HORROR HOUSE WARSZAWA STARÓWKA
Dom strachów Warszawa Starówka
Fear Zone - Dom Grozy Warszawa
Dom strachu Warszawa, wciel się w bohatera horroru i przeżyj straszliwą przygodę!
Web: domgrozy.pl
FB: facebook.com/fearzone
Insta: instagram.com/fear.zone.warszawa/
Dom strachu to miejsce, żywcem wyjęte z filmów grozy, w Fear Zone masz możliwość, poczuć się jak bohater filmu i doświadczyć prawdziwych emocje z tym związanych. Strach ma wiele obliczy, ale tylko w domu strachu masz możliwość przeżyć niepowtarzalną przygodę, zmierzyć się ze swoimi lękami w kontrolowanych warunkach. To czego doświadczysz w naszych podziemiach można porównać do skoku na bungee, z tym, że w Strefie Strachu nie ponosisz żadnego ryzyka. A satysfakcja jaką poczujesz po przejściu sprawi, że na długo zapamiętasz nasze miejsce... pod warunkiem , że dotrwasz do końca!
Zapraszamy do składania zapoznania się z opiniami zadowolonych klientów, przekonasz się, że choć Warszawa oferuje różnorodne atrakcje nasz dom strachu jest jedyny w swoim rodzaju!
Explore FEAR ZONE – the only one horror house in Warsaw able to meet the demands of XXI century. Put yourself in shoes of horror movie character and experience your deepest fears, you would never go through elsewhere. Visit haunted rooms in the abandoned bunker located in the City Centre. Will you face your frights? Will you accept a challenge?
Horror House Warszawa is totaly new atraction in europe, popular in USA real horror expirence. In controled conditons you can feel unique emotions, for 30 minutes you became character of horror movie! Fear Zone horror house provides positive shocks which you can't get enywhere else...
Mamy 1. miejsce na LockMe.pl wśród polskich escape roomów! Dziękujemy!
To dzięki Wam mamy zaszczyt tworzyć escape roomy naszych marzeń! Niezmiernie nam miło pracować dla tak fantastycznej społeczności fanów tej rozrywki! Dołożymy wszelkich starań, aby każdy kolejny pokój był lepszy od poprzedniego :) Dziękujemy!
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Rezerwacje na: wyjscieawaryjne.pl/bydgoszcz/
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???? Instagram: instagram.com/escaperoombydgoszcz/
???? LockMe: lockme.pl/wyjscie-awaryjne/
???? Facebook: facebook.com/escaperoomwbydgoszczy
???? Snapchat : EscaperoomBDG
Wyjście Awaryjne Escape Room | Bydgoszcz | Warszawa
PKiN by night Warsaw Warszawa 360
Seans Uduchowiony - Escape Room
Czy jesteście ciekawi co przydarzyło się śmiałkom, którzy weszli do pokoju?
Już niedługo będziecie mogli przekonać się sami!
pracowniastrachu.com
REZERWACJA ONLINE:
Genocide. Animated documentary movie
Genocide. Animated documentary movie about crimes done to polish nation since 1939 till present day
support me:
54 1140 2004 0000 3702 7574 1627 Arkadiusz Olszewski
or Paypal: ArkadiuszOlszewski-filmy@wp.pl
Warsaw | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:09 1 Etymology and names
00:06:25 2 History
00:06:34 2.1 Early history
00:07:37 2.2 16th to 18th centuries
00:09:58 2.3 19th and 20th centuries
00:11:51 2.4 Capital of Second Polish Republic: 1918–39
00:13:41 2.5 Second World War
00:16:49 2.6 1945–1989: Warsaw during the People's Republic
00:18:37 2.7 Recent times: 1989–present
00:19:25 3 Geography
00:19:34 3.1 Location and topography
00:23:13 3.2 Climate
00:24:30 3.3 Cityscape
00:25:37 3.3.1 Architecture
00:31:00 3.4 Landmarks
00:34:41 3.4.1 Flora and fauna
00:40:31 4 Society and demographics
00:42:55 4.1 Immigrant population
00:43:44 4.2 Religion
00:45:21 5 Government and politics
00:46:16 5.1 Municipal government
00:50:49 5.2 Districts
00:51:59 6 Economy
00:52:37 6.1 Business and commerce
00:55:00 6.2 Warsaw Stock Exchange
00:56:02 6.3 Industry
00:58:40 7 Education
01:01:52 8 Transport and infrastructure
01:05:50 8.1 Infrastructure
01:07:22 9 Culture
01:07:31 9.1 Music and theatre
01:10:28 9.2 Events
01:12:16 9.3 Museums and art galleries
01:15:50 9.4 Media and film
01:18:07 9.5 Sports
01:20:58 9.6 Warsaw Mermaid
01:23:38 10 Famous people
01:25:27 11 Rankings
01:25:54 12 International relations
01:26:04 12.1 Twin towns and sister cities
01:26:20 12.2 Partnerships
01:26:28 13 Warsaw in art and literature
01:26:38 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.8137113088356605
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] (listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.765 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 8th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi). Warsaw is an alpha global city, a major international tourist destination, and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Its historical Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Once described as the Paris of the East, Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II. Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939, the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari. Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat. A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II, which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins.Warsaw is one of Europe's most dynamic metropolitan cities. In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. In 2017 the city came 4th in the Business-friendly category and 8th in Human capital and life style. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central and Eastern Europe.
The city is a significant centre of research and development, Business process outsourcing, Information technology outsourcing, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security as well as ODIHR, one of the principal institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe have their headquarters in Warsaw. Together with Frankfurt, London and Paris, Warsaw is also one of the ...
KONKURS! - #Warszawa2030 w Minecraft
Główna strona konkursu:
Regulamin:
________________
Budowla z filmu:
WorldEdit:
PixelCam:
Music in background: Aero Chord - Time Leap
YouTube link:
Kevin MacLeod - Sneaky Snitch
Fanpage:
Ask:
LAZZ 2017 [OFFICIAL AFTERMOVIE]
Płock, 2017.
Apostle Pete | Deeplomatik| Truant | MOES |ADES | FictiOne | Sovinsky|Lewskhi| Gogan | Phil Jensky | | Keenarf | Handia Hype | Sam Wolff | Cranz | Santos Junior | Beat'n'Fly| Kombinat | Tomm Packer | Charismatic | Kuvau | Dj SeBAss| KoZa | SIR Ulik | Nie Bój Się Elektroniki NBSE|LIPSKI| Treliński | Kevs | Calahari| shortfinger| Wyssogota | Cocolino Official | Terstin | | Tip Top| Mabu| Azam | Foxall| KVBA84|
See, You on the other side.
luzztro.com
___
Linx:
facebook.com/luzztrorecords
instagram.com/luzztrorecords
luzztrorecords.tumblr.com
soundcloud.com/luzztrorecords
About:
Luzztro is a music club located in a prime location, which is in the center of Warsaw, created with passion and an amazing atmosphere, where two stages are dominated by techno, tech house Deep, minimal etc.
Luzztro is known among the Warsaw club stages for appearances of Polish and international DJs who often just made their first steps just here and the famous afterparties, lasting up to the white dawn.
Luzztro is not only a unique music club in Warsaw. It is also an operating since 2015 independent record company - Luzztro Records - founded on the grounds of the need and passion of the owners - founders of the club - young people, best friends for years, working in the music industry for over 20 years, for whom music is simply everything, and who, all the time, have been looking for new and ambitious electronic sounds, absolutely not limited to what is already known. They focus mainly on such kinds of music that could be described as a deep house, house tech, future, techno, and minimal, but this does not mean that they do not like to experiment.
Music is part of our lives, the mode of thinking and at the same time a way to escape from gray reality of everyday life. Plunge into the atmospheric sounds associated with an even and quite heavy beat, relax the body and mind, setting off on a journey of magic and sometimes dark technology sounds of electronic music, slowly wiping parquet surfaces in the black halls in various clubs of the world. This is music is for us.
The activities of Luzztro Records deserve special attention also because it does not put on commercialism. In times when other small publishing houses limit their activities, and large publishers, the so-called majors, are searching only for artists with commercial potential, Luzztro Records does not limit itself. Primarily it focuses on quality of performance and artistic potential of performers. Most of the artists who have established cooperation with Luzztro Records are uncompromising musicians, who in many cases would not have a chance to make their albums elsewhere. And here again there are no clear guidelines, as like the club, the record company is divided into two rooms, two different climates - more technical sounds, refined and sophisticated, but also titles that reach a wider audience. It is important that among the artists issued by the record company there are many formations that made their first steps on the stage of Luzztro club, and today can boast of great music achievements.
MCS Warszawa 2019 - Turniej gier Minecraft
Największy turniej YouTuberów Minecraft już 27 kwietnia w Warszawie! ???? Stuu Games, RoxMb, Doknes, Dealereq Abra, Wojan, Tritsus, Szymeq, Graf i wielu innych na żywo!
Bilety :
LAZZ 2018 [Official Aftermovie]
Jakiś czas temu zadawaliście głośno pytanie Gdzie są pieniądze za LAZZ? Jeśli jeszcze nie wiecie, gdzie się podziały to obejrzyjcie poniższe aftermovie z drugiej edycji 'najbardziej roztańczonego nadleśnictwa w Polsce'. Dziękujemy wszystkim, którzy odwiedzili nas w ostatni weekend lipca! Niedługo kolejne ogłoszenia na: lazz.pl
See, You on the other side.
luzztro.com
___
Linx:
facebook.com/luzztrorecords
instagram.com/luzztrorecords
luzztrorecords.tumblr.com
soundcloud.com/luzztrorecords
About:
Luzztro is a music club located in a prime location, which is in the center of Warsaw, created with passion and an amazing atmosphere, where two stages are dominated by techno, tech house Deep, minimal etc.
Luzztro is known among the Warsaw club stages for appearances of Polish and international DJs who often just made their first steps just here and the famous afterparties, lasting up to the white dawn.
Luzztro is not only a unique music club in Warsaw. It is also an operating since 2015 independent record company - Luzztro Records - founded on the grounds of the need and passion of the owners - founders of the club - young people, best friends for years, working in the music industry for over 20 years, for whom music is simply everything, and who, all the time, have been looking for new and ambitious electronic sounds, absolutely not limited to what is already known. They focus mainly on such kinds of music that could be described as a deep house, house tech, future, techno, and minimal, but this does not mean that they do not like to experiment.
Music is part of our lives, the mode of thinking and at the same time a way to escape from gray reality of everyday life. Plunge into the atmospheric sounds associated with an even and quite heavy beat, relax the body and mind, setting off on a journey of magic and sometimes dark technology sounds of electronic music, slowly wiping parquet surfaces in the black halls in various clubs of the world. This is music is for us.
The activities of Luzztro Records deserve special attention also because it does not put on commercialism. In times when other small publishing houses limit their activities, and large publishers, the so-called majors, are searching only for artists with commercial potential, Luzztro Records does not limit itself. Primarily it focuses on quality of performance and artistic potential of performers. Most of the artists who have established cooperation with Luzztro Records are uncompromising musicians, who in many cases would not have a chance to make their albums elsewhere. And here again there are no clear guidelines, as like the club, the record company is divided into two rooms, two different climates - more technical sounds, refined and sophisticated, but also titles that reach a wider audience. It is important that among the artists issued by the record company there are many formations that made their first steps on the stage of Luzztro club, and today can boast of great music achievements.
LAZZ 2018 [Dzień Pierwszy]
LAZZ.PL
___
Linx:
facebook.com/luzztrorecords
instagram.com/luzztrorecords
luzztrorecords.tumblr.com
soundcloud.com/luzztrorecords
About:
Luzztro is a music club located in a prime location, which is in the center of Warsaw, created with passion and an amazing atmosphere, where two stages are dominated by techno, tech house Deep, minimal etc.
Luzztro is known among the Warsaw club stages for appearances of Polish and international DJs who often just made their first steps just here and the famous afterparties, lasting up to the white dawn.
Luzztro is not only a unique music club in Warsaw. It is also an operating since 2015 independent record company - Luzztro Records - founded on the grounds of the need and passion of the owners - founders of the club - young people, best friends for years, working in the music industry for over 20 years, for whom music is simply everything, and who, all the time, have been looking for new and ambitious electronic sounds, absolutely not limited to what is already known. They focus mainly on such kinds of music that could be described as a deep house, house tech, future, techno, and minimal, but this does not mean that they do not like to experiment.
Music is part of our lives, the mode of thinking and at the same time a way to escape from gray reality of everyday life. Plunge into the atmospheric sounds associated with an even and quite heavy beat, relax the body and mind, setting off on a journey of magic and sometimes dark technology sounds of electronic music, slowly wiping parquet surfaces in the black halls in various clubs of the world. This is music is for us.
The activities of Luzztro Records deserve special attention also because it does not put on commercialism. In times when other small publishing houses limit their activities, and large publishers, the so-called majors, are searching only for artists with commercial potential, Luzztro Records does not limit itself. Primarily it focuses on quality of performance and artistic potential of performers. Most of the artists who have established cooperation with Luzztro Records are uncompromising musicians, who in many cases would not have a chance to make their albums elsewhere. And here again there are no clear guidelines, as like the club, the record company is divided into two rooms, two different climates - more technical sounds, refined and sophisticated, but also titles that reach a wider audience. It is important that among the artists issued by the record company there are many formations that made their first steps on the stage of Luzztro club, and today can boast of great music achievements.
Castle Bromwich Hall Hotel - Birmingham, United Kingdom - HD Review
Castle Bromwich Hall Hotel - Book it now! -
This historically listed, 16th-century manor house is set in its own beautiful landscaped gardens, just off the M6 and 15 minutes’ drive from Birmingham. There is free Wi-Fi and free parking on site.
Castle Bromwich hall is conveniently located 2 minutes off junction 5 of the M6 in the borough of Solihull. The hotel is 5 miles from the NEC and Birmingham International Airport . The hotel is only a 15-20 minute ride into Birmingham city centre and the NIA which is 6 miles away. The city of Coventry is only 20 minute drive and Wolverhampton only 15 miles.
Castle Bromwich Hall Hotel still retains many original features, including a grand staircase and a magnificent entrance. Its elegant rooms have a flat-screen TV and facilities for making tea and coffee.
In the evening guests can enjoy a bar snack in the Butlers lounge or a 3-course meal in The Great Hall. The Butlers Bar is open 24 hours for residents.
Marilyn Rosa
We shot a video for amazing Marilyn Rosa!
You can find more information about her and book a show here:
Video made by Two Eggs In a Bag!
PRZYPADEK | cały film | HD
FILM PO REKONSTRUKCJI CYFROWEJ, FULL HD, NAPISY ANGIELSKIE, WYSOKI BITRATE
Opis angielski:
Reżyser: Krzysztof Kieślowski
Muzyka: Wojciech Kilar
Rok produkcji: 1981 r.
Obsada: Bogusław Linda, Tadeusz Łomnicki, Zbigniew Zapasiewicz, Adam Ferency
Bohaterem Przypadku jest Witek Długosz (Bogusław Linda), student czwartego roku Akademii Medycznej w Łodzi. Przy narodzinach osierociła go matka, teraz umiera mu ojciec. W ostatnich słowach, mówi do syna: Nic nie musisz. Witek postanawia przerwać studia i wyjechać do Warszawy. Wbiega na dworzec, w pośpiechu kupuje bilet i usiłuje dopędzić odjeżdżający z peronu pociąg...
Tutaj reżyser rozpoczyna trzy warianty życia Witka.
Warsaw | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Warsaw
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.765 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 8th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi). Warsaw is an alpha global city, a major international tourist destination, and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Its historical Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Once described as the Paris of the East, Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II. Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939, the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari. Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat. A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II, which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins.Warsaw is one of Europe's most dynamic metropolitan cities. In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. In 2017 the city came 4th in the Business-friendly category and 8th in Human capital and life style. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central and Eastern Europe.
The city is a significant centre of research and development, Business process outsourcing, Information technology outsourcing, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security as well as ODIHR, one of the principal institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe have their headquarters in Warsaw. Together with Frankfurt, London and Paris, Warsaw is also one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union.The city is the seat of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra, University of Warsaw, the Warsaw Polytechnic, the National Museum, the Great Theatre—National Opera, the largest of its kind in the world, and the Zachęta National Gallery of Art. The picturesque Old Town of Warsaw, which represents examples of nearly every European architectural style and historical period, was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980. Other main architectural attractions include the Castle Square with the Royal Castle and the iconic King Sigismund's Column, the Wilanów Palace, the Łazienki Palace, St. John's Cathedral, Main Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions all displaying a richness of colour and detail. Warsaw is renowned for its bars, restaurants, art galleries and, most notably, several dozen museums and outspread greenery, with around a quarter of the city's area occupied by parks.
Words at War: Headquarters Budapest / Nazis Go Underground / Simone
Nazi Germany, also known as the Third Reich, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer (leader), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal...[4] Under the leader principle, the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and gain favor with the Führer.[5] In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices.[6] Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
Racism, especially antisemitism, was a main tenet of society in Nazi Germany. The Gestapo (secret state police) and SS under Heinrich Himmler destroyed the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition, and persecuted and murdered Jews and other undesirables. It was believed that the Germanic peoples—who were also referred to as the Nordic race—were the purest representation of the Aryan race, and were therefore the master race. Education focused on racial biology, population policy, and physical fitness. Membership in the Hitler Youth organization became compulsory. The number of women enrolled in post-secondary education plummeted, and career opportunities were curtailed. Calling women's rights a product of the Jewish intellect, the Nazis practiced what they called emancipation from emancipation.[7] Entertainment and tourism were organized via the Strength Through Joy program. The government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific forms of art and discouraging or banning others. The Nazis mounted the infamous Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art) exhibition in 1937.[8] Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, and Hitler's hypnotizing oratory to control public opinion.[9] The 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage.
Germany made increasingly aggressive demands, threatening war if they were not met. Britain and France responded with appeasement, hoping Hitler would finally be satisfied.[10] Austria was annexed in 1938, and the Sudetenland was taken via the Munich Agreement in 1938, with the rest of Czechoslovakia taken over in 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939, starting World War II. In alliance with Benito Mussolini's Italy, Germany conquered France and most of Europe by 1940, and threatened its remaining major foe: Great Britain. Reich Commissariats took brutal control of conquered areas, and a German administration termed the General Government was established in Poland. Concentration camps, established as early as 1933, were used to hold political prisoners and opponents of the regime. The number of camps quadrupled between 1939 and 1942 to 300+, as slave-laborers from across Europe, Jews, political prisoners, criminals, homosexuals, gypsies, the mentally ill and others were imprisoned. The system that began as an instrument of political oppression culminated in the mass genocide of Jews and other minorities in the Holocaust.
Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide turned against the Third Reich in the major military defeats of the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk in 1943. The Soviet counter-attacks became the largest land battles in history. Large-scale systematic bombing of all major German cities, rail lines and oil plants escalated in 1944, shutting down the Luftwaffe (German Air Force). Germany was overrun in 1945 by the Soviets from the east and the Allies from the west. The victorious Allies initiated a policy of denazification and put the Nazi leadership on trial for war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials.
Looking at Tymidudi elevator museum
Words at War: It's Always Tomorrow / Borrowed Night / The Story of a Secret State
Jan Karski (24 April 1914 -- 13 July 2000) was a Polish World War II resistance movement fighter and later professor at Georgetown University. In 1942 and 1943 Karski reported to the Polish government in exile and the Western Allies on the situation in German-occupied Poland, especially the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto, and the secretive German-Nazi extermination camps.
In November 1939, on a train to a POW camp in General Government (a part of Poland which had not been fully incorporated by Nazi Germany into The Third Reich), Karski managed to escape, and found his way to Warsaw. There he joined the ZWZ -- the first resistance movement in occupied Europe and a predecessor of the Home Army (AK). About that time he adopted a nom de guerre of Jan Karski, which later became his legal name. Other noms de guerre used by him during World War II included Piasecki, Kwaśniewski, Znamierowski, Kruszewski, Kucharski, and Witold. In January 1940 Karski began to organize courier missions with dispatches from the Polish underground to the Polish Government in Exile, then based in Paris. As a courier, Karski made several secret trips between France, Britain and Poland. During one such mission in July 1940 he was arrested by the Gestapo in the Tatra mountains in Slovakia. Severely tortured, he was finally transported to a hospital in Nowy Sącz, from where he was smuggled out. After a short period of rehabilitation, he returned to active service in the Information and Propaganda Bureau of the Headquarters of the Polish Home Army.[citation needed]
In 1942 Karski was selected by Cyryl Ratajski, the Polish Government's Delegate at Home, to perform a secret mission to prime minister Władysław Sikorski in London. Karski was to contact Sikorski as well as various other Polish politicians and inform them about Nazi atrocities in occupied Poland. In order to gather evidence, Karski met Bund activist Leon Feiner and was twice smuggled by Jewish underground leaders into the Warsaw Ghetto for the purpose of showing him first hand what was happening to the Polish Jews. Also, disguised as a Ukrainian camp guard, he visited what he thought was Bełżec death camp. In actuality, it seems that Karski only got close enough to witness a Durchgangslager (sorting and transit point) for Bełżec in the town of Izbica Lubelska, located midway between Lublin and Bełżec.[4] Many historians have accepted this theory, as did Karski himself.[5]
From 1942 Karski reported to the Polish, British and U.S. governments on the situation in Poland, especially on the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto and the Holocaust of the Jews. He had also carried out of Poland a microfilm with further information from the underground movement on the extermination of European Jews in German-occupied Poland. The Polish Foreign Minister Count Edward Raczynski provided the Allies on this basis one of the earliest and most accurate accounts of the Holocaust. A note by Foreign Minister Edward Raczynski entitled The mass extermination of Jews in German occupied Poland, addressed to the governments of the United Nations on 10 December 1942, would later be published along with other documents in a widely distributed leaflet.[6]
Karski met with Polish politicians in exile including the Prime Minister, as well as members of political parties such as the Socialist Party, National Party, Labor Party, People's Party, Jewish Bund and Poalei Zion. He also spoke to the British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, giving a detailed statement on what he had seen in Warsaw and Bełżec. In 1943 in London he met the well-known journalist Arthur Koestler, the later author of Darkness at Noon. He then traveled to the United States and reported to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In July 1943 Karski again personally reported to Roosevelt about the situation in Poland.
Karski met with many other government and civic leaders in the United States, including Felix Frankfurter, Cordell Hull, William Joseph Donovan, and Stephen Wise. Frankfurter, skeptical of Karski's report, said later I did not say that he was lying, I said that I could not believe him. There is a difference.[7] Karski presented his report to media, bishops of various denominations (including Cardinal Samuel Stritch), members of the Hollywood film industry and artists, but without result. His warning about the Yalta solution and the plight of stateless peoples became an inspiration for the formation of the Office of High Commissioner for Refugees after the war.[8] In 1944 Karski published Courier from Poland: The Story of a Secret State (with a selection featured in Collier's six weeks before the book's release[9][10]), in which he related his experiences in wartime Poland. The book was a major success (a film of it was planned but never realized) with more than 400,000 copies sold alone in the United States up to the end of World War II.