Moscow Neighbourhoods -1950s
Окрестности Москвы
Архангельск, Марфино и Коломенское
1950-х годов
Фотографии Cемен Фридлянд
Neighbourhoods in Moscow
Arhangelsk, Marfino & Kolomenskoye
1950s
Photographs by Semyon Friedland
Here I present a series of photographs taken in the 1950s by the Soviet Photo-journalist, Semyon Friedland. Here he takes us to the three outlying historic places around Moscow,
Music:
Waltz by Tatiana Burtsev
Festival of solidarity with Homeless people
May 20-21, 2013 in Moscow, Saratov, Rostov-on-Don in social centers and on city streets there was an international event in support of homeless people
Le Foyer Notre-Dame des Sans-Abri initiative -
This is the kind of event where artists, the homeless, and social workers all come together to draw. This event happens simultaneously in various cities and several countries.
ArtFestival of solidarity with Homeless persons
and an exhibition The people of the streets who draw
Particpated and with active actions
Administrators and their colleagues The shelter Lublino and Marfino
The department of the social services of the people of Moscow
The adminstration and colleagues the social work center complex Rostov-on-Don
The volunteers and supporers of Caritas Moscow and Caritas Saratov
Sakharov Center
The Fund The Institute for Urban Economics in the person of Elena Kovalenko
The society of Australians and New Zealanders in Moscow AUSKI
music
Mix Kuba - VOIDCITY Club
Divertimento - Secret Garden
1500 Common French Words with Pronunciation
1500 most frequent french words with sound, randomly presented.
Based on the list created by french lexicographer Étienne Brunet:
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2015-12-11 - Translations as subtitles!
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1500 mots les plus fréquents en français, présentés aléatoirement avec leur prononciation respective.
__________
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List of words used:
Gulag | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Gulag
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Gulag (, UK also ; Russian: ГУЛаг [ɡʊˈlak] (listen), acronym of Main Administration of Camps) was the government agency in charge of the Soviet forced labor camp system that was created under Vladimir Lenin and reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the 1950s. The term is also commonly used in the English language to refer to any forced-labor camp in the Soviet Union, including camps which existed in post-Stalin times. The camps housed a wide range of convicts, from petty criminals to political prisoners. Large numbers were convicted by simplified procedures, such as NKVD troikas and other instruments of extrajudicial punishment. The Gulag is recognized as a major instrument of political repression in the Soviet Union.
The agency was first administered by the GPU, later by the NKVD and in the final years by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). The Solovki prison camp, the first corrective labor camp constructed after the revolution, was established in 1918 and legalized by a decree On the creation of the forced-labor camps on April 15, 1919. The internment system grew rapidly, reaching a population of 100,000 in the 1920s. According to Nicolas Werth, author of The Black Book of Communism, the yearly mortality rate in the Soviet concentration camps strongly varied reaching 5% (1933) and 20% (1942–1943) while dropping considerably in the post-war years at about 1–3% per year at the beginning of the 1950s. The emergent consensus among scholars who utilize official archival data is that of the 18 million who were sent to the Gulag from 1930 to 1953, roughly 1.5 to 1.7 million perished there or as a result of their detention. However, some historians who question the reliability of such data and instead rely heavily on literary sources come to higher estimations. Archival researchers have found no plan of destruction of the gulag population and no statement of official intent to kill them, and prisoner releases vastly exceeded the number of deaths in the Gulag.Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, who survived eight years of Gulag incarceration, gave the term its international repute with the publication of The Gulag Archipelago in 1973. The author likened the scattered camps to a chain of islands and as an eyewitness he described the Gulag as a system where people were worked to death. Some scholars support this view, though this claim is controversial, given that the vast majority of people who entered the Gulag came out alive, with the exception of the war years. Although one writer, citing pre-1991 materials, claims that most prisoners in the gulag were killed, Natalya Reshetovskaya, the wife of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, said in her memoirs that The Gulag Archipelago was based on campfire folklore as opposed to objective facts. Similarly, historian Stephen G. Wheatcroft asserts that it is essentially a literary and political work. Numerous other accounts from survivors state otherwise and the Mitrokhin Archive claimed that Mrs. Solzhenitsyn's memoirs were part of a KGB campaign, orchestrated by Yuri Andropov in 1974, to discredit Solzhenitsyn. However, this archive itself has its veracity in doubt; among other, more practical issues, by the same token with which Vasili Mitrokhin claimed the Soviet government would obviously be interested in discrediting Solzhenitsyn, Western governments would have as much interest in lending him credence.
In March 1940, there were 53 Gulag camp directorates (colloquially referred to as simply camps) and 423 labor colonies in the Soviet Union. Today's major industrial cities of the Russian Arctic, such as Norilsk, Vorkuta and Magadan, were originally camps built by prisoners and run by ex-prisoners.
Gulag | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:05 1 Brief history
00:08:39 2 Contemporary word usage and other terminology
00:10:33 3 History
00:10:42 3.1 Background
00:16:35 3.2 Formation and expansion under Stalin
00:20:39 3.3 The early years of Stalin's Gulag (1929–1931)
00:25:12 3.4 During World War II
00:25:21 3.4.1 Political role
00:29:06 3.4.2 Economic role
00:36:37 3.5 After World War II
00:43:33 4 Death toll
00:46:49 5 Gulag administrators
00:46:59 6 Conditions
00:52:48 6.1 Gulag and famine (1932–1933)
00:55:11 6.2 Social conditions
00:56:12 7 Geography
01:04:31 8 Special institutions
01:05:27 9 Historiography
01:05:37 9.1 Origins and functions of the Gulag
01:11:19 9.2 Archival documents
01:19:35 9.3 History of Gulag population estimates
01:25:39 10 Influence
01:25:49 10.1 Culture
01:27:46 10.1.1 Literature
01:38:09 10.2 Colonization
01:39:39 10.3 Life after term served
01:40:32 11 Gulag memorials
01:41:12 12 Gulag Museum
01:41:38 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7589880749111609
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Gulag (, UK also ; Russian: ГУЛаг [ɡʊˈlak] (listen), acronym of Main Administration of Camps) was the government agency in charge of the Soviet forced-labor camp-system that was set up under Vladimir Lenin and reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s. English-language speakers also use the word gulag to refer to any forced-labor camp in the Soviet Union, including camps which existed in post-Stalin times. The camps housed a wide range of convicts, from petty criminals to political prisoners. Large numbers were convicted by simplified procedures, such as by NKVD troikas or by other instruments of extrajudicial punishment. The Gulag is recognized by many as a major instrument of political repression in the Soviet Union.
The agency was first administered by the GPU, later by the NKVD and in the final years by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). The Solovki prison camp, the first corrective labor camp constructed after the revolution, was established in 1918 and legalized by a decree On the creation of the forced-labor camps on April 15, 1919. The internment system grew rapidly, reaching a population of 100,000 in the 1920s. According to Nicolas Werth, author of The Black Book of Communism, the yearly mortality rate in the Soviet concentration camps strongly varied, reaching 5% (1933) and 20% (1942–1943) while dropping considerably in the post-war years (about 1 to 3% per year at the beginning of the 1950s). The emergent consensus among scholars who utilize official archival data is that of the 18 million who were sent to the Gulag from 1930 to 1953, roughly 1.5 to 1.7 million perished there or as a result of their detention. However, some historians who question the reliability of such data and instead rely heavily on literary sources come to higher estimations. Archival researchers have found no plan of destruction of the gulag population and no statement of official intent to kill them, and prisoner releases vastly exceeded the number of deaths in the Gulag.Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, who survived eight years of Gulag incarceration, gave the term its international repute with the publication of The Gulag Archipelago in 1973. The author likened the scattered camps to a chain of islands, and as an eyewitness he described the Gulag as a system where people were worked to death.
In March 1940, there were 53 Gulag camp directorates (colloquially referred to as simply camps) and 423 labor colonies in the Soviet Union. Many mining and industrial towns and cities in northern and eastern Russia and in Kazakhstan such as Karaganda, Norilsk, Vorkuta and Magadan, were originally blocks of camps built by prisoners and subsequently run by ex-prisoners.