Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland
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Wooden Churches of Southern Lesser Poland and Subcarpathia of the UNESCO inscription are located in Gorlice, Nowy Targ, Bochnia counties , and Brzozów County and are in Binarowa, Blizne, Dębno, Haczów, Lipnica Dolna, and Sękowa.There are in fact many others of the region which fit the description: The wooden churches of southern Little Poland represent outstanding examples of the different aspects of medieval church-building traditions in Roman Catholic culture.Built using the horizontal log technique, common in eastern and northern Europe since the Middle Ages...
The wooden church style of the region originated in the late Medieval, the late sixteenth century, and began with Gothic ornament and polychrome detail, but because they were timber construction, the structure, general form, and feeling is entirely different from the gothic architecture or Polish Gothic .Later construction show Rococo and Baroque ornamental influence.
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Lublin Old Town, Lublin, Lublin Province, Poland, Europe
Old Town historically the oldest part of Lublin. From 23 February 2006 the administrative district of Lublin, which also included allotments Pidzamche on the east side al. The Union of Lublin. May 16, 2007, the band architecture and urban planning was included in the list of historical monuments. Cracow Gate entrance gate to the Old City, the residue ramparts of the fourteenth century and one of the most recognizable symbols of the castle. It was staged in the Gothic style, and was given the eighteenth century baroque figure. Every day at noon it was enacted bugle Lublin out of the music signal is played with the New Town Hall, which is located vis-à-vis the Cracow Gate. Grodzka Gate - the city gate, the remainder of the first masonry elements of the castle walls, built in 1342, the authorization of Casimir the Great. Current monument has the shape given to it in 1785 by the court architect of King Stanislaw August Poniatowski, Dominik Merlini, and its appearance is the result of renovation of the eighteenth century. Grodzka Gate was also known as the Jewish Gate, because it was going on between the Old Town and the Jewish Quarter. Gothic tower reconstructed in the 80s Twentieth century and being, with a part of the city walls, fortifications testimony Gothic Old Town. Tower was built in 1341 with walls of stone and brick revetment. Fish Gate the fifteenth-century door completely reconstructed after World War II. She was once owned by landlords and Market 5 Grodzka 2, which is adjacent. It leads to Square Fish, where he formerly held a brisk trade. Trinitarian Tower neo-Gothic bell tower is the highest point of altitude historic Lublin. The observation deck at a height of 40 meters offers a vast panorama of the city. Name of the tower comes from the law oo. Trinitarians who have stayed at pojezuickich monastic buildings, located near the tower. Currently in its interior houses the Museum of the Archdiocese. Included in the buildings of the Jesuit college. Short Square a central place in Lublin, connecting old town with streets: Royal, Krakow Suburb and Lubartowska. On its edge is Cracow Gate and New Town Hall. Square was founded in 1611 after backfilling rozplantowaniu moats and ramparts. The funds raised in this way, the square formed a convenient place fair, which traded in grain, using the then measure - a bushel; square called the Korce. The current name refers to the 600th anniversary of the granting Lublin city rights by King Ladislaus the Short in 1317. The Parish Church Square - square in the center of the Old Town. In the years 1936-1938 there unearthed the foundations of the parish church of St. Nicholas. Michael the Archangel. In 2002, the foundations were restored. The present parish church square is a popular venue for concerts and meetings of Lublin. Castle, the Chapel of the Castle - originally built in the twelfth century, in the thirteenth century, was added to the Romanesque donjon (tower residential and defensive), rebuilt several times during the German occupation prison was located there, and later on the same goals Castle settled in the NKVD, it was only in the mid- 50th In the twentieth century, created a museum. The castle chapel church. St. Trinity built a foundation of Casimir the Great is one of the most important monuments in Poland, covered Russo-Byzantine frescoes from 1418, created at the request of Wladyslaw Jagiello. Crown Court - was built in the late fourteenth century, was originally used as a town hall, from 1578 housed the Crown Court, the highest court for the nobility of Lesser Poland and Rus, in the eighteenth century, rebuilt in neoclassical style by Dominik Merlini, now there is a registry office. Townhouses Old Town dozens of baroque and classical buildings such as the market was rebuilt many times. There remained no traces of the Gothic predecessors of these objects. In later years, Renaissance decor disappeared, but a few remained intact objects. Enjoy as this can be one of the most beautiful baroque markets in Poland. Since the restoration work is underway that aim to beautify the central point of the Old Town. Among the dozens of beautiful houses can be distinguished:
The building Klonowica (No. 2) - Its facade is decorated with sgraffito medallions with images of famous people associated with Lublin: Sebastian Klonowic, Biernat of Lublin, Jan Kochanowski, who died in Lublin and Vincent Fields. Tenement House of the Lubomelski (No. 8) - preserved Renaissance portal and marked with the date 1540 precious wall paintings of a secular. Its facade has a very specific shade of red. At the height of the building is built in the Renaissance style facade attic.
Normandy: War-Torn Yet Full of Life
Rick Steves' Europe Travel Guide | In peaceful Normandy, we explore the half-timbered charm of Rouen, reflect on Monet's lily ponds in Giverny, peek in on local artisans, and set up an easel at Honfleur's harbor. We venture into composer Eric Satie's eccentric world and feast on the finest of Normandy cuisine. After pondering sacrifice and celebrating freedom on the D-Day beaches, we hike with pilgrims to the enchanted island abbey of Mont St-Michel.
© 2004 Rick Steves' Europe
Burgundy: Profoundly French
Rick Steves' Europe Travel Guide | Burgundy is a calm and cultivated corner of France, where fine living is intimately tied to nature and traditions run strong. We'll slow down to enjoy the region's edible, drinkable, scenic, and floatable delights. We'll travel on a canal barge, visit a medieval hospice and a modern monastery, build a barrel, appreciate fine Burgundy wine, slurp escargot, and eat very, very well. If you're looking for quintessential French culture, you'll find it in Burgundy.
© 2008 Rick Steves' Europe
ZEITGEIST: THE MOVIE | 2007 (HD)
Zeitgeist: The Movie is the first film which is directed and produced by Peter Joseph in 2007.
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Jordan Maxwell, George Carlin and Peter Joseph.
Marea Sărbătoare - Ștefan cel Mare 500
Filmul este istoria în imagini a sărbătoririi a 500 de ani de la adromirea Sfântului Ștefan cel Mare, care a culminat cu sărbătoarea din 2 iulie 2004. Sunt prezentate pregătirile pentru acest moment deosebit, pelerinajul organizat de Asociația Studenților Creștin Ortodocși Români (ASCOR) pe jos de la Suceava la Putna, aspecte din viața obștii Mănăstirii Putna.
Varna | Wikipedia audio article
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Varna
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Varna (Bulgarian: Варна, Varna [ˈvarna]) is the third-largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Situated strategically in the Gulf of Varna, the city has been a major economic, social and cultural centre for almost three millennia. Varna, historically known as Odessos, grew from a Thracian seaside settlement to a major seaport on the Black Sea.
Varna is an important centre for business, transportation, education, tourism, entertainment and healthcare. The city is referred to as the maritime capital of Bulgaria and headquarters the Bulgarian Navy and merchant marine. In 2008, Varna was designated seat of the Black Sea Euroregion by the Council of Europe. In 2014, Varna was awarded the title of European Youth Capital 2017.The oldest gold treasure in the world, belonging to the Varna culture, was discovered in the Varna Necropolis and dates to 4200–4600 BC.
Corneliu Zelea Codreanu | Wikipedia audio article
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Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
00:02:46 1 Biography
00:02:55 1.1 Early life
00:06:57 1.2 GCN and National-Christian Defense League
00:11:36 1.3 Manciu's killing
00:16:23 1.4 Creation of the Legion
00:23:12 1.5 First outlawing and parliamentary mandate
00:25:41 1.6 Clash with Duca and truce with Tătărescu
00:31:41 1.7 Everything for the Country
00:34:11 1.8 Clash with the King and 1938 trials
00:37:55 1.9 Sentencing and death
00:40:28 2 Legacy
00:40:37 2.1 Lifetime influence and Legionary power
00:45:24 2.2 Codreanu and modern-day political discourse
00:49:48 2.3 In cultural reference
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (Romanian pronunciation: [korˈneliu ˈzele̯a koˈdre̯anu] (listen); born Corneliu Zelinski; September 13, 1899 – November 30, 1938), commonly known as Corneliu Codreanu, was a Romanian politician who was the founder and charismatic leader of the Iron Guard (also known as the Legionnaire movement), an ultranationalistic and antisemitic organization active throughout most of the interwar period. Generally seen as the main variety of local fascism, and noted for its Romanian Orthodox-inspired revolutionary message, the Iron Guard grew into an important actor on the Romanian political stage, coming into conflict with the political establishment and democratic forces. The Legionnaires traditionally referred to Codreanu as Căpitanul (The Captain), and he held absolute authority over the organization until his death.
Codreanu, who began his career in the wake of World War I as an anticommunist and antisemitic agitator associated with A. C. Cuza and Constantin Pancu, was a co-founder of the National-Christian Defense League and assassin of the Iaşi Police prefect Constantin Manciu. Codreanu left Cuza to found a succession of far-right movements, rallying around him a growing segment of the country's intelligentsia and peasant population, and inciting pogroms in various parts of Greater Romania. Outlawed by successive Romanian cabinets on several occasions, his Legion assumed different names and survived in the underground, during which time Codreanu formally delegated leadership to Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul. Following Codreanu's instructions, the Legion carried out assassinations of politicians it viewed as corrupt, including Prime Minister Ion G. Duca and his former associate Mihai Stelescu. Simultaneously, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu advocated Romania's adherence to a military and political alliance with Nazi Germany.
He registered his main electoral success during the 1937 suffrage, but was blocked out of power by King Carol II, who came to favor rival fascist alternatives around the National Christian Party and the National Renaissance Front. The rivalry between Codreanu and, on the other side, Carol and moderate politicians like Nicolae Iorga ended with Codreanu's imprisonment at Jilava and eventual assassination at the hands of the Gendarmerie. He was succeeded as leader by Horia Sima. In 1940, under the National Legionary State proclaimed by the Iron Guard, his killing served as the basis for violent retribution.
Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's views influenced the modern far-right. Groups claiming him as a forerunner include Noua Dreaptă and other Romanian successors of the Iron Guard, the International Third Position, and various neofascist organizations in Italy and other parts of Europe.
Catania | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:53 1 Etymology
00:04:24 2 Geography
00:05:16 2.1 Climate
00:07:05 3 Demographics
00:09:02 4 History
00:09:11 4.1 Foundation
00:10:06 4.2 Greek Catania
00:15:07 4.3 Roman rule
00:18:33 4.4 Middle Ages
00:20:34 4.5 Early Modern times
00:21:24 4.6 Unified Italy
00:23:00 5 Metropolitan area
00:24:08 5.1 Catania administrative divisions
00:24:38 6 Main sights
00:26:44 6.1 Classical buildings
00:27:54 6.2 Roman thermal structures
00:28:29 6.3 Baroque and historical churches
00:35:33 6.4 Other
00:37:09 7 Economy
00:40:29 8 Education
00:41:39 9 Culture
00:44:30 10 Food and cuisine
00:47:29 11 Transport
00:49:10 11.1 Catania Public Transportation Statistics
00:50:00 12 Notable residents
00:51:45 13 International relations
00:51:55 13.1 Twin towns – sister cities
00:52:26 13.2 Influence on the planning of Adelaide, Australia
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Speaking Rate: 0.9515365776991219
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Catania (UK: , US: , Sicilian and Italian: [kaˈtaːnja] (listen)) is the second largest city of Sicily after Palermo; it is located on the east coast facing the Ionian Sea. It is the capital of the Metropolitan City of Catania, one of the ten biggest cities in Italy, and the seventh largest metropolitan area in Italy. The population of the city proper is 320,000 while the population of the city's metropolitan area, Metropolitan City of Catania, stood at 1,116,168 inhabitants.
Catania was destroyed by catastrophic earthquakes in 1169 and 1693, and by several volcanic eruptions from the neighbouring Mount Etna, the most violent of which was in 1669.Catania was founded in the 8th century BC by Chalcidians. In 1434, the first university in Sicily was founded in the city. In the 14th century and into the Renaissance period, Catania was one of Italy's most important cultural, artistic and political centres.The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy. Its old town, besides being one of the biggest examples of baroque architecture in Italy, is a World Heritage Site, protected by UNESCO.
Catania has been a native or adoptive homeland of some of Italy's most famous artists and writers, including composers Vincenzo Bellini and Giovanni Pacini, and writers Giovanni Verga, Luigi Capuana, Federico De Roberto and Nino Martoglio.
The city is the main industrial, logistical and commercial center of Sicily. It is the home of the Catania-Fontanarossa Airport, the largest in Southern Italy.
Our Lady of La Salette Prophecy Decoded, pt 2
Mary's prophecy about the Antichrist and the Millennium.
Religion in Nazi Germany | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Religion in Nazi Germany
00:03:19 1 Background
00:05:57 2 Organized religion in Germany 1933–1945
00:06:10 2.1 Denominational trends during the Nazi period
00:10:41 2.2 National Socialist attitudes towards Christianity
00:26:41 2.3 iKirchenkampf/i (church struggle)
00:31:12 2.3.1 Protestantism
00:31:20 2.3.1.1 Martin Luther
00:33:37 2.3.1.2 Protestant groups
00:34:45 2.3.1.2.1 Ludwig Müller
00:40:02 2.3.2 Jehovah's Witnesses
00:41:44 2.3.3 Catholicism
00:43:03 2.3.4 Church hierarchy
00:46:21 2.3.5 Plans for the Roman Catholic Church
00:47:53 2.4 Churches and the war effort
00:52:41 3 National Socialist anti-Semitism
00:55:49 4 Other beliefs
00:56:32 4.1 Atheists
00:58:31 4.2 Esoteric groups
00:59:45 5 Religious aspects of Nazism
01:01:52 5.1 Relation of religion to fascism
01:03:39 5.2 Messianic aspects of Nazism
01:04:27 5.3 Thuringian German Christian Prayer for Hitler
01:05:23 6 See also
01:06:00 7 Notes and references
01:06:09 8 Referred literature
01:07:08 9 External links
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
For the significance of occultism and paganism in Nazism see the article Religious aspects of Nazism.In 1933, 5 years prior to the annexation of Austria into Germany, the population of Germany was approximately 67% Protestant and 33% Catholic, while the Jewish population was less than 1%. A census in May 1939, six years into the Nazi era and after the annexation of mostly Catholic Austria and mostly Catholic Czechoslovakia into Germany, indicates that 54% considered themselves Protestant, 40% Catholic, 3.5% self-identified as gottgläubig (lit. believing in God, often described as predominately creationist and deistic), and 1.5% as atheist.There was some diversity of personal views among the Nazi leadership as to the future of religion in Germany. Anti-Church radicals included Hitler's Personal Secretary Martin Bormann, Minister for Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, paganist Nazi Philosopher Alfred Rosenberg, and paganist occultist Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. Some Nazis, such as Hans Kerrl, who served as Hitler's Minister for Church Affairs pushed for Positive Christianity, which was a uniquely Nazi form which rejected its Jewish origins and the Old Testament, and portrayed true Christianity as a fight against Jews, with Jesus depicted as an Aryan.Nazism wanted to transform the subjective consciousness of the German people—their attitudes, values and mentalities—into a single-minded, obedient national community. The Nazis believed they would therefore have to replace class, religious and regional allegiances. Under the Gleichschaltung process, Hitler attempted to create a unified Protestant Reich Church from Germany's 28 existing Protestant churches. The plan failed, and was resisted by the Confessing Church. Persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany followed the Nazi takeover. Hitler moved quickly to eliminate Political Catholicism. Amid harassment of the Church, the Reich concordat treaty with the Vatican was signed in 1933, and promised to respect Church autonomy. Hitler routinely disregarded the Concordat, closing all Catholic institutions whose functions were not strictly religious. Clergy, nuns, and lay leaders were targeted, with thousands of arrests over the ensuing years. The Church accused the regime of fundamental hostility to Christ and his Church. Historians resist however a simple equation of Nazi opposition to both Judaism and Christianity. Nazism was clearly willing to use the support of Christians who accepted its ideology, and Nazi opposition to both Judaism and Christianity was not fully analogous in the minds of the Nazis.Smaller religious minorities such as the Jehovah's Witnesses and Bahá'í Faith were banned in Germany, while the eradication of Judaism by the genocide of its adherents was attempted. The Salvation Army, the Christian Saints and the Seventh-day Adventist Church all disappeared from Germany, while astrologers, healers and fortune teller ...
Varna | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:54 1 Etymology
00:02:22 1.1 Other places named Varna
00:03:02 2 History
00:03:10 2.1 Prehistory
00:03:45 2.2 Thracians
00:08:10 2.3 Antiquity
00:12:09 2.4 Bulgarian conquest
00:13:09 2.5 Middle Ages
00:15:52 2.6 Battle of Varna
00:16:48 2.7 Late Ottoman rule
00:18:32 2.8 Third Bulgarian State
00:20:19 3 Geography
00:22:22 3.1 Climate
00:23:28 4 Governance
00:23:53 4.1 Local government
00:25:11 4.2 Boroughs and urban planning
00:25:48 4.3 Policing and crime
00:26:33 4.4 Consulates
00:26:54 4.5 Twin towns and sister cities
00:27:05 5 Demography
00:29:40 5.1 Ethnic, linguistic and religious composition
00:33:01 6 Economy
00:36:39 7 Transport
00:37:41 8 Landmarks
00:41:12 8.1 Churches
00:43:22 8.2 Architecture
00:46:02 9 Education
00:46:16 9.1 Higher education
00:47:49 9.2 Institutes and colleges
00:48:33 9.3 Secondary education
00:49:18 9.4 Libraries
00:49:29 10 Culture
00:50:10 10.1 Museums
00:51:11 10.2 Galleries
00:51:31 10.3 Performing arts professional companies
00:52:06 10.4 Art networks
00:52:17 10.5 Other performing arts groups
00:52:32 10.6 Notable bands and artists
00:53:35 10.7 Concert halls
00:53:59 10.8 International arts festivals
00:55:09 10.9 National events
00:55:47 10.10 Local events
00:56:27 10.11 Varna in fiction
00:57:31 11 Media
00:59:04 12 Healthcare
00:59:48 13 Sports
00:59:56 13.1 Football
01:00:46 13.2 Swimming
01:02:04 13.3 Other sports
01:03:46 14 Notable people
01:04:00 15 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.9994740521644461
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Varna (Bulgarian: Варна, Varna [ˈvarna]) is the third largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Situated strategically in the Gulf of Varna, the city has been a major economic, social and cultural centre for almost three millennia. Varna, historically known as Odessos (Ancient Greek: Ὀδησσός), grew from a Thracian seaside settlement to a major seaport on the Black Sea.
Varna is an important centre for business, transportation, education, tourism, entertainment and healthcare. The city is referred to as the maritime capital of Bulgaria and headquarters the Bulgarian Navy and merchant marine. In 2008, Varna was designated seat of the Black Sea Euroregion by the Council of Europe. In 2014, Varna was awarded the title of European Youth Capital 2017.The oldest gold treasure in the world, belonging to the Varna culture, was discovered in the Varna Necropolis and dates to 4200–4600 BC.
Eastern Orthodox | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Eastern Orthodox
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 200–260 million members. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, the Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, and the Near East. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops, called a Holy Synod. The church has no central doctrinal or governance authority analogous to the Catholic pope, but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is recognised by all as primus inter pares (first among equals) of the bishops.
Eastern Orthodox theology is based on the Nicene Creed, and the church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission, and that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles. It maintains that it practices the original Christian faith, passed down by sacred tradition. Its patriarchates, reminiscent of the pentarchy, and autocephalous and autonomous churches reflect a variety of hierarchical organisation. Of its innumerable Sacred Mysteries, it recognises seven major sacraments, of which the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in synaxis. The church teaches that through consecration invoked by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the Mother of God, honoured in devotions.
The Eastern Orthodox Church shared communion with the Roman Catholic Church until the East–West Schism in AD 1054, triggered by disputes over doctrine, especially the authority of the Pope. Before the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, Oriental Orthodox churches also shared in this communion, separating primarily over differences in Christology.
The majority of Eastern Orthodox Christians live in Eastern Europe, Greece, and the Caucasus, with smaller communities in the former Byzantine regions of the eastern Mediterranean, Africa, and to a decreasing degree also in the Middle East due to persecution. There are also many in other parts of the world, formed through diaspora, conversions, and missionary activity.
Satan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Satan
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Satan, also known as the Devil, is an entity in the Abrahamic religions that seduces humans into sin or falsehood. In Christianity and Islam, he is usually seen as either a fallen angel or a jinn, who used to possess great piety and beauty, but rebelled against God, who nevertheless allows him temporary power over the fallen world and a host of demons. In Judaism, Satan is typically regarded as a metaphor for the yetzer hara, or evil inclination, or as an agent subservient to God.
A figure known as the satan first appears in the Tanakh as a heavenly prosecutor, a member of the sons of God subordinate to Yahweh, who prosecutes the nation of Judah in the heavenly court and tests the loyalty of Yahweh's followers by forcing them to suffer. During the intertestamental period, possibly due to influence from the Zoroastrian figure of Angra Mainyu, the satan developed into a malevolent entity with abhorrent qualities in dualistic opposition to God. In the apocryphal Book of Jubilees, Yahweh grants the satan (referred to as Mastema) authority over a group of fallen angels, or their offspring, to tempt humans to sin and punish them. In the Synoptic Gospels, Satan tempts Jesus in the desert and is identified as the cause of illness and temptation. In the Book of Revelation, Satan appears as a Great Red Dragon, who is defeated by Michael the Archangel and cast down from Heaven. He is later bound for one thousand years, but is briefly set free before being ultimately defeated and cast into the Lake of Fire.
In Christianity, Satan is also known as the Devil and, although the Book of Genesis does not mention him, he is often identified as the serpent in the Garden of Eden. In the Middle Ages, Satan played a minimal role in Christian theology and was used as a comic relief figure in mystery plays. During the early modern period, Satan's significance greatly increased as beliefs such as demonic possession and witchcraft became more prevalent. During the Age of Enlightenment, belief in the existence of Satan became harshly criticized. Nonetheless, belief in Satan has persisted, particularly in the Americas. In the Quran, Shaitan, also known as Iblis, is an entity made of fire who was cast out of Heaven because he refused to bow before the newly-created Adam and incites humans to sin by infecting their minds with waswās (evil suggestions). Although Satan is generally viewed as evil, some groups have very different beliefs.
In Theistic Satanism, Satan is considered a deity who is either worshipped or revered. In LaVeyan Satanism, Satan is a symbol of virtuous characteristics and liberty. Satan's appearance is never described in the Bible, but, since the ninth century, he has often been shown in Christian art with horns, cloven hooves, unusually hairy legs, and a tail, often naked and holding a pitchfork. These are an amalgam of traits derived from various pagan deities, including Pan, Poseidon, and Bes. Satan appears frequently in Christian literature, most notably in Dante Alighieri's Inferno, variants of the Faust legend, John Milton's Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained, and the poems of William Blake. He continues to appear in film, television, and music.
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:11 1 History
00:03:20 1.1 Background and creation
00:05:43 1.2 Pre-war activities
00:09:31 1.3 Split in the OUN
00:13:45 1.4 During World War II
00:13:54 1.4.1 Early years of the war and activities in Central and Eastern Ukraine
00:18:21 1.4.2 OUN-B's struggle for dominance in western Ukraine
00:22:15 1.4.3 OUN-B's struggle against Germany, Soviet Union and Poland
00:23:15 1.5 After the Second World War
00:26:34 2 Organization
00:28:04 3 Ideology
00:30:04 3.1 Integral nationalism
00:31:58 3.2 Myth and nationalism of the deed
00:33:07 3.3 Authoritarianism
00:35:47 3.4 Treatment of non-Ukrainians
00:36:53 3.5 OUN and antisemitism
00:44:11 4 Symbols
00:46:01 5 Leaders
00:46:18 5.1 OUN (Melnyk)
00:46:47 5.2 OUN (Bandera)
00:47:26 5.3 OUN (abroad)
00:47:58 6 See also
00:48:20 7 Notes
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There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) (Ukrainian: Організація Українських Націоналістів, (ОУН), Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv) was a Ukrainian nationalist political organization established in 1929 in Vienna; it first operated in Eastern Galicia (at the time part of interwar Poland). The OUN emerged as a union between the Ukrainian Military Organization, smaller radical right-wing groups, and right-wing Ukrainian nationalists and intellectuals represented by Dmytro Dontsov, Yevhen Konovalets, Mykola Stsyborsky and other figures.The OUN sought to infiltrate legal political parties, universities and other political structures and institutions. As revolutionary ultra-nationalists the OUN have been characterized by most historians as fascist. OUN strategies to achieve Ukrainian independence included violence and terrorism against perceived foreign and domestic enemies, particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia and Russia.In 1940 the OUN split into two parts. The older, more moderate members supported Andriy Melnyk and the OUN-M, while the younger and more radical members supported Stepan Bandera's OUN-B. After the start of the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 (Operation Barbarossa), the OUN-B in the person of Yaroslav Stetsko declared an independent Ukrainian state on 30 June 1941 in occupied Lviv, while the region was under the control of Nazi Germany. In response, the Nazi authorities suppressed the OUN leadership. In October 1942 the OUN-B established the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).
To pre-empt future Polish efforts at re-establishing Poland's pre-war borders, in 1943-1944 UPA military units carried out large-scale ethnic cleansing against Polish people. Historians estimate that 100,000 Polish civilians were massacred in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.After World War II the UPA fought against Soviet and Polish government forces. During Operation Vistula in 1947, the Polish government deported 140,000 Ukrainian civilians in Poland to remove the support base for the UPA. In the struggle Soviet forces killed, arrested, or deported over 500,000 Ukrainian civilians. Many of those targeted by the Soviets included UPA members, their families, and supporters.During the Cold War western intelligence agencies, including the CIA, covertly supported the OUN.A number of contemporary far-right Ukrainian political organizations claim to be inheritors of the OUN's political traditions, including Svoboda, the Ukrainian National Assembly and the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists. The role of the OUN remains contested in historiography, as these later political inheritors developed a literature denying the organization's fascist political heritage and collaboration with Nazi Germany, while also celebrating the Waffen-SS Galizien.
On the other hand, some scholars argue that political opponents emphasized the far-right or extreme-right aspects of modern OUN descendants for el ...
Eastern Orthodox | Wikipedia audio article
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Eastern Orthodox
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 200–260 million members. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, the Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, and the Near East. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops, called a Holy Synod. The church has no central doctrinal or governance authority analogous to the Catholic pope, but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is recognised by all as primus inter pares (first among equals) of the bishops.
Eastern Orthodox theology is based on the Nicene Creed, and the church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission, and that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles. It maintains that it practices the original Christian faith, passed down by sacred tradition. Its patriarchates, reminiscent of the pentarchy, and autocephalous and autonomous churches reflect a variety of hierarchical organisation. Of its innumerable Sacred Mysteries, it recognises seven major sacraments, of which the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in synaxis. The church teaches that through consecration invoked by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the Mother of God, honoured in devotions.
The Eastern Orthodox Church shared communion with the Roman Catholic Church until the East–West Schism in AD 1054, triggered by disputes over doctrine, especially the authority of the Pope. Before the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, Oriental Orthodox churches also shared in this communion, separating primarily over differences in Christology.
The majority of Eastern Orthodox Christians live in Eastern Europe, Greece, and the Caucasus, with smaller communities in the former Byzantine regions of the eastern Mediterranean, Africa, and to a decreasing degree also in the Middle East due to persecution. There are also many in other parts of the world, formed through diaspora, conversions, and missionary activity.
Satan | Wikipedia audio article
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Satan
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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Satan, also known as the Devil, is an entity in the Abrahamic religions that seduces humans into sin or falsehood. In Christianity and Islam, he is usually seen as either a fallen angel or a jinn, who used to possess great piety and beauty, but rebelled against God, who nevertheless allows him temporary power over the fallen world and a host of demons. In Judaism, Satan is typically regarded as a metaphor for the yetzer hara, or evil inclination, or as an agent subservient to God.
A figure known as the satan first appears in the Tanakh as a heavenly prosecutor, a member of the sons of God subordinate to Yahweh, who prosecutes the nation of Judah in the heavenly court and tests the loyalty of Yahweh's followers by forcing them to suffer. During the intertestamental period, possibly due to influence from the Zoroastrian figure of Angra Mainyu, the satan developed into a malevolent entity with abhorrent qualities in dualistic opposition to God. In the apocryphal Book of Jubilees, Yahweh grants the satan (referred to as Mastema) authority over a group of fallen angels to tempt humans to sin and punish them. In the Synoptic Gospels, Satan tempts Jesus in the desert and is identified as the cause of illness and temptation. In the Book of Revelation, Satan appears as a Great Red Dragon, who is defeated by Michael the Archangel and cast down from Heaven. He is later bound for one thousand years, but is briefly set free before being ultimately defeated and cast into the Lake of Fire.
In Christianity, Satan is also known as the Devil and, although the Book of Genesis does not mention him, he is often identified as the serpent in the Garden of Eden. In the Middle Ages, Satan played a minimal role in Christian theology and was used as a comic relief figure in mystery plays. During the early modern period, Satan's significance greatly increased as beliefs such as demonic possession and witchcraft became more prevalent. During the Age of Enlightenment, belief in the existence of Satan became harshly criticized. Nonetheless, belief in Satan has persisted, particularly in the Americas. In the Quran, Shaitan, also known as Iblis, is an entity made of fire who was cast out of Heaven because he refused to bow before the newly-created Adam and incites humans to sin by infecting their minds with waswās (evil suggestions). Although Satan is generally viewed as evil, some groups have very different beliefs.
In Theistic Satanism, Satan is considered a deity who is either worshipped or revered. In LaVeyan Satanism, Satan is a symbol of virtuous characteristics and liberty. Satan's appearance is never described in the Bible, but, since the ninth century, he has often been shown in Christian art with horns, cloven hooves, unusually hairy legs, and a tail, often naked and holding a pitchfork. These are an amalgam of traits derived from various pagan deities, including Pan, Poseidon, and Bes. Satan appears frequently in Christian literature, most notably in Dante Alighieri's Inferno, variants of the Faust legend, John Milton's Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained, and the poems of William Blake. He continues to appear in film, television, and music.
Eastern Orthodoxy | Wikipedia audio article
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Eastern Orthodoxy
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 200–260 million members. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, the Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, and the Near East. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops, called a Holy Synod. The church has no central doctrinal or governance authority analogous to the Catholic pope, but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is recognised by all as primus inter pares (first among equals) of the bishops.
Eastern Orthodox theology is based on the Nicene Creed, and the church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission, and that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles. It maintains that it practices the original Christian faith, passed down by sacred tradition. Its patriarchates, reminiscent of the pentarchy, and autocephalous and autonomous churches reflect a variety of hierarchical organisation. Of its innumerable Sacred Mysteries, it recognises seven major sacraments, of which the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in synaxis. The church teaches that through consecration invoked by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the Mother of God, honoured in devotions.
The Eastern Orthodox Church shared communion with the Roman Catholic Church until the East–West Schism in AD 1054, triggered by disputes over doctrine, especially the authority of the Pope. Before the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, Oriental Orthodox churches also shared in this communion, separating primarily over differences in Christology.
The majority of Eastern Orthodox Christians live in Eastern Europe, Greece, and the Caucasus, with smaller communities in the former Byzantine regions of the eastern Mediterranean, Africa, and to a decreasing degree also in the Middle East due to persecution. There are also many in other parts of the world, formed through diaspora, conversions, and missionary activity.
Spanish Civil War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Spanish Civil War
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Española) took place from 1936 to 1939. Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Second Spanish Republic, in alliance with the Anarchists and Communists, fought against the Nationalists, a Falangist, Carlist, Catholic, and largely aristocratic group led by General Francisco Franco. The war has often been portrayed as a struggle between democracy and fascism, particularly due to the political climate and timing surrounding it. In early 1939, the Nationalists achieved victory, and ruled Spain until Franco's death in November 1975.
The war began after a pronunciamiento (a declaration of military opposition) against the Republican government by a group of generals of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces, originally under the leadership of José Sanjurjo. The government at the time was a moderate, liberal coalition of Republicans, supported in the Cortes by communist and socialist parties, under the leadership of centre-left President Manuel Azaña. The Nationalist group was supported by a number of conservative groups, including the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups (Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas, or CEDA), monarchists such as the religious conservative (Roman Catholic) Carlists, and the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FE y de las JONS), a fascist political party. Sanjurjo was killed in an aircraft accident while attempting to return from exile in Portugal, whereupon Franco emerged as the leader of the Nationalists.
The coup was supported by military units in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, Pamplona, Burgos, Zaragoza, Valladolid, Cádiz, Córdoba, and Seville. However, rebelling units in some important cities—such as Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, and Málaga—did not gain control, and those cities remained under the control of the government. Spain was thus left militarily and politically divided. The Nationalists and the Republican government fought for control of the country. The Nationalist forces received munitions, soldiers, and air support from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, while the Republican (Loyalist) side received support from the Soviet Union and Mexico. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, continued to recognize the Republican government, but followed an official policy of non-intervention. Notwithstanding this policy, tens of thousands of citizens from non-interventionist countries directly participated in the conflict. They fought mostly in the pro-Republican International Brigades, which also included several thousand exiles from pro-Nationalist regimes.
The Nationalists advanced from their strongholds in the south and west, capturing most of Spain's northern coastline in 1937. They also besieged Madrid and the area to its south and west for much of the war. After much of Catalonia was captured in 1938 and 1939, and Madrid cut off from Barcelona, the Republican military position became hopeless. Madrid and Barcelona were occupied without resistance, Franco declared victory and his regime received diplomatic recognition from all non-interventionist governments. Thousands of leftist Spaniards fled to refugee camps in southern France. Those associated with the losing Republicans were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists. With the establishment of a dictatorship led by General Franco in the aftermath of the war, all right-wing parties were fused into the structure of the Franco regime.The war became notable for the passion and political division it inspired and for the many atrocities that occurred, on both sides. Organized purges occurred in territory captured by Franco's forces so they could consolidate their future regime. A significant number of killings also took place in areas controlled by the Republicans. The extent to which Republican authorities took part in killings in Re ...
Anglo-Saxons | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:21 1 Ethnonym
00:06:42 2 Contemporary meanings
00:11:09 3 Early Anglo-Saxon history (410–660)
00:12:30 3.1 Migration (410–560)
00:18:54 3.2 Development of an Anglo-Saxon society (560–610)
00:22:11 3.3 Conversion to Christianity (590–660)
00:25:52 4 Middle Anglo-Saxon history (660–899)
00:27:13 4.1 Mercian supremacy (626–821)
00:29:52 4.2 Learning and monasticism (660–793)
00:32:49 4.3 West Saxon hegemony and the Anglo-Scandinavian Wars (793–878)
00:38:46 4.4 King Alfred and the rebuilding (878–899)
00:42:33 5 Late Anglo-Saxon history (899–1066)
00:43:24 5.1 Reform and formation of England (899–978)
00:47:58 5.2 Athelred and the return of the Scandinavians (978–1016)
00:51:29 5.3 Conquest England: Danes, Norwegians and Normans (1016–1066)
00:57:11 6 After the Norman Conquest
01:01:08 7 Life and society
01:01:42 7.1 Kingship and kingdoms
01:08:12 7.2 Religion and the church
01:14:10 7.3 Fighting and warfare
01:22:16 7.4 Settlements and working life
01:26:50 7.5 Women, children and slaves
01:31:09 8 Culture
01:31:18 8.1 Architecture
01:40:02 8.2 Art
01:49:53 8.3 Language
01:56:05 8.4 Kinship
02:00:02 8.5 Law
02:06:49 8.6 Literature
02:12:55 8.7 Symbolism
02:18:59 9 See also
02:19:35 10 Notes
02:19:44 11 Citations
02:20:06 12 Further reading
02:20:15 12.1 General
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Speaking Rate: 0.8911939524281147
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century. They comprise people from Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe, their descendants, and indigenous British groups who adopted many aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language; the cultural foundations laid by the Anglo-Saxons are the foundation of the modern English legal system and of many aspects of English society; the modern English language owes over half its words – including the most common words of everyday speech – to the language of the Anglo-Saxons. Historically, the Anglo-Saxon period denotes the period in Britain between about 450 and 1066, after their initial settlement and up until the Norman conquest.
The early Anglo-Saxon period includes the creation of an English nation, with many of the aspects that survive today, including regional government of shires and hundreds. During this period, Christianity was established and there was a flowering of literature and language. Charters and law were also established. The term Anglo-Saxon is popularly used for the language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons in England and eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. In scholarly use, it is more commonly called Old English.The history of the Anglo-Saxons is the history of a cultural identity. It developed from divergent groups in association with the people's adoption of Christianity, and was integral to the establishment of various kingdoms. Threatened by extended Danish invasions and military occupation of eastern England, this identity was re-established; it dominated until after the Norman Conquest. The visible Anglo-Saxon culture can be seen in the material culture of buildings, dress styles, illuminated texts and grave goods. Behind the symbolic nature of these cultural emblems, there are strong elements of tribal and lordship ties. The elite declared themselves as kings who developed burhs, and identified their roles and peoples in Biblical terms. Above all, as Helena Hamerow has observed, local and extended kin groups remained...the essential unit of production throughout the Anglo-Saxon period. The effects persist in the 21st century as, according to a study published in March 2015, the genetic makeup of British populations today shows divisions of the tribal political units of the early Anglo-Saxon peri ...