Poznan and Wielkopolska Uprising Monument.
Poznan is among the oldest cities in Poland and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state. Today it is one of the largest Polish centres of trade, industry, sports, education, technology, tourism and culture
Museum of the Wielkopolska Uprising in Poznan
This is a video taken inside the Museum of the Wielkopolska Uprising in Poznan. The museum is relatively small but it is worth a visit since it is in the old center, a place every tourist goes!
For more photos and info about the museum please visit
Powstanie Wielkopolskie / Great Poland Uprising
11 listopada 1918 roku po ponad wieku niewoli Polacy zaczęli mówić o niepodległym państwie. Wówczas jednak kształt przyszłego państwa polskiego nie był znany. Los Wielkopolski, Kujaw, Pałuk i Pomorza był niepewny, gdyż tych terenów nie chcieli oddać Polakom Niemcy. Ignacy Jan Paderewski przybył 26 grudnia do Poznania, gdzie witany był przez Polaków wiwatami. Nie spodobało się to jednak Niemcom, którzy wciąż okupowali to miasto. W dniu 27 grudnia 1918 roku doszło do zamieszek, które stały się początkiem Powstania Wielkopolskiego. Walki dość szybko objęły dość duży obszar, między innymi Kujawy, a także Pałuki i Krajnę.
W materiale wykorzystano utwór ,,Powstańcy autorstwa Bzyka.
On November 11,1918, after more than a century of occupation, the Poles began to talk about an independent state. However at this time, the shape of the future Polish state was not known. The fate of the region of Greater Poland, Cuiavia Paluki and Pomerania was uncertain, because Germans do not want to return these areas to the Poles. Ignacy Jan Paderewski came to Poznan, where he was greeted by Poles with cheers. Germans who still occupied the city ware not glad about it. On 27 December 1918, there was a riot which marked the beginning of the Greater Poland Uprising.
Old Market Poznań, Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland, Europe
Poznań Old Town is a central neighbourhood of the city of Poznań in western Poland, covering the area of the walled medieval city of Poznań. It is called Stare Miasto in Polish (although that name may also refer to the wider administrative district of Stare Miasto, which to most of the city centre and northern parts of the city). The original settlement of Poznań was on the river island of Ostrów Tumski, and dates from at least the 9th century. The Old Town neighbourhood, however, corresponds to the city on the left bank of the Warta, to the west of Ostrów Tumski, which received its charter in 1253 (work on the Royal Castle, which would be at the western side of the ring of walls, began several years earlier). The city walls were taken down when the city expanded in the early 19th century, but the street layout of the Old Town still corresponds closely to that of the former walled city, with a grid of narrow streets. Surviving fragments of the walls, some of which have been further reconstructed, can be seen on ul. Stawna and ul. Masztalarska in the north, and next to Chopin Park in the south. The Old Town is centred on Stary Rynek, the Old Market Square. The historic Town Hall (Ratusz) stands in the middle of that square. At the western end of the Old Town is the hill (Góra Przemysła) on which the castle stood. The Old Market Square (Stary Rynek) is the large square on which the Old Town neighbourhood is centred. The sides of the square measure approximately 140 metres (460 ft). There is a group of buildings in the central part of the square, chief of which is the Old Town Hall (Ratusz). On each side of the square are tall rows of former tenement houses (kamienice), many of which are now used as restaurants, cafés and pubs (often with outdoor tables on the square itself). The square was originally laid out in around 1253, with each side divided into 16 equal plots, and many changes to architectural layout and style were made over the centuries. Major changes were made from 1550 onwards by Giovanni Battista di Quadro, who reconstructed the Town Hall and several other buildings in Renaissance style (severe damage had been done to the buildings by a fire of 1536). Most of the buildings in the square were reconstructed following heavy damage in the Battle of Poznań (1945). The Old Market Square (Stary Rynek) is the large square on which the Old Town neighbourhood is centred. The sides of the square measure approximately 140 metres (460 ft). There is a group of buildings in the central part of the square, chief of which is the Old Town Hall (Ratusz). On each side of the square are tall rows of former tenement houses (kamienice), many of which are now used as restaurants, cafés and pubs (often with outdoor tables on the square itself). The square was originally laid out in around 1253, with each side divided into 16 equal plots, and many changes to architectural layout and style were made over the centuries. Major changes were made from 1550 onwards by Giovanni Battista di Quadro, who reconstructed the Town Hall and several other buildings in Renaissance style (severe damage had been done to the buildings by a fire of 1536). Most of the buildings in the square were reconstructed following heavy damage in the Battle of Poznań (1945). The central group of buildings includes:
The Old Town Hall (see separate article), standing in the northeast corner of the central building group (facing east). A row of merchants' houses (domki budnicze), dating from the 16th century, painted in a multicoloured design (1953-1961), with an arcade containing souvenir stalls, facing east. One of the houses (no. 17) displays the coat of arms -- a herring and three palms -- of the merchants' guild from which the houses take their name. The former town chancellery, adjoining the merchants' houses, facing south. The old town weighing house (Waga Miejska), behind the Town Hall, facing north. This was first built 1532-1534, reconstructed 1563, demolished as unsafe in 1890 (replaced by a Renaissance-style New Town Hall used by the city government, heavily damaged in 1945), rebuilt in its former style in 1950-1960 based on surviving prints, renovated in 2002, now used for weddings and other functions. The guardhouse (Odwach), facing west, originally an 18th-century wooden building, rebuilt in Classical style in 1783-1787, heavily damaged in 1945, rebuilt 1949-1951 and used as a museum. It now houses a museum dedicated to the Greater Poland Uprising (1918--1919). The Arsenał gallery, a postwar building (1959-1962), standing on the site of a former market building which was used as an arsenal from the 17th century, and was destroyed in 1945.
The Wielkopolska Military Museum, a modern building (1959--1962) standing on the site of a former cloth hall (sukiennice).
Poznań, Poland 74 years after the Liberation from germans by Soviet Army and Polish People´s Army
The music is from Krakowski Chór Rewolucyjny (Varshavianka ) Cracovian Revolutionary Choir
Under the command of Soviet officer Vasily Chuikov
Polish People´s Army (2nd Polish Army ), Polish
civilians and the Red Army liberated Poznań
on 23 February 1945
Today, the Poznań Citadel site is a large park, in
which is situated a memorial to the Red Army
For centuries before the Christianization of Poland,
Poznań (consisting of a fortified stronghold between
the Warta and Cybina rivers, on what is now Ostrów
Tumski) was an important cultural and political centre
of the Polan tribe. Mieszko I, the first historically
recorded ruler of the Polans, and of the early Polish
state which they dominated, built one of his main
stable headquarters in Poznań. Mieszko's baptism of
966, seen as a defining moment in the
Christianization of the Polish state, may have taken
place in Poznań. In about 1249, Duke Przemysł I
began constructing what would become the Royal
Castle on a hill on the left bank of the Warta. Then in
1253 Przemysł issued a charter to Thomas of Guben
(Gubin) for the founding of a town under Magdeburg
law, between the castle and the river. Thomas
brought a large number of German settlers to aid in
the building and settlement of the city – this is an
example of the German eastern migration
(Ostsiedlung) characteristic of that period. However,
in 1793, in the Second Partition of Poland, Poznań,
came under the control of the Kingdom of Prussia,
becoming part of (and initially the seat of) the
province of South Prussia. In the Greater Poland
Uprising of 1806, Polish soldiers and civilian
volunteers assisted the efforts of Napoleon by driving
out Prussian forces from the region. The city became
a part of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807, and was the
seat of Poznań Department – a unit of administrative
division and local government. However, in 1815,
following the Congress of Vienna, the region was
returned to Prussia, and Poznań became the capital of
the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen. A
Greater Poland Uprising during the Revolutions of
1848 was ultimately unsuccessful, and the Grand
Duchy lost its remaining autonomy, Poznań becoming
simply the capital of the Prussian Province of Posen. It
would become part of the German Empire with the
unification of German states in 1871. Polish patriots
continued to form societies (such as the Central
Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań),
and a Polish theatre (Teatr Polski, still functioning)
opened in 1875; however the authorities made efforts
to Germanize the region, particularly through the
Prussian Settlement Commission (founded 1886).
Germans accounted for 38% of the city's population
in 1867, though this percentage would later decline
somewhat, particularly after the region returned to
Poland.
During World War II Poznan was incorporated into
the Third Reich in the boundary of the so-called
Wielkopolska Country of Warta . Most of the Poles
were deported from the city to the General
Government , and in return Germans were brought in
as part of the colonization action of Heim ins Reich .
During the German occupation of 1939–1945, Poznań
was incorporated into the Third Reich as the capital of
Reichsgau Wartheland. Many Polish inhabitants were
executed, arrested, expelled to the General
Government or used as forced labour; at the same
time many Germans and Volksdeutsche were settled
in the city. The German population increased from
around 5,000 in 1939 (some 2% of the inhabitants) to
around 95,000 in 1944.[15][16] The pre-war Jewish
population of about 2,000[17] were mostly murdered
in the Holocaust. A concentration camp was set up in
Fort VII, one of the 19th-century perimeter forts. The
camp was later moved to Żabikowo south of Poznań.
The Nazi authorities significantly expanded Poznań's
boundaries to include most of the present-day area of
the city; these boundaries were retained after the
war. Poznań was liberated from german beast by the
Red Army, assisted by Polish volunteers, on 23
February 1945 following the Battle of Poznań, in
which the German army conducted a last-ditch
defence in line with Hitler's designation of the city as
a Festung. The Citadel was the last point to be taken,
and the fighting left much of the city, particularly the
Old Town, in ruins.
GREATER POLAND UPRISING 1918-1919
Promotional video made for the Greater Poland Museum of the Struggle for Independence on the 96th anniversary of the Greater Poland Uprising.
Techniques used: 3d modelling, sculpting, texturing, lighting, rendering, compositing.
Poznań, Greater Poland, Poland, Europe
Poznań Old Town is a central neighbourhood of the city of Poznań in western Poland, covering the area of the walled medieval city of Poznań. It is called Stare Miasto in Polish (although that name may also refer to the wider administrative district of Stare Miasto, which extends to most of the city centre and northern parts of the city). The original settlement of Poznań was on the river island of Ostrów Tumski, and dates from at least the 9th century. The Old Town neighbourhood, however, corresponds to the city on the left bank of the Warta, to the west of Ostrów Tumski, which received its charter in 1253 (work on the Royal Castle, which would be at the western side of the ring of walls, began several years earlier). The city walls were taken down when the city expanded in the early 19th century, but the street layout of the Old Town still corresponds closely to that of the former walled city, with a grid of narrow streets. Surviving fragments of the walls, some of which have been further reconstructed, can be seen on ul. Stawna and ul. Masztalarska in the north, and next to Chopin Park in the south. The Old Town is centred on Stary Rynek, the Old Market Square. The historic Town Hall (Ratusz) stands in the middle of that square. At the western end of the Old Town is the hill (Góra Przemysła) on which the castle stood. The Old Market Square (Stary Rynek) is the large square on which the Old Town neighbourhood is centred. The sides of the square measure approximately 140 metres (460 ft). There is a group of buildings in the central part of the square, chief of which is the Old Town Hall (Ratusz). On each side of the square are tall rows of former tenement houses (kamienice), many of which are now used as restaurants, cafés and pubs (often with outdoor tables on the square itself). The square was originally laid out in around 1253, with each side divided into 16 equal plots, and many changes to architectural layout and style were made over the centuries. Major changes were made from 1550 onwards by Giovanni Battista di Quadro, who reconstructed the Town Hall and several other buildings in Renaissance style (severe damage had been done to the buildings by a fire of 1536). Most of the buildings in the square were reconstructed following heavy damage in the Battle of Poznań (1945). The Old Market Square (Stary Rynek) is the large square on which the Old Town neighbourhood is centred. The sides of the square measure approximately 140 metres (460 ft). There is a group of buildings in the central part of the square, chief of which is the Old Town Hall (Ratusz). On each side of the square are tall rows of former tenement houses (kamienice), many of which are now used as restaurants, cafés and pubs (often with outdoor tables on the square itself). The square was originally laid out in around 1253, with each side divided into 16 equal plots, and many changes to architectural layout and style were made over the centuries. Major changes were made from 1550 onwards by Giovanni Battista di Quadro, who reconstructed the Town Hall and several other buildings in Renaissance style (severe damage had been done to the buildings by a fire of 1536). Most of the buildings in the square were reconstructed following heavy damage in the Battle of Poznań (1945). The central group of buildings includes: The Old Town Hall (see separate article), standing in the northeast corner of the central building group (facing east). A row of merchants' houses (domki budnicze), dating from the 16th century, painted in a multicoloured design (1953-1961), with an arcade containing souvenir stalls, facing east. One of the houses (no. 17) displays the coat of arms a herring and three palms of the merchants' guild from which the houses take their name. The former town chancellery, adjoining the merchants' houses, facing south. The old town weighing house (Waga Miejska), behind the Town Hall, facing north. This was first built 1532-1534, reconstructed 1563, demolished as unsafe in 1890 (replaced by a Renaissance-style New Town Hall used by the city government, heavily damaged in 1945), rebuilt in its former style in 1950-1960 based on surviving prints, renovated in 2002, now used for weddings and other functions. The guardhouse (Odwach), facing west, originally an 18th-century wooden building, rebuilt in Classical style in 1783-1787, heavily damaged in 1945, rebuilt 1949-1951 and used as a museum. It now houses a museum dedicated to the Greater Poland Uprising (1918-1919). The Arsenał gallery, a postwar building (1959-1962), standing on the site of a former market building which was used as an arsenal from the 17th century, and was destroyed in 1945. The Wielkopolska Military Museum, a modern building (1959-1962) standing on the site of a former cloth hall (sukiennice).
Poznan - Freedom Square (Plac Wolności)
Though it is difficult to imagine now, Poznań’s large and typically empty 'Freedom Square' was once the heart of the city - a favourite spot of the upper classes for strolls and coffee. Originally named Wilhelmsplatz (William’s Square) in honour of King Frederick William III of Prussia, it was demarcated by the city’s new Prussian authorities at the very end of the 18th century, soon after Poland was wiped off the map by the three partitioning forces of Prussia, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. The main reason for a square this large? Big-headed higher-ups needed a representative space capable of containing an entire infantry regiment during military parades. A fire in 1803 helped to “clean up” the area, and a Jewish cemetery was liquidated to make more space, while a new theatre was built to give the square a touch of class (today the renovated building, known as Arkadia, houses an Empik bookstore and tourist information centre). For a brief period between the 1806 Wielkopolska Uprising (and subsequent invasion of Prussia by Napoleonic forces) and the 1815 downfall of the semi-independent Duchy of Warsaw, the square was renamed in honour of Napoleon, and things were looking up for Poznań’s Polish populace; then it was back to Wilhelmsplatz and Prussian parades.
Street artist in the old town of Poznan, Poland
TVG-9 ARCHIVES - POLISH RISING SHAKES SOVIET EMPIRE 1956
TVG-9 ARCHIVES
DAY BY DAY # CASTLE # POZNAN
DAY BY DAY # Lesny # Castle # Poznan # Big drops # lot of fun # cheers :D
Muzeum Uzbrojenia w Noc Muzeów [Museum of Armaments]
Muzeum Uzbrojenia (Museum of Armaments) is lacated in Cytadela Park in Poznań, Poland. The greatest attraction of the local permanent exhibition is the outdoor park of military equipment with a dozen or so military vehicles, 9 aircraft and 2 helicopters, 5 tanks, numerous cannons, cannons and mortars. The oldest exhibits date from the beginning of the 19th century. Particularly noteworthy are the Soviet tanks from World War II: the T-34 medium tank and the IS-2's unique heavy tank from the first production series, produced in 1944, the famous rocket launcher BM-13N Katyusha on the chassis of an American Studebaker truck; US-6 or cars: a unique ZiS-5/12 with the American Z-15-4 / 3 anti-aircraft searchlight and three ZIS-151 cars, each with a radiolocation station. The exhibition also shows post-war constructions withdrawn from the armaments of the Polish Army, including airplanes Il-28, Su-20, Yak-12M, MiG-21, Lim-2, Lim-5, An-2: helicopters: SM-1, Mi-2 and T-55A and T-72 tanks.
An accurate depiction of Polish army
The Polish Army's Bear Soldier: Private Wojtek
Way back in World War Two, there was a hero many of you may never have heard of. In the 22nd artillery supply company there was the Polish bear that went to war. Wojtek the bear was a soldier who fought alongside the Polish army and became known as The Bear That Went To War.
96. rocznica Powstania Wielkopolskiego. Muzeum Powstania Wielkopolskiego 1918-1919 | oddział WMWN
16 - 28 grudnia 2014 Obchody
96. rocznicy Powstania Wielkopolskiego. Muzeum Powstania Wielkopolskiego 1918-1919
Video by studio BLURFRAME
Old Polonaise from 1919: Kochajmy się bracia mili - Kajetan Kopczyński
Kochajmy się bracia mili (Dear Brothers, Let's Love Each Other) Polonaise - Kajetan Kopczyński, Baryton z Orkiestrą (Baritone with Orchestra) Zonophone Records 1919 (Polish accoustic recording)
NOTE: Today, on the 11th day of November, Poland has its great holiday: The Independence Day. On the 11 November 1918, on the the last day of the Second World War Poland went through its resurrection after 150 years of partition and enslavement by three empires: Russia, Prussia and Austria. The collapse of these imperial powers was for Poland the regaining of independent being.
Hovever, the road to freedom was not easy. The Versailles Pact participants were exposed to sinister pressures made by international pro-German and pro-Russian powers, which attempted to undermine the agreements by various obstacles, e.g. trying to cut off Poznań or upper Silesia from within the planned borders of Poland's territory. Yet, the spontaneous uprisings of the Poznań and Silesian people made the decision for the politicians - so finally, the cities of Katowice, Poznań as well as territories inhabited through the centuries by Poznanians and Silesians - Polish speaking and declaring themselves as the Roman catholics - were returned to Poland.
Also, for a prolonged time unsolved was a question of Poland's access to the seacoast as well as political and administrative status of the city of Gdańsk. That problem wouldn't have ever been solved on the benefit of Poland, if not for the infervention of Ignacy Jan Paderewski, great Polish pianist and personal friend of American president, Woodrow Wilson.
However, the greatest danger for Poland occurred in October 1917 with the birth of the monstruous inhuman Bolshevik empire, next to Poland's borders on the East. The Polish-Soviet war lasted for two years of 1918-20 and was ended by the triumphant battle on the outskirts of Warsaw, between a tiny Polish army and the millions of Bolheviks, that in summer 1920 poured into Europe through the Polish territory like enormous flooding river of the darkness and the human blood. Therefore, the Warsaw Battle for Poland of the 15th August 1920 is called the Miracle on the Vistula River. The Bolsheviks, beaten by the Poles were evacuating their enormous army in panic, many of them swearing that during the battle they saw enormous figure of a Lady in the Sky, covering with Her blue coat the attacking Polish army...
This old Polonaise Dear Brothers. Let Us Love Each Other is my little triubute to these days of glory in the Polish history.
Kajetan KOPCZYŃSKI was a fine Polish baritone, who in 1920s was a member of the crew of Poznań Opera House and gained enormous popularity among the Poznań audiences. He recorded numerous Polish national songs as well as Operatic arias for the Polish edition of Zonophone Records and for Lutnia Wielkopolska - a short-living local record company, in Poznań.
Vedonist - The Dead House, Rebellion Tour Vol. II, Poznań, 18.10.2010.
Vedonist - The Dead House (kawałek z demka The First Scream), Rebellion Tour Vol. II, Poznań, 18.10.2010, Blue Note.
Warsaw city tour and Jewish Museum 082619 One of Two
POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews (Polish: Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich) is a museum on the site of the former Warsaw Ghetto. The Hebrew word Polin in the museum's English name means either Poland or rest here and relates to a legend about the arrival of the first Jews to Poland.[1]
The museum's cornerstone was laid in 2007, and the museum opened on 19 April 2013.[2][3] The core exhibition opened in October 2014[4] and features a multimedia exhibition about the Jewish community that flourished in Poland for a thousand years up to the World War II Holocaust.[5]
The building, a postmodern structure in glass, copper, and concrete, was designed by Finnish architects Rainer Mahlamäki and Ilmari Lahdelma.[6]
Contents
1 History
2 Construction
3 Organizational structure
4 Core exhibition
5 Galleries
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History
President of the Republic of Poland, Lech Kaczynski, at the groundbreaking ceremony for the POLIN Museum, 26 June 2007
The idea for creating a major new museum in Warsaw dedicated to the history of Polish Jews was initiated in 1995 by the Association of the Jewish Historical Institute of Poland.[7] In the same year, the Warsaw City Council allocated the land for this purpose in Muranów, Warsaw’s prewar Jewish quarter and site of the former Warsaw Ghetto, facing the Monument to the Warsaw Ghetto Heroes. In 2005, the Association of the Jewish Historical Institute of Poland established a private-public partnership with the Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage and the City of Warsaw. The Museum's first director was Jerzy Halbersztadt. In September 2006, a specially designed tent called Ohel (the Hebrew word for tent) was erected for exhibitions and events at site of the museum's future location.[7]
An international architectural competition to design the building was launched in 2005, supported by a grant from the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. On June 30, 2005, the winner was announced by the jury as the team of two Finnish architects, Rainer Mahlamäki and Ilmari Lahdelma.[8] On June 30, 2009, construction of the building was officially inaugurated. The project was completed in 33 months at a cost of 150 million zloty allocated by the Ministry and the City, [a] with a total cost of 320 million zloty.[10][11] It is financially supported by annual funds from the Polish Ministry of Culture and Warsaw City Council.[12]
The building opened and the museum began its educational and cultural programs on April 19, 2013, on the 70th Anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. During the 18 months that followed, more than 180,000 visitors toured the building, visited the first temporary exhibitions, and took part in cultural and educational programs and events, including film screenings, debates, workshops, performances, concerts, and lectures. The Grand Opening, with the completed Core Exhibition, took place on October 28, 2014.[13] The Core Exhibition documents and celebrates the thousand-year history of the Jewish community in Poland that was decimated by the Holocaust.[4][5]
In 2016 the museum won the European Museum of the Year Award from the European Museum Forum.[14
War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:41 1 The invasion of Poland (September 1939)
00:03:12 1.1 Indiscriminate executions by firing squad
00:09:20 1.2 Bombing campaigns
00:11:11 2 German and Soviet occupation (September 1939 – June 1941)
00:12:46 3 Soviet war crimes against Poland
00:14:26 3.1 Katyn massacre of Polish military echelon by the NKVD
00:16:10 3.2 Soviet deportations as a means of ethnic cleansing
00:17:52 3.3 Cultural destruction of Kresy
00:20:00 4 Terror in the German zone of occupation
00:22:25 4.1 German pacifications of Polish settlements
00:25:32 4.2 Extermination of psychiatric patients
00:28:37 4.3 Treatment of Polish Jews prior to the Holocaust
00:31:43 4.4 Cultural genocide
00:34:12 4.5 Forced evictions and roundups of slave labour
00:37:26 4.5.1 Concentration camps
00:39:52 4.5.2 Forced labour camps
00:41:11 5 German–Soviet war of aggression (July 1941 – December 1944)
00:42:09 5.1 Soviet executions of civilian prisoners June–July 1941
00:45:02 6 The Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland
00:45:13 6.1 Chełmno, Bełżec, Sobibor, and Treblinka
00:47:14 6.2 Auschwitz-Birkenau
00:48:50 7 Ukrainian massacres in occupied Poland
00:54:45 8 German massacres during World War II
00:56:15 8.1 Warsaw Uprising massacres
00:59:45 9 The end of German rule and the return of the Soviets (January 1945)
01:01:25 9.1 Internment of Polish nationals
01:02:50 10 Estimated casualties of World War II and its aftermath
01:04:48 11 See also
01:05:43 12 Notes
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- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Over six million Polish citizens, divided almost equally between ethnic Poles and Polish Jews, are estimated to have perished during World War II. Most were civilians killed by the actions of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies. At the International Military Tribunal held in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1945–46, three categories of wartime criminality were juridically established: waging a war of aggression; war crimes; and crimes against humanity. These three crimes in international law were for the first time, from the end of the war, categorised as violations of fundamental human values and norms. These crimes were committed in occupied Poland on a tremendous scale.In 1939 the invading forces comprised 1.5 million Germans and nearly half a million Soviets. Poland's territory was divided between Nazi Germany and the USSR. In the summer and autumn of 1941 the lands annexed in the east by the Soviets, containing large Ukrainian and Belarusian populations, were overrun by Nazi Germany in the initially successful Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union. Wartime German and Soviet actions eclipsed the sovereign Polish state, inflicted massive damage to the country's cultural heritage, and killed millions of Polish citizens. War crimes against Poland included deportations aimed at ethnic cleansing, imposition of forced labor, pacifications, and selective as well as mass murders.
Ludobójstwo. Genocide. (Eng It Fr Ger Pl subtitles)
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