Petra Ministries In Poland
Petra Ministries, based in West London, Great Britain came to Lublin, Poland, Oasis Pentecostal Church for a time of teaching, training, ministering and celebration. The ministry team lead by Pastor John Starr and Pastor Marcus Williams held a weekend Youth Conference for the youth of Poland. Pastor John Starr was the guest speaker at Oasis 25th Anniversary celebration and also held an Adult Workshop over two evenings. The other members of the team are Mark Moncrief, Kyle Prime, Bart Herbus, Vivienne Moncrief, and Mira Sawaqedy.
Music: Healing Rain performed by Michael W. Smith
Petra Ministries website:
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Fara Poznańska, Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland, Europe
History of the Jesuit church dating back to the sixteenth century, in 1570, Bishop Adam Konarski, encouraged by the bishop of Warmia He gives a speech (later Cardinal), brought to Poznan Jesuits and urged the city to darowało the small church. Stanislaus, founded by Bishop John Lubrański for retired priests, two hospitals and school transportation, he endowed a religious house and four villages. Giving a confirmed King Henry de Valois in 1574, and a year later it entered into an act of the Chapter rector of the College of Jakub Wujek - the first printed Bible translator in Poland. In time, the church was too small for the law, also require frequent repairs, hence the Jesuits decided to build a new, larger church. In the year 1651 the cornerstone was laid. The work initially led Thomas Poncino de Gorici Lugano - when he was released led to the cracking of the walls erected only. After 22-year hiatus caused by, among others. Swedish Deluge, in 1678 undertook the work of the newly appointed Rector of the College Wąsowski Nathaniel Bartholomew, theoretician of architecture. He used the existing foundation, applied light, wood ceiling above the 27-meter nave. On the north side closed the church typical of the architecture of the Jesuit five-façade type Il Gesu. In 1695 years, further work was commissioned architect John Catenazziemu, who has decided to cover the southern part of the massive arches of the nave. He also put a strong foundation for the dome, which was ultimately the only means of painting. The opening of the church took place on the feast of St. Stanislaus in 1701. At the same time the work was conducted Finishing: painter Charles Dankwart decorated the main parties vaults, and the Italian Alberto Bianco perform stucco work. 27 September 1705 consecrated Bishop Jerome Wierzbowski church. In the years 1727 to 1732 was made the main altar designed by Pompeo Ferrari, then turn the other altars. Rector of Kozminski Francis College has designed such portals, touches the side aisles, 10 side altars, choir architectural setting. Finishing lasted until the mid-eighteenth century. In the years 1912-1914 a complete rebuilding of the church interior. During the Second World War, the church was turned into a warehouse, partly destroyed interior of the roof torn off a copper sheet. In 1945 the church was damaged artillery shells, and already in 1951, completed its reconstruction. In the years 1975-1978 and 1997-1998 was restored facades. At the same time conservation activities have been started inside the parish church and the study of crypts. To restore the full splendor of the temple take a lot of years of work and effort - especially financial. Conservation activities carried out in stages depend on the financial condition of the church and to a large extent on the generosity of donors. Thorough renovation of historic organs Ladegast conducted in 2000 - 2001 roku consumed $ 1.4 million. gold, of which accounted for more than half of the Parish Farna and the Society of Friends of Poznan Fary. The second part covered the Foundation for Polish - German. Small steps, leaps to the restoration of the interior of the church - with the support of the Regional Conservation Authority and the City of Poznan truss roof was repaired, restored façade and some parts of the interior of the church (the chapel choir and transept vaults). It was a difficult time for the parish church. However, in spite of the burden associated with the repair, spiritual life, and even concert flowed under the old plan. For conservators was established quiet time work during Masses, celebrations and concerts. Besides, sometimes with a vengeance echoed the sounds of drills, grinders, hammers, talks ... It was not easy - there were some very urgent work, especially just prior to the date of receipt, which had to be performed from dawn to dusk. It was also difficult for silence to pray. Eleven floors and large floor scaffolding near the ceiling, renovated km area, located kg of gold exported tons of trash and debris, liters of chemicals used and more than 200 hands restoration specialists. That's all behind us. A result has immensely. Who remembers the parish church before the renovation, knows that many details stucco can not be seen, and the paintings and the images were difficult to read. Now every nuance not only highlights the craftsmanship of the artist, but is woven into the chain of the story and leads the eye to explore further the stories of the saints.
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Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation, was the schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestant Reformers. Although there had been significant attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church before Luther—notably those of John Wycliffe and Jan Hus—the date most usually given for the start of the Reformation is 1517, when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses. Luther started by criticizing the relatively recent practice of selling indulgences started by the Roman Catholic Church, partially to fund the construction of the St. Peter's Basilica; he attacked the indulgence system, insisting that the pope had no authority over purgatory and that the doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the gospel. The debate widened until it touched on many of the doctrines and devotional Catholic practices. The Reformation is generally considered to have concluded in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia that ended the Thirty Years' War and a wider conflict known as the European wars of religion.
The Reformation movement within Germany diversified almost immediately, and other reform impulses arose independently of Luther. The largest groupings were the Lutherans and Calvinists (or Reformed); Lutheran churches were founded mostly in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, while Reformed churches were founded in France, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Scotland. The new movement influenced the Church of England decisively after 1547 under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the national church had been made independent under Henry VIII in the early 1530s for political rather than religious reasons. There were also reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation which gave rise to the Anabaptist, Moravian, and other pietistic movements.
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AZS UMCS Lublin - Decka Pelplin | PROMO
Gramy o awans!
Przed koszykarzami KU AZS UMCS Lublin najważniejsze jak dotychczas spotkanie w sezonie!
Po efektownym zwycięstwie na wyjeździe, w meczu rewanżowym, którego stawką jest awans do półfinału rozgrywek II ligi PZKosz, podopieczni trenera Przemysława Łuszczewskiego podejmą drużynę Decka Pelplin.
Bądźcie z nami i wspólnie dopingujmy naszych Koszykarzy w batalii o awans do I ligi!
#goAZS!
Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
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Reformation
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformation had varying causes, background, and also unfolded differently than in Germany. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Lutheran churches were founded in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, and Reformed ones in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland. The movement influenced the Church of England after 1547, under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the English Reformation had begun under Henry VIII in 1534.
Reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation gave rise to various Anabaptist movements. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Anabaptism suffered a major blow early in the German Peasants' War and was persecuted for centuries after that. The Reformation in Transylvania led to the emergence of Unitarianism; it is historically considered a exceptional event in church history.
The Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Council of Trent in 1545, and a new order, the Jesuits, founded in 1540. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Catholic, except Greece, which remained predominantly Eastern Orthodox, as did Eastern European countries of Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Serbia. Central Europe became a site of a fierce conflict that culminated in the Thirty Years' War.
War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:41 1 The invasion of Poland (September 1939)
00:03:12 1.1 Indiscriminate executions by firing squad
00:09:20 1.2 Bombing campaigns
00:11:11 2 German and Soviet occupation (September 1939 – June 1941)
00:12:46 3 Soviet war crimes against Poland
00:14:26 3.1 Katyn massacre of Polish military echelon by the NKVD
00:16:10 3.2 Soviet deportations as a means of ethnic cleansing
00:17:52 3.3 Cultural destruction of Kresy
00:20:00 4 Terror in the German zone of occupation
00:22:25 4.1 German pacifications of Polish settlements
00:25:32 4.2 Extermination of psychiatric patients
00:28:37 4.3 Treatment of Polish Jews prior to the Holocaust
00:31:43 4.4 Cultural genocide
00:34:12 4.5 Forced evictions and roundups of slave labour
00:37:26 4.5.1 Concentration camps
00:39:52 4.5.2 Forced labour camps
00:41:11 5 German–Soviet war of aggression (July 1941 – December 1944)
00:42:09 5.1 Soviet executions of civilian prisoners June–July 1941
00:45:02 6 The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland
00:45:13 6.1 Chełmno, Bełżec, Sobibor, and Treblinka
00:47:14 6.2 Auschwitz-Birkenau
00:48:50 7 Ukrainian massacres in occupied Poland
00:54:45 8 German massacres during World War II
00:56:15 8.1 Warsaw Uprising massacres
00:59:45 9 The end of German rule and the return of the Soviets (January 1945)
01:01:25 9.1 Internment of Polish nationals
01:02:50 10 Estimated casualties of World War II and its aftermath
01:04:48 11 See also
01:05:43 12 Notes
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Over six million Polish citizens, divided almost equally between ethnic Poles and Polish Jews, are estimated to have perished during World War II. Most were civilians killed by the actions of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies. At the International Military Tribunal held in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1945–46, three categories of wartime criminality were juridically established: waging a war of aggression; war crimes; and crimes against humanity. These three crimes in international law were for the first time, from the end of the war, categorised as violations of fundamental human values and norms. These crimes were committed in occupied Poland on a tremendous scale.In 1939 the invading forces comprised 1.5 million Germans and nearly half a million Soviets. Poland's territory was divided between Nazi Germany and the USSR. In the summer and autumn of 1941 the lands annexed in the east by the Soviets, containing large Ukrainian and Belarusian populations, were overrun by Nazi Germany in the initially successful Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union. Wartime German and Soviet actions eclipsed the sovereign Polish state, inflicted massive damage to the country's cultural heritage, and killed millions of Polish citizens. War crimes against Poland included deportations aimed at ethnic cleansing, imposition of forced labor, pacifications, and selective as well as mass murders.
Protestant Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Protestant Reformation
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformation had varying causes, background, and also unfolded differently than in Germany. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Lutheran churches were founded in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, and Reformed ones in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland. The movement influenced the Church of England after 1547, under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the English Reformation had begun under Henry VIII in 1534.
Reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation gave rise to various Anabaptist movements. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Anabaptism suffered a major blow early in the German Peasants' War and was persecuted for centuries after that. The Reformation in Transylvania led to the emergence of Unitarianism; it is historically considered a exceptional event in church history.
The Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Council of Trent in 1545, and a new order, the Jesuits, founded in 1540. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Catholic, except Greece, which remained predominantly Eastern Orthodox, as did Eastern European countries of Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Yugoslavia. Central Europe became a site of a fierce conflict that culminated in the Thirty Years' War.
Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Reformation
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformation had varying causes, background, and also unfolded differently than in Germany. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. Lutheran churches were founded in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, and Reformed ones in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland. The movement influenced the Church of England after 1547, under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the English Reformation had begun under Henry VIII in 1534.
Reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation gave rise to various Anabaptist movements. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Anabaptism suffered a major blow early in the German Peasants' War and was persecuted for centuries after that. The Reformation in Transylvania led to the emergence of Unitarianism; it is historically considered a exceptional event in church history.
The Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Council of Trent in 1545, and a new order, the Jesuits, founded in 1540. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Catholic, except Greece, which remained predominantly Eastern Orthodox, as did Eastern European countries of Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Serbia. Central Europe became a site of a fierce conflict that culminated in the Thirty Years' War.
Hussites | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Hussites
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Hussites (Czech: Husité or Kališníci; Chalice People) were a pre-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus, who became the best known representative of the Bohemian Reformation.
The Hussite movement began in the Kingdom of Bohemia and quickly spread throughout the remaining Lands of the Bohemian Crown, including Moravia and Silesia. It also made inroads into the northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (now Slovakia), but was rejected and gained infamy for the plundering behavior of the Hussite soldiers. There were also very small temporary communities in Poland-Lithuania and Transylvania which moved to Bohemia after being confronted with religious intolerance. It was a regional movement that failed to expand anywhere farther. Hussites emerged as a majority Utraquist movement with a significant Taborite faction, and smaller regional ones that included Adamites, Orebites and Orphans. Major Hussite theologians included Petr Chelcicky, Jerome of Prague, and others. A number of Czech national heroes were Hussite, including Jan Zizka, who led a fierce resistance to five consecutive crusades proclaimed on Hussite Bohemia by the Papacy. Hussites were one of the most important forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. This predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness.
After the Council of Constance lured Jan Hus in with a letter of indemnity, then tried him for heresy and put him to death at the stake on 6 July 1415, the Hussites fought the Hussite Wars (1420–1434) for their religious and political cause. After the Hussite Wars ended, the Catholic-supported Utraquist side came out victorious from conflict with the Taborites and became the most common representation of the Hussite faith in Bohemia. Catholics and Utraquists were emancipated in Bohemia after the religious peace of Kutná Hora in 1485.
Bohemia and Moravia, or what is now the territory of the Czech Republic, remained majority Hussite for two centuries until Roman Catholicism was reimposed by the Holy Roman Emperor after the 1620 Battle of White Mountain during the Thirty Years' War. Due to this event and centuries of Habsburg persecution, Hussite traditions are merely represented in the Moravian Church, Unity of the Brethren, and the refounded Czechoslovak Hussite churches among present-day Christians.
Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Reformation
00:03:47 1 Origins and early history
00:04:55 1.1 Earlier schisms
00:07:14 1.2 Martin Luther and the beginning
00:08:21 1.3 Magisterial Reformation
00:10:16 1.4 Radical Reformation
00:11:20 1.5 Literacy
00:13:04 1.6 Causes of the Reformation
00:14:42 2 Reformation in Germany
00:15:36 2.1 Before princely support
00:17:04 2.2 Princes' Reformation
00:18:18 3 Reformation outside Germany
00:18:37 3.1 Austria
00:19:08 3.2 Czech Lands
00:19:24 3.2.1 Jan Hus
00:19:56 3.2.2 Hussite movement
00:21:13 3.3 Switzerland
00:21:32 3.3.1 Huldrych Zwingli
00:24:02 3.3.2 John Calvin
00:25:53 3.4 Nordic countries
00:26:23 3.4.1 Sweden
00:27:13 3.4.2 Denmark
00:28:04 3.4.3 Iceland
00:29:05 3.5 England
00:29:13 3.5.1 Church of England
00:32:50 3.5.2 English dissenters
00:35:54 3.6 Wales
00:36:43 3.7 Scotland
00:37:57 3.8 France
00:41:32 3.9 Spain
00:44:58 3.10 Portugal
00:45:14 3.11 Netherlands
00:46:04 3.12 Belgium
00:46:40 3.13 Luxembourg
00:46:53 3.14 Hungary
00:49:57 3.15 Romania
00:50:27 3.16 Ukraine
00:50:56 3.17 Belarus
00:51:15 3.18 Ireland
00:52:38 3.19 Italy
00:54:16 3.20 Poland and Lithuania
00:56:37 3.21 Moldova
00:56:56 3.22 Slovenia
00:57:28 3.23 Slovakia
00:58:06 3.24 Croatia
00:58:19 3.25 Serbia
00:58:30 3.26 Greece
00:59:39 4 Spread
00:59:58 4.1 At its peak
01:00:43 4.2 At its end
01:01:17 5 Conclusion and legacy
01:01:26 5.1 End of the Reformation
01:02:48 5.1.1 Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648
01:04:42 5.2 Consequences of the Reformation
01:05:03 5.2.1 Human capital formation
01:05:33 5.2.2 Protestant ethic
01:06:04 5.2.3 Economic development
01:06:32 5.2.4 Governance
01:07:02 5.2.5 Negative outcomes
01:07:48 5.3 Historiography
01:08:38 5.4 Music and the Reformation
01:09:14 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th-century Europe.
It is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 and lasted until the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. It led to the division of Western Christianity into different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). By the time of its arrival, Western Christianity was only compromised in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, where Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor; in addition, various movements (including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France) were still being actively suppressed.
Although there had been earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola – Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety-five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation incorporated doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.
The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther. The groundwork of the Reformation was developed by three major reformers: Luther in Wittenberg, Zwingli in Zürich and Calvin in Geneva. Depending on country, the Reformati ...
Reformation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:45 1 Origins and early history
00:06:55 1.1 Earlier reform movements
00:11:00 1.2 Magisterial Reformation
00:14:51 1.3 Radical Reformation
00:16:05 1.4 Literacy
00:18:25 1.5 Causes of the Reformation
00:20:30 2 Reformation in Germany
00:25:12 3 Reformation outside Germany
00:25:34 3.1 Austria
00:26:13 3.2 Czech Lands
00:26:31 3.2.1 Jan Hus
00:27:10 3.2.2 Hussite movement
00:28:50 3.3 Switzerland
00:29:12 3.3.1 Huldrych Zwingli
00:32:30 3.3.2 John Calvin
00:34:58 3.4 Nordic countries
00:35:34 3.4.1 Sweden
00:36:44 3.4.2 Finland
00:36:52 3.4.3 Denmark
00:38:00 3.4.4 Faroe Islands
00:38:09 3.4.5 Iceland
00:39:27 3.5 England
00:39:36 3.5.1 Church of England
00:44:26 3.5.2 English dissenters
00:48:35 3.6 Wales
00:49:37 3.7 Scotland
00:51:14 3.8 Estonia
00:51:23 3.9 Ethiopia
00:51:31 3.10 France
00:56:52 3.11 Spain
01:01:29 3.12 Portugal
01:01:49 3.13 Netherlands
01:02:52 3.14 Belgium
01:03:45 3.15 Latvia
01:03:54 3.16 Luxembourg
01:04:15 3.17 Hungary
01:08:20 3.18 Romania
01:08:59 3.19 Ukraine
01:09:23 3.20 Belarus
01:09:43 3.21 Ireland
01:11:31 3.22 Italy
01:13:37 3.23 Poland and Lithuania
01:16:38 3.24 Moldova
01:17:05 3.25 Slovenia
01:17:44 3.26 Slovakia
01:18:31 3.27 Croatia
01:18:44 3.28 Serbia
01:18:57 3.29 Greece
01:20:40 3.30 Ottoman Empire
01:20:49 4 Spread
01:21:59 5 Conclusion and legacy
01:24:11 5.1 Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648
01:26:30 5.2 Consequences of the Reformation
01:26:55 5.2.1 Human capital formation
01:27:32 5.2.2 Protestant ethic
01:28:10 5.2.3 Economic development
01:28:44 5.2.4 Governance
01:29:47 5.2.5 Negative outcomes
01:30:44 5.3 Historiography
01:31:47 5.4 Music and art
01:35:34 6 See also
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SUMMARY
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The Reformation (more fully the Protestant Reformation, or the European Reformation) was a movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517, there was no schism until the 1521 Edict of Worms. The edicts of the Diet condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas. The end of the Reformation era is disputed, it could be considered to end with the enactment of the confessions of faith which began the Age of Orthodoxy. Other suggested ending years relate to the Counter-Reformation, the Peace of Westphalia, or that it never ended since there are still Protestants today.
Movements had been made towards a Reformation prior to Luther, so some Protestants in the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation to reformers such as Arnold of Brescia, Peter Waldo, Jan Hus, Tomáš Štítný ze Štítného, John Wycliffe, and Girolamo Savonarola. Due to the reform efforts of Huss and others in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Utraquist Hussitism was officially acknowledged by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor, although other movements were still subject to persecution, as were the including Lollards in England and Waldensians in Italy and France.
Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible. The Reformation developed further to include a distinction between Law and Gospel, a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper doctrine (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus is the only way to receive God's pardon for sin (sola fide) rather than good works. Although this is generally considered a Protestant belief, a similar formulation was taught by Molinist and Jansenist Catholics. The priesthood of all believers downplayed the need for saints or priests to serve as mediators, and ...
Moravian Church | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Moravian Church
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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SUMMARY
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The Moravian Church, formally named the Unitas Fratrum (Latin for Unity of the Brethren), in German known as [Herrnhuter] Brüdergemeine (meaning Brethren's Congregation from Herrnhut, the place of the Church's renewal in the 18th century), is one of the oldest Protestant denominations in the world, with its heritage dating back to the Bohemian Reformation in the 15th century and the Unity of the Brethren (Czech: Jednota bratrská) established in the Kingdom of Bohemia.
The name by which the denomination is commonly known comes from the original exiles who fled to Saxony in 1722 from Moravia to escape religious persecution, but its heritage began in 1457 in Bohemia and its crown lands (Moravia and Silesia), then forming an autonomous kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire. The modern Unitas Fratrum, with about one million members worldwide, continues to draw on traditions established during the 18th century. The Moravians continue their tradition of missionary work, such as in the Caribbean, as is reflected in their broad global distribution. They place high value on ecumenism, personal piety, missions and music.
The Moravian Church's emblem is the Lamb of God (Agnus Dei) with the flag of victory, surrounded by the Latin inscription: Vicit agnus noster, eum sequamur (English: Our Lamb has conquered, let us follow Him).