Bourges Cathedral, Bourges, Centre, France, Europe
Bourges Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral, dedicated to Saint Stephen, located in Bourges, France. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Bourges. The site occupied by the present cathedral, in what was once the northeastern corner of the Gallo-Roman walled city, has been the site of the city's main church at least since Carolingian times and probably since the foundation of the bishopric in the 3rd century. The present Cathedral was built as a replacement for a mid-11th-century structure, traces of which survive in the crypt. The date when construction began is unknown, although a document of 1195 recording expenditure on rebuilding works suggests that construction was already underway by that date. The fact that the east end protrudes beyond the line of the Gallo-Roman walls and that royal permission to demolish those walls was only granted in 1183 shows that work on the foundations cannot have started before that date. The main phase of construction is therefore roughly contemporaneous with Chartres Cathedral (begun 1194), some 200 kilometres (124 miles) to the northwest. As with most Early- and High-Gothic cathedrals, the identity of the architect or master-mason is unknown. The choir was in use (though not necessarily complete) by 1214 and the nave was finished by 1255. The building was finally consecrated in 1324. Most of the west façade was finished by 1270, though work on the towers proceeded more slowly, partly due to the unfavourable rock strata beneath the site. Structural problems with the South tower led to the building of the adjoining buttress tower in the mid-14th century. The North tower was completed around the end of the 15th century but collapsed in 1506, destroying the Northern portion of the façade in the process. The North tower and its portal were subsequently rebuilt in a more contemporary style. Important figures in the life of the cathedral during the 13th century include William of Donjeon who was Archbishop from 1200 until his death in 1209 (and was canonised by the Pope in 1218 as St William of Bourges) as well as his grandson, Philip Berruyer (archbishop 1236-61), who oversaw the later stages of construction. Following the destruction of much of the Ducal Palace and its chapel during the revolution, the tomb effigy of Duke Jean de Berry was relocated to the Cathedral's crypt, along with some stained glass panels showing standing prophets, which were designed for the chapel by André Beauneveu. Generally the cathedral suffered far less than some of its peers during the French Wars of Religion and in the Revolution. Its location meant it was also relatively safe from the ravages of both World Wars. The cathedral was added to the list of the World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1992. The cathedral's nave is 15 m wide by 37m high; its arcade is 20m high; the inner aisle is 21.3 m and the outer aisle is 9.3 m high. The use of flying buttresses was employed to help the structure of the building. However, since this was a fairly new technique, one can easily see the walls were still made quite thick to take the force. Sexpartite vaults are used to span the nave. Bourges Cathedral is notable for the simplicity of its plan, which did without transepts but which adopted the double-aisled design found in earlier high-status churches such as the Early-Christian basilica of St Peter's in Rome or in Notre Dame de Paris. The double aisles continue without interruption beyond the position of the screen (now largely destroyed though a few fragments are preserved in the crypt) to form a double ambulatory around the choir. The inner aisle has a higher vault than the outer one, while both the central nave and the inner aisle have similar three-part elevations with arcade, triforium and clerestory windows; a design which admits considerably more light than one finds in more conventional double-aisled buildings like Notre-Dame. This design, with its distinctive triangular cross section, was subsequently copied at Toledo Cathedral and in the choir at Le Mans. The flying buttresses surrounding the cathedral are relatively slender and efficient, particularly compared to the contemporary but much heavier flyers at Chartres. Their steep angle helps to channel the thrust from the nave vaults and the wind loading on the roof to the outer buttress piers more effectively. The west façade is on a particularly grand scale when compared to earlier cathedrals. The four side aisles and central nave each have their own portal reflecting the scale of the spaces beyond.
Top 15 Things To Do In Bourges, France
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Here are top 15 things to do in Bourges, France
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1. Marais de Bourges -
2. Jardin des Prés-Fichaux -
3. Cathedral Tower and Crypt -
4. Old Town -
5. Musée Estève -
6. Bourges Cathedral -
7. Jardin de l’Archevêché -
8. Musée du Berry -
9. Les Nuits Lumière -
10. Palais Jacques-Cœur -
11. Lac du Val d’Auron -
12. Promenade des Remparts -
13. Hôtel Lallemant -
14. Printemps de Bourges -
15. Route Jacques Cœur -
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Places to see in ( Bourges - France ) Cathedrale St Etienne
Places to see in ( Bourges - France ) Cathedrale St Etienne
Bourges Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Bourges) is a Roman Catholic church located in Bourges, France. The cathedral is dedicated to Saint Stephen and is the seat of the Archbishop of Bourges. It is in the Gothic and Romanesque architectural styles. The site occupied by the present cathedral, in what was once the northeastern corner of the Gallo-Roman walled city, has been the site of the city's main church at least since Carolingian times and probably since the foundation of the bishopric in the 3rd century.
The present Cathedral was built as a replacement for a mid-11th-century structure, traces of which survive in the crypt. The date when construction began is unknown, although a document of 1195 recording expenditure on rebuilding works suggests that construction was already underway by that date. The fact that the east end protrudes beyond the line of the Gallo-Roman walls and that royal permission to demolish those walls was only granted in 1183 shows that work on the foundations cannot have started before that date. The main phase of construction is therefore roughly contemporaneous with Chartres Cathedral (begun 1194), some 200 kilometres (124 miles) to the northwest. As with most Early- and High-Gothic cathedrals, the identity of the architect or master-mason is unknown.
The choir was in use (though not necessarily complete) by 1214 and the nave was finished by 1255. The building was finally consecrated in 1324. Most of the west façade was finished by 1270, though work on the towers proceeded more slowly, partly due to the unfavourable rock strata beneath the site. Structural problems with the South tower led to the building of the adjoining buttress tower in the mid-14th century. The North tower was completed around the end of the 15th century but collapsed in 1506, destroying the Northern portion of the façade in the process. The North tower and its portal were subsequently rebuilt in a more contemporary style.
Bourges Cathedral covers a surface of 5,900 square metres (7,100 sq yd). The cathedral's nave is 15 metres (49 ft) wide by 37 metres (121 ft) high; its arcade is 20 metres (66 ft) high; the inner aisle is 21.3 metres (70 ft) and the outer aisle is 9.3 metres (31 ft) high. The use of flying buttresses was employed to help the structure of the building. However, since this was a fairly new technique, one can easily see the walls were still made quite thick to take the force. Sexpartite vaults are used to span the nave.
Bourges Cathedral is notable for the simplicity of its plan, which did without transepts but which adopted the double-aisled design found in earlier high-status churches such as the Early-Christian basilica of St Peter's in Rome or in Notre Dame de Paris. The double aisles continue without interruption beyond the position of the screen (now largely destroyed though a few fragments are preserved in the crypt) to form a double ambulatory around the choir. The inner aisle has a higher vault than the outer one, while both the central nave and the inner aisle have similar three-part elevations with arcade, triforium and clerestory windows; a design which admits considerably more light than one finds in more conventional double-aisled buildings like Notre-Dame.
Apart from the axial chapel, Bourges Cathedral retains most of its original ambulatory glass, which dates from about 1215 (around the same time as Chartres Cathedral). The glazing programme includes a famous Typological window (similar to examples at Sens and Canterbury), several hagiographic cycles, the story of the Old Testament patriarch, Joseph and symbolic depictions of the Apocalypse and Last Judgement. Other windows show the Passion and three of Christ's parables; the Good Samaritan, the Prodigal Son and the story of Dives and Lazarus. The French art historian Louis Grodecki identified three distinct masters or workshops involved in the glazing, one of whom may also have worked on the windows of Poitiers Cathedral.
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Places to see in ( Bourges - France )
Places to see in ( Bourges - France )
Bourges is a city in central France known for its half-timbered houses. The grand, Gothic-style Bourges Cathedral features 13th-century stained-glass windows. Close by, the ornate Jacques Coeur Palace was the home of a 15th-century nobleman. Exhibits at the Musée du Berry include an Egyptian mummy, agricultural tools and Etruscan bronzes. Displays on evolution are among the highlights at the Natural History Museum.
Bourges is accessible by train from Paris Austerlitz in about 1 hour 45 minutes, or on the A71 motorway from Paris via Orleans. The cathedral of Saint Etienne, a UNESCO heritage site, dates from about 1200-1255. It's an exceptionally fine and most original work of French Gothic architecture, with double aisles and an immensely high nave. It has preserved almost all the original stained glass of its ambulatory, and some of the high windows of the choir. There are also some lovely later windows in the side chapels. The crypt and towers can be visited for an extra charge.
The Palais de Jacques Coeur was built from 1443-1450 by Jacques Coeur, the richest man in France and banker to Charles VII. It's a flamboyant work, highly decorated and punctuated by stair turrets and towers just like the castles in the Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry - another Bourges inhabitant. The interior can only be visited on a guided tour, for which a charge is made.
The Marais, to the north of the historic centre, is an area of allotment gardens divided by canals. A walk all the way round will take you 2-3 hours and give you excellent views of the cathedral. Go at a weekend and you'll probably see some of the gardeners punting through the canals to their plots.
The whole city is full of lovely houses, some in half timber, others in the light stone that is characteristic of Bourges. Rue Bourbonnoux and Rue Coursalon are particularly worth visiting.
Palais des Echevins / Musee Esteve is another medieval mansion which borrows its vocabulary from the Palais Jacques Coeur, built 40 years earlier.
Musee de Berry - a free museum of local traditions, in another medieval mansion. Musee des Meilleurs Ouvriers de France - this museum, opposite the cathedral, displays works of craftsmanship which have been made for the MOF diploma. Currently (Jan 2007) it has a display of fine hand-made knives in the exhibition room. Free entry, and worth a look.
You can go to the 'Plan d'eau' which is an artificial lake to have a 6km-walk. It's also possible to use your bicycle or rollers around it on a lane separated from the road - it's relatively flat. In april, there is a music festival called 'Le Printemps de Bourges' where, during around 1 week, around 30 official concerts (prices varies) are given in the city (in several places, sometimes at the same time). The programme may be fetched in early March. During this period, most of the pubs and bars also have bands playing (for free) and the whole city gets a lot of animation.
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Travel France - Tour of Bayeux Cathedral
Take a tour of Bayeux Cathedral in Bayeux, France -- part of the World's Greatest Attractions travel video series by GeoBeats.
Bayeux Cathedral is an ornate, Norman-Romanesque sanctuary and a treasured jewel in the town of Bayeux, France.
The cathedral was erected periodically between the 11th and 13th centuries and later was remodeled into a 13th century Gothic monument.
Underneath the massive structure lies an ancient crypt that houses murals of biblical figures.
Within the interior chapel and main altar, Bayeux's collection of stained glass windows are on display.
The house of prayer is also the first known abode of the Bayeux Tapestry; a famous embroidery that illustrates the Norman annexation of England.
Either standing under the French sun, or lit up in the night sky, Bayeux Cathedral towers over the city in grand distinction.
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Toulouse Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Toulouse) is a Roman Catholic cathedral, and a national monument of France, located in the city of Toulouse.
It is the seat of the Archbishop of Toulouse.
The exact date of the original building is unknown; the first mention of a church building on that site is found in a charter of 844. In 1073 the bishop of Toulouse commenced work on a more elaborate structure, followed by additional construction in the 13th century.
The irregular west front exists because the cathedral consists of two incomplete churches, the first dating from the early 13th century, which includes the rose window from 1230; and the other begun in about 1272, on a new plan and a different axis, which was later abandoned, although by 1445 a triforium had been added to the choir and a Flamboyant west portal had been inserted. It is off-center because the architect took care to save the baptismal chapel north of the entrance. An oblong tower, composed of a Gothic portion on Romanesque foundations, and capped by a 16th-century gable belfry, completed the west façade. Also in the 15th century the nave and choir vaults were unsymmetrically connected, while in 1609, after a fire, the choir vault was rebuilt. It was not until the 1920s that its north wall was cleared of abutting buildings and a doorway added, similar in style to the west entrance.
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Places to see in ( Bordeaux - France ) Part 3
Places to see in ( Bordeaux - France )
Bordeaux, hub of the famed wine-growing region, is a port city on the Garonne River in southwestern France. It’s known for its Gothic Cathédrale Saint-André, 18th- to 19th-century mansions and notable art museums such as the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux. Public gardens line the curving river quays. The grand Place de la Bourse, centered on the Three Graces fountain, overlooks the Miroir d’Eau reflecting pool.
Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais (for men) or Bordelaises (women). The term Bordelais may also refer to the city and its surrounding region.
The city's titles are La perle d'Aquitaine (The Pearl of Aquitaine), and La Belle Endormie (Sleeping Beauty) in reference to the old centre which had black walls due to pollution.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area takes in 14.5 billion euros each year. Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble of the 18th century.
Bordeaux is classified City of Art and History. The city is home to 362 monuments historiques (only Paris has more in France) with some buildings dating back to Roman times. Bordeaux has been inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble.
Bordeaux is home to one of Europe's biggest 18th-century architectural urban areas, making it a sought-after destination for tourists and cinema production crews.
Main sights include:
Esplanade des Quinconces, the largest square in Europe.
Monument aux Girondins
Grand Théâtre, a large neoclassical theater built in the 18th century.
Allées de Tourny
Cours de l'Intendance
Place du Chapelet
Place de la Bourse(1730–1775), designed by the Royal architect Jacques Ange Gabriel as landscape for an equestrian statue of Louis XV.
Place du Parlement
Place Saint-Pierre
Pont de pierre
Saint-André Cathedral, consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1096. Of the Original Romanesque edifice only a wall in the nave remain. The Royal Gate is from the early 13th century, while the rest of the construction is mostly from the 14th and 15th centuries.
Tour Pey-Berland (1440–1450), a massive, quadrangular gothic tower annexed to the cathedral.
Église Sainte-Croix (Church of the Holy Cross). It lies on the site of a 7th-century abbey destroyed by the Saracens. Rebuilt under the Carolingians, it was again destroyed by the Normans in 845 and 864. It is annexed to a Benedictine abbey founded in the 7th century, and was built in the late 11th and early 12th centuries. The façade is in Romanesque style
The gothic Basilica of Saint Michael, constructed between the end of the 14th century and the 16th century.
Basilica of Saint-Seurin, the most ancient church in Bordeaux. It was built in the early 6th century on the site of a palaeochristian necropolis. It has an 11th-century portico, while the apse and transept are from the following century. The 13th-century nave has chapels from the 11th and the 14th centuries. The ancient crypt houses sepulchres of the Merovingian family.
Église Saint-Pierre, gothic church
Église Saint-Éloi, gothic church
Église Saint-Bruno, baroque church decorated with frescoes
Église Notre-Dame, baroque church
Église Saint-Paul-Saint-François-Xavier, baroque church
Palais Rohan Exterior
Palais Gallien, the remains of a late 2nd-century Roman amphitheatre
Porte Cailhau, a medieval gate of the old city walls.
La Grosse Cloche (15th century), the second remaining gate of the Medieval walls. It was the belfry of the old Town Hall. It consists of two 40-metre-high (131-foot) circular towers and a central bell tower housing a bell weighing 7,800 kilograms (17,200 lb). The watch is from 1759.
Rue Sainte-Catherine, the longest Pedestrian street of France
The BETASOM submarine base
Saint-André Cathedral, Saint-Michel Basilica and Saint-Seurin Basilica are part of the World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France.
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Places to see in ( Blois - France ) Blois Cathedral
Places to see in ( Blois - France ) Blois Cathedral
The Cathedral of St. Louis of Blois, commonly referred to as Blois Cathedral is a Late Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral in Blois, France. It has been a monument historique since 1906. It is the seat of the Bishopric of Blois, established in 1697. The cathedral is in the Late Gothic style. Before becoming a cathedral, the building was a collegiate church dedicated to Saint Solenne.
Construction began in the 12th century. However, except for traces in the crypt and in the base of the bell-tower, nothing is left of the original structure. Construction on the current facade and bell-tower was begun in 1544. The nave was destroyed in a 1678 storm, and the reconstruction in Gothic style took place between 1680 and 1700 under the direction of the architect Arnoult-Séraphin Poictevin (d. 1720). This project was begun at the instigation of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, whose wife was a native of Blois. To celebrate the church's elevation to cathedral status in 1697, Louis XIV presented the organ console in 1704. The new see thereupon took the dedication to Saint Louis. The Chapel of Notre-Dame was added in 1860, under the direction of Jules de La Morandière.
American bombardment during World War II destroyed most of the glass-work in the cathedral. On December 22, 2000, new stained-glass windows were dedicated, the work of the Dutch artist Jan Dibbets and the French master glass-worker Jean Mauret. This work was done as part of a general restoration project begun in 1985. The new windows cover thirty-three bays, upper and lower, and have a combined surface area of over 360m22.
The current facade, dating from the middle of the 16th century, represents a compromise between the Late Gothic and early Neoclassical styles. Represented are such medieval elements as gargoyles, pinnacled buttresses, and a pointed gable. The Neoclassical elements include the triangular pediment and the medallions in the round found in the spandrels. The cathedral consists of a long nave with side aisles running along the north and south. Side chapels open onto the aisles. There is also a chancel with its ambulatory. There is no transept.
The chancel has a pentagonal apse from the 16th and 17th centuries. Surrounding the chancel is the ambulatory with its apsidal chapels dating from the 19th century. The upper windows retain their stained glass from the 19th century artist Lobin. The ambulatory, which was not added until the 1860s, displays twisted pillars in a pastiche of the Louis XII style, an example of the architectural imitation that was common during the Second Empire.
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Places to see in ( Auxerre - France )
Places to see in ( Auxerre - France )
Auxerre is a town on the Yonne River and in the Yonne department of the Burgundy region. Historically, the town owes its importance to its important position on the river, and also to the once important trade route between the Mediterranean and the North Sea. Auxerre has received the classification of a protected Historic Town in France as well as being one of the French 'villes d'art et histoire' towns (see French Towns of Art and History).
Auxerre is an interesting place to visit, with the town centre towered over by the cathedral and by several churches. The part of the town of most interest to visitors occupies the hill that runs up from the west bank of the river, and includes the major churches and the historical old town. Before starting to explore ask for the map at Auxerre Tourist Office - they have a paid version which suggests a route to be followed and an 'under the counter' free version which also shows the highlights. The main Tourist Office in Auxerre is next to the river, although a smaller one can also be found near the clocktower.
The best way to get a perspective of the churches in Auxerre is by walking onto the main bridge across the river (the Pont Paul Bert). From here you have a very good view of the Auxerre 'skyline' (and is also the place where many photographs of Auxerre are taken). From here you can see three main churches - running south to north these are the Church of Saint Peter, the Saint Etienne Cathedral, and the Saint Germain Abbey.
The Cathedral Saint-Etienne is an imposing gothic style cathedral built and modified from the 11th to the 16th centuries. Take a look at the carvings around the doorway then pass inside the cathedral to see some of the best known stained glass windows in France, and the fascinating 11th century crypt where you can see remains of the earlier cathedral on the same site and a very ancient fresco.
The Abbey of Saint-Germain at Auxerre is also interesting, with the cloisters and other monastery buildings now open to the public, partly as a museum dedicated to the history of Auxerre and region. The abbey is renowned for the frescoes it contains in its crypt which date from the 9th century and are the oldest known church frescoes in France. There are several other religious monuments in Auxerre including the Church of Saint-Pierre, the Church of Saint-Eusebé and the Visitandines Chapel among others.
Although they dominate the skyline, Auxerre is much more than just crypts and churches - the town itself has a great deal to offer as you explore and much of the old historic centre of the town is now a region of protected development. There are attractive squares where you can take a rest in a cafe, joined by narrow medieval streets and a myriad of attractive ancient houses, often with half-timbered facades. The parts of Auxerre around the town hall and the clock tower are the most interesting.
The highlight is the old town gateway in the heart of Auxerre Old Town, a 15th century clocktower where the ochre and gold coloured sundial and moondial can be seen. The tower is in the heart of the pedestrianised centre of Auxerre. The rest of the old town should also be explored, especially in the section of town between the Town Hall and the Saint Etienne Cathedral, where you will discover various other interesting buildings.
If you walk a little way along the river (the 'marine quarter' of the town), you have attractive views across the town and can see some of the many boats that stop here. There are two museums in Auxerre that are of interest to visitors. One is the Museum Leblanc-Duvernoy featuring tapestries and furniture, while the other is the Natural History Museum. Of the many parks and gardens in the town we recommend you visit the Arboretum Darnus-Rantheaume or the Parc de l'Arbre Sec, a botanic garden next to the river.
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Auxerre France • Explore Enchanting Auxerre and its Magnificent Cathedral | European Waterways
During our cruise we visit the medieval city of Auxerre France. Originally the capital of Lower Burgundy, the town prides itself on its lavish Renaissance houses, fine churches and particularly its magnificent cathedral situated close to the river.
At the junction of the Canal du Nivernais and the River Yonne, Auxerre is a beautiful city and a pleasant port, with elegant buildings gracing its waterfront. Auxerre was an important spiritual center and a big market town for timber and wine.
The River Yonne made Auxerre's fortune. When rivers were the only viable means of transport in Europe, a good navigable river flowing towards interesting markets was the secret of wealth. Its town center has a pedestrianized main square, timber-framed buildings and a 15th century tower with a richly-decorated 17th century clock.
Cobblestone streets line the old quarter, and an open-air market beckons. Spires of three churches form an impressive skyline. The Gothic Cathédral St-Étienne was completed in 1560, taking over three centuries to build. The interior is lit up by 13th century stained glass. Flying buttresses lend support and architectural interest. The Musée St-Germain houses an exhibition of Gallo-Roman finds. It occupies a 12th century abbey founded by the wife of the first Christian king of France. The crypts are decorated with the oldest frescoes in France (9th century).
Paris to Auxerre
The waterways taken from Paris to Auxerre are the rivers Seine and Yonne. The River Seine rises in Burgundy and winds northwest through the Ile-de-France. The Seine flows through the heart of Paris dividing the Left Bank, south of the Seine, from the Right Bank, north of the Seine.
From Paris the Seine flows northwest through a farmland region and past Rouen to the port of Le Havre, where it empties into the English Channel. It has been an important commercial waterway since Roman times and has figured significantly in the histories of Paris, Rouen, and Le Havre.
Through its main tributaries, the Marne, Aube, Loing, Yonne and Oise rivers, and canals linking it to the Loire, Rhine, and Rhône rivers, it is possible to get to Paris from the Atlantic, from Belgium and Holland, from Germany, or even from the Mediterranean.
The canalized River Yonne, feeding into the Paris basin, is one of the most important rivers in Burgundy. The Yonne extends from Auxerre, where it joins the Canal du Nivernais, to its confluence with the Seine at Montereau. It begins its journey in the central granite highlands of the Morvan Natural Park traveling through Clamecy to Auxerre, Joigny and on to Sens before flowing into the Seine.
The Nivernais Canal
The Nivernais Canal (111 miles - 119 locks) passes through western Burgundy, crossing the Yonne Valley and from time to time merging with the Yonne River itself. North of the summit at Baye, the River Yonne serves as a navigation channel for most of the way between Auxerre and Clamecy.
Where the canal is artificial, the Yonne serves as a feeder. Opened in 1843 after sixty years of chaotic work, the Nivernais Canal was built to transport firewood from the Morvan forests to Paris. From the 16th century, the Yonne was used for flottage de bois, i.e., a system for floating logs. As the firewood demands increased, there was a need to transport logs from further away.
The Nivernais Canal was first proposed in 1708 but abandoned due to opposition from the Duke of Orléans who, not coincidentally, was proprietor of the nearby Loing Canal. At the end of the 18th century, a project was started to extend the floatable part of the river towards the forests of Bazois by building a little channel under the hills of Collancelle.
However, since this was the era of canals, instead of a small channel for floating timber, a navigable canal was built. Work started in 1784 (based on a plan devised in the 17th century) and was finally completed in 1841. The wood trade was the region's main source of income until the 1920's, even though timber had to be carried on barges when flottage was outlawed in 1881.
Although originally built for commercial use, the canal saw the last of its merchant traffic in the 1970's. A shallow draft and small gauge locks limit the size of barges that can use it.
Now the Nivernais Canal is known for its peacefulness, its beautiful valleys and hills, and its historic and picturesque villages and vineyards. Its path through the hills of Morvan, the wild valley of the Yonne, and the green meadows of Bazois makes it one of the most beautiful canals in France. For canal enthusiasts, the Nivernais is a showcase for a great variety of lock gates and paddle gear.
Places to see in ( Bremen - Germany ) St Peter's Cathedral
Places to see in ( Bremen - Germany ) St Peter's Cathedral
Bremen Cathedral (German: Bremer Dom or St. Petri Dom zu Bremen), dedicated to St. Peter, is a church situated in the market square in the center of Bremen, in northern Germany. The cathedral belongs to the Bremian Evangelical Church, a member of the Protestant umbrella organization named Evangelical Church in Germany. It is the previous cathedral of the former Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. Since 1973, it is protected by the monument protection act.
Protestant/Lutheran church with a history spanning more than 1,200 years. Early-Gothic style from the first half of the 13th century. Oldest sections are the crypts. Set between the town hall and the State Parliament, the cathedral completes the ensemble of historical buildings on Bremen's market square. Its two towers, one of which is open to visitors, are visible from afar and dominate the city skyline. Opposite the cathedral, Bremen's merchants put up the Roland statue – the symbol of their freedom and autonomy from the bishop of Verden, who ruled over Bremen for many years.
During the turbulent times of the Reformation, the originally Catholic cathedral became first Calvinist and finally Lutheran. In the cathedral's lead cellar, you can discover the mysteries of the mummies. If that sounds a bit too macabre, the Bible garden offers a chance to sit and relax with a cup of coffee and a piece of cake.
In general, Bremen Cathedral is a medieval building. The oldest visible structures are the two crypts. The last parts built in romanesque style and in sandstone were the lower storeys of the western façade and the western towers. Since the late 1220s, vaults and walls were erected in bricks, partly hidden by sheets of sandstone. Only the outer wall of the southern row of chapels shows unhidden bricks. St Peter's is one of the largest historic brick structures in Europe, but it comprises too many stone structures to be subsumed to Brick Gothic. During the great restoration of 1888 to 1901, the western towers and most of the western façade were rebuilt relatively close to previous structures. The crossing tower was a new addition, using the medieval crossing tower of Worms Cathedral as an example. The roofs above the transepts and the northern aisle were redesigned.
( Bremen - Germany ) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting Bremen . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Bremen - Germany
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Bordeaux | Wikipedia audio article
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Bordeaux
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo] (listen); Gascon Occitan: Bordèu [buɾˈðɛw]) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France.
The municipality (commune) of Bordeaux proper has a population of 246,586 (2014). Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Bordeaux is the centre of the Bordeaux Métropole. With 1,195,335 in the metropolitan area, it is the sixth largest in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse and Lille. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais (for men) or Bordelaises (women). The term Bordelais may also refer to the city and its surrounding region.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, and the wine economy in the metro area takes in 14.5 billion euros each year. Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble of the 18th century. After Paris, Bordeaux has the highest number of preserved historical buildings of any city in France.
Huguenots | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Huguenots
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Huguenots (; French: Les huguenots [yɡ(ə)no]) are an ethnoreligious group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed tradition.
The term has its origin in early 16th century France. It was frequently used in reference to those of the Reformed Church of France from the time of the Protestant Reformation. Huguenots were French Protestants who held to the Reformed tradition of Protestantism, while the populations of Alsace, Moselle and Montbéliard were mainly German Lutherans. In his Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Hans Hillerbrand claimed that on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, the Huguenot community included as much as 10% of the French population, but it declined to 7–8% by around 1600 and even further after the return of heavy persecution in 1685 with Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau.
Huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne d'Albret, her son, the future Henry IV (who would later convert to Catholicism to become king) and the princes of Condé. The wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy.
Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s prompted the abolition of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), ultimately ending any legal recognition of Protestantism in France and forcing the Huguenots to either convert or flee in a wave of violent dragonnades. Louis XIV laid claim that the French Huguenot population was reduced from about 800,000 to 900,000 adherents down to just 1,000 to 1,500; although he overexaggerated the reduction, the dragonnades certainly were devastating for the French Protestant community. Nevertheless, the remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV. At the time of Louis XV's death in 1774, Calvinism had been nearly eliminated from France. Persecution of Protestants officially ended with the Edict of Versailles, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, Protestants gained equal rights as citizens.The bulk of Huguenot émigrés relocated to Protestant states such as England and Wales, the Channel Islands, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia, as well as majority Catholic but Protestant-controlled Ireland. They also fled to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, New Netherland and several of the English colonies in North America. A few families also went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec.
By now, most Huguenots have been assimilated into various societies and cultures, but remnant communities of Camisards in the Cévennes, most Reformed members of the United Protestant Church of France, French members of the largely German Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine and the Huguenot diaspora in England and Australia all still retain their beliefs and Huguenot designation.
Bordeaux | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:27 1 History
00:07:32 2 Geography
00:08:22 2.1 Climate
00:09:33 3 Economy
00:10:00 3.1 Wine
00:11:51 3.2 Others
00:13:06 3.3 Major companies
00:13:44 4 Population
00:15:08 5 Politics
00:20:55 5.1 Municipal administration
00:21:45 5.2 Mayors of Bordeaux
00:22:05 6 Education
00:22:14 6.1 University
00:23:26 6.2 Schools
00:25:29 6.3 Weekend education
00:25:51 7 Main sights
00:26:46 7.1 Buildings
00:29:47 7.2 Contemporary architecture
00:30:41 7.3 Museums
00:31:37 7.4 Parks and gardens
00:31:58 7.5 Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas
00:32:40 7.6 Shopping
00:33:18 8 Culture
00:33:46 9 Transport
00:33:55 9.1 Road
00:35:39 9.2 Rail
00:37:34 9.3 Air
00:37:52 9.4 Trams, buses and boats
00:39:23 9.5 Taxis
00:39:35 9.6 Bordeaux Public Transportation Statistics
00:40:20 10 Sport
00:42:28 11 Notable people
00:42:37 12 International relationship
00:42:46 12.1 Twin towns and sister cities
00:42:58 12.2 Partnerships
00:43:06 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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- increases imagination and understanding
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- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9760555108746687
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo] (listen); Gascon Occitan: Bordèu [buɾˈðɛw]) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France.
The municipality (commune) of Bordeaux proper has a population of 252,040 (2016). Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Bordeaux is the centre of the Bordeaux Métropole. With 1,195,335 in the metropolitan area, it is the sixth-largest in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, and Lille. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais (for men) or Bordelaises (women). The term Bordelais may also refer to the city and its surrounding region.
Being at the center of a major wine-growing and wine-producing region, Bordeaux remains a prominent powerhouse and exercises significant influence on the world wine industry although no wine production is conducted within the city limits. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, and the wine economy in the metro area takes in 14.5 billion euros each year. Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble of the 18th century. After Paris, Bordeaux has the highest number of preserved historical buildings of any city in France.
French architecture | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
French architecture
00:00:35 1 History
00:00:43 1.1 Gallo-Roman
00:02:12 1.2 Pre-Romanesque
00:04:05 1.3 Romanesque
00:07:31 1.4 Medieval
00:09:48 1.5 Renaissance
00:11:11 1.6 Baroque
00:13:52 1.7 Rococo
00:15:15 1.8 Neoclassicism
00:17:28 1.9 Early French Colonial Architecture
00:18:49 1.10 Second Empire
00:19:47 1.11 Beaux Arts
00:20:39 1.12 Art Nouveau & Art Deco
00:20:42 1.13 Modernist and Contemporary
00:21:33 2 Regional architecture
00:21:48 2.1 Provincial
00:22:28 2.2 Normandy
00:23:24 3 Overseas architecture
00:23:56 4 America
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
French architecture ranks high among France's many accomplishments. Indications of the special importance of architecture in France were the founding of the Academy of Architecture in 1671, the first such institution anywhere in Europe, and the establishment in 1720 of the Prix de Rome in architecture, a competition of national interest, funded by the state, and an honor intensely pursued. If the first period of France's preeminent achievement was the Gothic, and the second, the eighteenth century, the longer tradition of French architecture has always been an esteemed one.
Saint Paul – Intérieur – Londres – Audioguide – MyWoWo Travel App
Si vous voulez plonger au cœur de l’histoire anglaise, la meilleure façon de le faire est d’aller tranquillement à l’intérieur de la cathédrale Saint–Paul. Commencez par le monument à la mémoire du duc de Wellington que vous trouverez dans l’espace sous l’arcade qui sépare la nef centrale de celle du nord. Le héros de la bataille de Waterloo, dont vous pouvez voir la tombe dans la crypte de la cathédrale, est représenté dans une sculpture à cheval qui fut placée ici presque soixante ans après la réalisation de ce monument funéraire. Bien que le projet prévoyait depuis le début que Wellington serait représenté à cheval sur son pur–sang bien–aimé Copenhague, le fait d’introduire un cheval, fut–il en bronze, dans une église fut considéré inconvenant : d’où la raison de ce long retard dans l’exécution !
En continuant, vous trouverez un peu plus loin dans le bras transversal, le monument d’un autre personnage célèbre de l’histoire militaire britannique, l’amiral Nelson, mort héroïquement en 1805 lors de la bataille de Trafalgar. Vous remarquerez que des chaises sont disposées en cercle exactement au centre de l’église. Choisissez–en une, asseyez–vous confortablement et levez la tête : vous pourrez contempler tranquillement les peintures racontant les principaux épisodes de la vie de saint Paul représentés sur le majestueux intérieur de la coupole.
Dans la nef, en continuant vers le fond, ne manquez pas la très jolie sculpture en marbre représentant la Mère et l’Enfant, réalisée par l’artiste britannique Henry Moore en 1983 à la mémoire des martyrs anglicans morts pour leur foi. Après le maître–autel, allez aussi visiter l’American Memorial Chapel, le monument avec lequel le gouvernement britannique a voulu rendre hommage aux 28 000 soldats américains morts sur le sol anglais pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale…
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Huguenot | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:06 1 Etymology
00:08:24 2 Symbol
00:08:53 3 Demographics
00:13:23 4 Emigration and diaspora
00:14:35 5 History
00:14:45 5.1 Origins
00:18:00 5.2 Criticism and conflict with the Catholic Church
00:20:14 5.3 Reformation and growth
00:21:34 5.4 Wars of religion
00:22:46 5.5 Civil wars
00:24:15 5.6 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
00:25:22 5.7 Edict of Nantes
00:28:29 5.8 Edict of Fontainebleau
00:31:13 5.9 End of persecution
00:32:21 5.10 Right of return to France in the 19th and 20th centuries
00:33:54 5.11 Modern times
00:36:31 6 Exodus
00:36:58 6.1 Early emigration to colonies
00:38:08 6.2 South Africa
00:41:21 6.3 North America
00:50:49 6.3.1 Spoken language
00:51:30 6.4 Netherlands
00:55:20 6.5 Wales
00:55:58 6.6 England
01:00:26 6.7 Ireland
01:02:36 6.8 Germany and Scandinavia
01:05:51 7 Effects of the exodus
01:07:51 8 1985 apology
01:08:26 9 Legacy
01:08:40 9.1 France
01:09:27 9.2 United States
01:12:13 9.3 England
01:13:21 9.4 Prussia
01:13:47 9.5 Ireland
01:14:04 9.6 South Africa
01:14:40 9.7 Australia
01:15:34 10 See also
01:16:37 11 Notes
01:16:46 12 Further reading
01:21:17 12.1 In French
01:22:10 13 External links
01:23:12 13.1 Texts
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.9470992834942893
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Huguenots ( HEW-gə-nots, also UK: -nohz, French: [yɡ(ə)no]) were a religious group of French Protestants.
Huguenots were French protestants who held to the Reformed tradition of Protestantism. The term has its origin in early-16th-century France. It was frequently used in reference to those of the Reformed Church of France from the time of the Protestant Reformation. By contrast, the Protestant populations of eastern France, in Alsace, Moselle, and Montbéliard were mainly German Lutherans.
In his Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Hans Hillerbrand said that, on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, the Huguenot community included as much as 10% of the French population. By 1600 it had declined to 7–8%, and was reduced further after the return of severe persecution in 1685 under Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau.
The Huguenots were believed to be concentrated among the population in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne d'Albret, her son, the future Henry IV (who would later convert to Catholicism in order to become king), and the princes of Condé. The wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy.
Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s resulted in the abolition of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685). This ended legal recognition of Protestantism in France and the Huguenots were forced either to convert to Catholicism (possibly as Nicodemites) or flee as refugees; they were subject to violent dragonnades. Louis XIV claimed that the French Huguenot population was reduced from about 800,000 to 900,000 adherents to just 1,000 to 1,500. He exaggerated the decline, but the dragonnades were devastating for the French Protestant community.
The remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV. By the time of his death in 1774, Calvinism had been nearly eliminated from France. Persecution of Protestants officially ended with the Edict of Versailles, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Revolutionary Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, P ...