáo này. Vào năm 2012, làng tuyết trắng Tuyết hương đã được Ủy ban Văn hóa Trung ương Trung Quốc trao tặng danh hiệu Ngôi làng văn hóa truyền thống và là một điểm đến chính thức của lễ hội Băng đăng tại Cáp Nhĩ Tân.
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Angel Enslaved in Taiji Whale Museum
Cove Monitor Heather Hill took this footage of Angel the albino dolphin, who was separated from her mother during a drive hunt, in the Taiji Whale Museum. You can hear the music from a dolphin show that is occurring in the next tank over. These are the sounds that the dolphins are regularly bombarded with. Angel is separated from many of the others because she is displaying anti-social behavior, and spends little time at the surface of the water. This indicates that she is stressed out, likely from the extreme trauma she has just experienced.
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Video by Ric O'Barry's Dolphin Project. Support our mission to protect dolphins from exploitation and slaughter by visiting our website DolphinProject.com.
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China-Russia financial cooperation organization established
An alliance of 35 Russian and Chinese financial institutions was established in Harbin, northeast China's Heilongjiang Province, to better serve cross-border financial activities.
Harbin | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Harbin
00:01:59 1 History
00:02:08 1.1 Early history
00:04:47 1.2 International city
00:10:14 1.3 Japanese invasion period
00:14:57 1.4 After World War II
00:20:28 2 Geography
00:21:59 2.1 Climate
00:23:39 3 Administrative divisions
00:23:57 4 Economy
00:27:22 4.1 Economic Development Zones and Ports
00:31:34 5 Demographics
00:31:43 5.1 Population
00:33:01 5.2 Ethnic groups
00:33:47 5.3 Religion
00:34:31 6 Culture
00:35:01 6.1 Dialect
00:35:24 6.2 Cuisine
00:39:18 6.3 Winter culture
00:42:10 6.4 iThe Music City/i
00:43:03 6.4.1 Harbin Summer Music Concert
00:44:38 6.5 Media
00:44:46 6.6 Television and radio
00:45:39 7 Architecture
00:46:07 7.1 Historical architecture
00:48:10 7.2 Modern architecture
00:49:20 8 Sports
00:51:59 8.1 Events
00:53:18 9 Transport
00:53:27 9.1 Railway
00:55:47 9.2 Road
00:57:07 9.3 Air
00:58:20 9.4 Subway
01:00:28 9.5 Ports and waterways
01:01:05 10 Education
01:02:45 11 Military
01:03:16 12 International relations
01:04:11 13 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Harbin (Manchu: Harbin; Chinese: 哈尔滨 Hā'ěrbīn) is the capital of Heilongjiang province, and largest city in the northeastern region of the People's Republic of China. Holding sub-provincial administrative status, Harbin has direct jurisdiction over nine metropolitan districts, two county-level cities and seven counties. Harbin is the eighth most populous Chinese city according to the 2010 census, the built-up area (which consists of all districts except Shuangcheng and Acheng) had 5,282,093 inhabitants, while the total population of the sub-provincial city was up to 10,635,971. Harbin serves as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural, and communications hub in Northeast China, as well as an important industrial base of the nation.Harbin, whose name was originally a Manchu word meaning a place for drying fishing nets, grew from a small rural settlement on the Songhua River to become one of the largest cities in Northeast China. Founded in 1898 with the coming of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the city first prospered as a region inhabited by an overwhelming majority of the immigrants from the Russian Empire.Having the most bitterly cold winters among major Chinese cities, Harbin is heralded as the Ice City for its well-known winter tourism and recreations. Harbin is notable for its beautiful ice sculpture festival in the winter. Besides being well known for its historical Russian legacy, the city serves as an important gateway in Sino-Russian trade today, containing a sizable population of Russian diaspora. In the 1920s, the city was considered China's fashion capital since new designs from Paris and Moscow reached here first before arriving in Shanghai. The city was voted China Top Tourist City by the China National Tourism Administration in 2004. On 22 June 2010, Harbin was appointed a City of Music by the UN.
Unit 731 | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:37 1 Formation
00:08:03 2 Activities
00:10:15 2.1 Vivisection
00:11:48 2.2 Germ warfare attacks
00:14:47 2.3 Frostbite testing
00:15:38 2.4 Syphilis
00:18:00 2.5 Rape and forced pregnancy
00:20:12 2.6 Weapon testing
00:20:44 2.7 Other experiments
00:21:43 3 Biological warfare
00:24:08 4 Prisoners and victims
00:25:53 5 Known unit members
00:26:47 6 Divisions
00:27:56 7 Facilities
00:29:09 7.1 Tokyo
00:30:11 7.2 Guangzhou
00:30:53 7.3 Related units
00:31:16 8 Surrender and immunity
00:31:42 8.1 Destruction of evidence
00:32:50 8.2 American grant of immunity
00:35:47 8.3 Separate Soviet trials
00:38:40 9 Legacy
00:39:13 9.1 Official silence under Occupation
00:40:27 9.2 Post-Occupation Japanese media coverage and debate
00:42:27 9.3 Significance in postwar research of bio-warfare and medicine
00:43:21 9.4 Official government response in Japan
00:47:06 9.5 Abroad
00:48:33 9.5.1 Books
00:49:53 9.5.2 Films
00:51:07 9.5.3 Music
00:52:21 9.5.4 Television
00:54:12 10 See also
00:54:40 10.1 Pacific War (World War II)
00:55:04 10.2 Other human experimentation
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7401618451304279
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Unit 731 (Japanese: 731部隊, Hepburn: Nana-san-ichi Butai) was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) of World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried out by Imperial Japan. Unit 731 was based at the Pingfang district of Harbin, the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (now Northeast China).
It was officially known as the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army (関東軍防疫給水部本部, Kantōgun Bōeki Kyūsuibu Honbu). Originally set up under the Kempeitai military police of the Empire of Japan, Unit 731 was taken over and commanded until the end of the war by General Shirō Ishii, a combat medic officer in the Kwantung Army. The facility itself was built between 1934 and 1939 and officially adopted the name Unit 731 in 1941.
At least 3,000 men, women, and children—from which at least 600 every year were provided by the Kempeitai were subjected as logs to experimentation conducted by Unit 731 at the camp based in Pingfang alone, which does not include victims from other medical experimentation sites, such as Unit 100.Unit 731 participants of Japan attest that most of the victims they experimented on were Chinese while a lesser percentage were Soviet, Mongolian, Korean, and other Allied POWs. The unit received generous support from the Japanese government up to the end of the war in 1945.
Instead of being tried for war crimes after the war, the researchers involved in Unit 731 were secretly given immunity by the U.S. in exchange for the data they gathered through human experimentation. Other researchers that the Soviet forces managed to arrest first were tried at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials in 1949. The Americans did not try the researchers so that the information and experience gained in bio-weapons could be co-opted into the U.S. biological warfare program, much as they had done with German researchers in Operation Paperclip. On 6 May 1947, Douglas MacArthur, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, wrote to Washington that additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii, can probably be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence. Victim accounts were then largely ignored or dismissed in the West as communist propaganda.
Harbin | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:05 1 History
00:02:15 1.1 Early history
00:04:52 1.2 International city
00:16:10 1.3 Japanese invasion period
00:22:00 1.4 After World War II
00:28:30 2 Geography
00:30:13 2.1 Climate
00:32:04 3 Administrative divisions
00:32:24 4 Economy
00:36:14 4.1 Economic Development Zones and Ports
00:40:57 5 Demographics
00:41:06 5.1 Population
00:42:35 5.2 Ethnic groups
00:43:28 5.3 Religion
00:44:17 6 Culture
00:44:51 6.1 Dialect
00:45:16 6.2 Cuisine
00:49:39 6.3 Winter culture
00:52:54 6.4 iThe Music City/i
00:53:54 6.4.1 Harbin Summer Music Concert
00:55:41 6.5 Media
00:55:50 6.6 Television and radio
00:56:48 7 Architecture
00:57:19 7.1 Historical architecture
00:59:40 7.2 Modern architecture
01:00:57 8 Sports
01:03:56 8.1 Events
01:05:25 9 Transport
01:05:35 9.1 Railway
01:08:33 9.2 Road
01:09:58 9.3 Air
01:11:18 9.4 Metro
01:13:42 9.5 Ports and waterways
01:14:24 10 Education
01:16:16 11 Military
01:16:51 12 International relations
01:17:52 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8530836655577817
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Harbin (Manchu: ᡥᠠᠯᠪᡳᠨ; Chinese: 哈尔滨 Hā'ěrbīn) is the capital of Heilongjiang province, and largest city in the northeastern region of the People's Republic of China. Holding sub-provincial administrative status, Harbin has direct jurisdiction over nine metropolitan districts, two county-level cities and seven counties. Harbin is the eighth most populous Chinese city according to the 2010 census, the built-up area (which consists of all districts except Shuangcheng and Acheng) had 5,282,093 inhabitants, while the total population of the sub-provincial city was up to 10,635,971. Harbin serves as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural, and communications hub in Northeast China, as well as an important industrial base of the nation.Harbin, whose name was originally a Manchu word meaning a place for drying fishing nets, grew from a small rural settlement on the Songhua River to become one of the largest cities in Northeast China. Founded in 1898 with the coming of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the city first prospered as a region inhabited by an overwhelming majority of immigrants from the Russian Empire.Having the most bitterly cold winters among major Chinese cities, Harbin is heralded as the Ice City for its well-known winter tourism and recreations. Harbin is notable for its beautiful ice sculpture festival in the winter. Besides being well known for its historical Russian legacy, the city serves as an important gateway in Sino-Russian trade today. In the 1920s, the city was considered China's fashion capital since new designs from Paris and Moscow reached here first before arriving in Shanghai. The city was voted China Top Tourist City by the China National Tourism Administration in 2004.
Sino-Soviet border conflict | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Sino-Soviet border conflict
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Sino-Soviet border conflict was a seven-month undeclared military conflict between the Soviet Union and China at the height of the Sino-Soviet split in 1969. Although military clashes ceased that year, the underlying issues were not resolved until the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement.
The most serious of these border clashes, which brought the two communist-led countries to the brink of war, occurred in March 1969 in the vicinity of Zhenbao (Damansky) Island on the Ussuri (Wusuli) River; as such, Chinese historians most commonly refer to the conflict as the Zhenbao Island Incident.
History of the Jews in China | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in China
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Jews and Judaism in China are predominantly composed of Sephardi Jews and their descendants. Other Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews and a number of converts.
The Jewish Chinese community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions, and it also encompasses the full spectrum of Jewish religious observance. Though a small minority, Chinese Jews have had an open presence in the country since the arrival of the first Jewish immigrants during the 8th century CE. Relatively isolated communities of Jews developed through the Tang and Song Dynasties (7th to 13th centuries CE) all the way through the Qing Dynasty (19th century), most notably the Kaifeng Jews (the term Chinese Jews is often used in a restricted sense in order to refer to these communities). Unlike other places, the Chinese authorities had tremendous respect for Jewish communities and they did not face significant anti-Semitism in comparison to Europe and America.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants from around the world began to trade in Chinese ports, particularly in the commercial centers of Hong Kong, which was for a time a British colony; Shanghai (the International Settlement and French Concession); and Harbin (the Trans-Siberian Railway). In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of Jewish refugees escaping from the 1917 Russian Revolution arrived in China. By the time of the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, only a few Chinese Jews were known to have maintained the practice of their religion and culture though the Kaifeng synagogue survived for around seven centuries until 1860. China's Jewish communities have been ethnically diverse ranging from the Jews of Kaifeng and other places during the history of Imperial China, who, it is reported, came to be more or less totally assimilated into the majority Han Chinese populace due to widespread intermarriage. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, however, some international Jewish groups have helped Chinese Jews rediscover their Jewish heritage and reconnect with their Jewish roots.Though Israel established diplomatic relations with China in 1992, the ties between the Chinese and Jewish peoples remain centuries old in addition to Israel and China being products of ancient civilizations dating back thousands of years. The cultural similarities between the Chinese and Jewish civilizations with both nations originating thousands of years ago have drawn the two countries closer together making the two countries natural partners on the international stage.
Jews remain a small minority in China, but unlike Jewish communities in many other parts of the world, Jews have historically lived in China without any instances of antisemitism from the Han majority populace contributing to mutual respect and admiration between the two peoples. Modern Han Chinese have developed a favorable view of Jews, admiring them for their contributions to humanity, their ability to survive, the sharing of Chinese values such as family, frugality, hard work and education, and being products of ancient civilizations have been an impetus towards the long and enduring friendship between the Chinese and Jewish peoples. With the intrinsic affinity that the Chinese people feel for the Jews, relations between the two communities have been mutually close, harmonious and friendly, due to shared common cultural similarities between the two peoples which has resulted in Jews enjoying equal rights and coexisting peacefully alongside the mainstream Han Chinese populace with instances of Jews assimilating into the Han Chinese community through intermarriage. Shared affinities and similar cultural commonalities has not only been an impetus for the close bonds between China and Israel but has also created a symbol of brotherhood between the two communities.
Beijing | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:44 1 Etymology
00:06:46 2 History
00:06:55 2.1 Early history
00:08:21 2.2 Early Imperial China
00:12:06 2.3 Ming dynasty
00:15:46 2.4 Qing dynasty
00:17:49 2.5 Republic of China
00:20:10 2.6 People's Republic of China
00:24:34 3 Geography
00:27:50 3.1 Cityscape
00:27:59 3.2 Architecture
00:32:13 3.3 Climate
00:34:43 3.4 Environmental issues
00:36:48 3.4.1 Air quality
00:44:14 3.4.1.1 Readings
00:45:52 3.4.2 Dust storms
00:46:44 4 Politics and government
00:47:57 4.1 Administrative divisions
00:48:40 4.1.1 Towns
00:49:46 4.2 Judiciary and procuracy
00:51:26 4.3 Diplomatic missions
00:52:04 5 Economy
00:53:14 5.1 Sector composition
00:55:41 5.2 Economic zones
00:59:39 6 Demographics
01:04:42 7 Culture
01:08:09 7.1 Places of interest
01:15:07 8 Religion
01:16:36 8.1 Chinese folk religion and Taoism
01:19:16 8.2 Buddhism
01:22:59 8.3 Islam
01:24:32 8.4 Christianity
01:27:52 9 Media
01:28:02 9.1 Television and radio
01:28:58 9.2 Press
01:30:14 10 Sports
01:30:23 10.1 Events
01:33:29 10.2 Venues
01:34:25 10.3 Clubs
01:35:12 11 Transportation
01:35:41 11.1 Rail and high-speed rail
01:38:49 11.2 Roads and expressways
01:42:31 11.3 Air
01:45:42 11.4 Public transit
01:48:41 11.5 Taxi
01:50:57 11.6 Bicycles
01:52:38 12 Defence and aerospace
01:54:57 13 Nature and wildlife
01:58:25 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7022696887090343
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Beijing (, nonstandard ;
Mandarin pronunciation: [pèi.tɕíŋ] (listen)), formerly romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China, the world's third most populous city proper, and most populous capital city. The city, located in northern China, is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of central government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China.Beijing is an important world capital and global power city, and one of the world's leading centers for politics, economy and business, finance, education, culture, innovation and technology, architecture, language, and diplomacy. A megacity, Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation's political, cultural, and educational center. It is home to the headquarters of most of China's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world, as well as the world's four biggest financial institutions. It is also a major hub for the national highway, expressway, railway, and high-speed rail networks. The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010, and, as of 2016, the city's subway network is the busiest and second longest in the world.
Combining both modern and traditional architecture, Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world, with a rich history dating back three millennia. As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries, and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A.D. Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China. With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides, in addition to the old inner and outer city walls, Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls ...
Beijing | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Beijing
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Beijing (;Mandarin pronunciation: [pèi.tɕíŋ] (listen)), formerly romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China, the world's third most populous city proper, and most populous capital city. The city, located in northern China, is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of central government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China.Beijing is an important world capital and global power city, and one of the world's leading centers for politics, economy and business, finance, education, culture, innovation and technology, architecture, language, and diplomacy. A megacity, Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation's political, cultural, and educational center. It is home to the headquarters of most of China's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world, as well as the world's four biggest financial institutions. It is also a major hub for the national highway, expressway, railway, and high-speed rail networks. The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010, and, as of 2016, the city's subway network is the busiest and second longest in the world.
Combining both modern and traditional architecture, Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world, with a rich history dating back three millennia. As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries, and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A.D. Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China. With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides, in addition to the old inner and outer city walls, Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls and gates. It has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites – the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Ming Tombs, Zhoukoudian, and parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal – all popular locations for tourism. Siheyuans, the city's traditional housing style, and hutongs, the narrow alleys between siheyuans, are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing.
Many of Beijing's 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China, among which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities of the world. Beijing CBD is a center for Beijing's economic expansion, with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers. Beijing's Zhongguancun area is known as China's Silicon Valley and a center of innovation and technology entrepreneurship.
Manchukuo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Manchukuo
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Manchukuo (traditional Chinese: 滿洲國; pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó; Japanese: 満州国; rōmaji: Manshūkoku; State of Manchuria; in other Axis languages: Italian: Manciukuò and German: Mandschukuo) was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 until 1945. It was founded as a republic, but in 1934 it became a constitutional monarchy. It had limited international recognition and was under the de facto control of Japan.
The area, collectively known as Manchuria, was the homeland of the Manchus, including the emperors of the Qing dynasty. In 1931, the region was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident and a pro-Japanese government was installed one year later with Puyi, the last Qing emperor, as the nominal regent and later emperor. Manchukuo's government was dissolved in 1945 after the surrender of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. The territories formally claimed by the puppet state were first seized in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945, and then formally transferred to Chinese administration in the following year.Manchus formed a minority in Manchukuo, whose largest ethnic group were Han Chinese. The population of Koreans increased during the Manchukuo period, and there were also Japanese, Mongols, White Army Russians and other minorities. The Mongol regions of western Manchukuo were ruled under a slightly different system in acknowledgement of the Mongolian traditions there. The southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula was ruled by Japan as the Kwantung Leased Territory.
World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
World War I
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of World War II about twenty years later.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 July Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of France, Russia and Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (the Triple Alliance was primarily defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war in 1914). Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia, on 25 July issuing orders for the 'period preparatory to war', and after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28th, partial mobilisation was approved of the military districts nearest to Austria. General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; on the 31st, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within 12 hours. When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France. When this was refused, German forces entered Belgium early on the morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary and Germany would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917. The Eastern Front was marked by much greater exchanges of territory, but though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Rom ...
Manchukuo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Manchukuo
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Manchukuo (traditional Chinese: 滿洲國; pinyin: Mǎnzhōuguó; Japanese: 満州国; rōmaji: Manshūkoku; State of Manchuria; in other Axis languages: Italian: Manciukuò and German: Mandschukuo) was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 until 1945. It was founded as a republic, but in 1934 it became a constitutional monarchy. It had limited international recognition and was under the de facto control of Japan.
The area, collectively known as Manchuria, was the homeland of the Manchus, including the emperors of the Qing dynasty. In 1931, the region was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident and a pro-Japanese government was installed one year later with Puyi, the last Qing emperor, as the nominal regent and later emperor. Manchukuo's government was dissolved in 1945 after the surrender of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II. The territories formally claimed by the puppet state were first seized in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945, and then formally transferred to Chinese administration in the following year.Manchus formed a minority in Manchukuo, whose largest ethnic group were Han Chinese. The population of Koreans increased during the Manchukuo period, and there were also Japanese, Mongols, White Army Russians and other minorities. The Mongol regions of western Manchukuo were ruled under a slightly different system in acknowledgement of the Mongolian traditions there. The southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula was ruled by Japan as the Kwantung Leased Territory.
World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
World War I
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of World War II about twenty years later.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 July Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of France, Russia and Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (the Triple Alliance was primarily defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war in 1914). Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia, on 25 July issuing orders for the 'period preparatory to war', and after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28th, partial mobilisation was approved of the military districts nearest to Austria. General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; on the 31st, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within 12 hours. When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France. When this was refused, German forces entered Belgium early on the morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary and Germany would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917. The Eastern Front was marked by much greater exchanges of territory, but though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Rom ...