Krasnodar 2018
Muhammadali Tirkashaliyev
My Hiking&Bike KrasnoyarskDay
It's about my Krasnoyarsk, my nature, my rest ... using my bike and car. So, it's about my favorite places
Closed city
A closed city or closed town is a settlement where travel and/or residency restrictions are applied so that specific authorization is required to visit or remain overnight.
They may be sensitive military establishments or secret research installations which require much more space or freedom than is available in a conventional military base. There may also be a wider variety of permanent residents including close family members of workers and/or trusted traders who are not directly connected with its obscured purposes.
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Lost polar bear strolls around city after walking 1,000 miles in search of food
A hungry polar bear was forced to seek food in human settlement after walking 932 miles from the islands into the city. Residents in the Talnakh district of Norilsk have been stunned by the sight of a polar bear prowling for food from its usual habitat. Video shows the exhausted polar bear walking close to fire in the woodlands. The onlooker told the Siberian Times: It can be seen that the bear is not afraid of anything, including fire. And if he has no fear, this is dangerous. Another video showed the bear walking near a stream and searching for food. It's reported that the adventurous bear has drawn local residents' attention to visit, amid reports that his footsteps showed him heading in the direction of downtown. The polar bear crossed the vast Taymyr Peninsula and travelled about 1,500 km (932 miles) from the islands in Kara Sea to the city of Norilsk. Oleg Krashevsky, who organises tours to the remote Putorana plateau, posted online: I don't understand how the bear could have walked such distance, across Taymyr and not come across anyone. He must have encountered many hunters. The same thing happened in 1970s when a polar bear showed up at an explosive warehouse around the same place as this time. Local reports stated that the polar bear is likely to be moved to the Royev Ruchei Zoo in Krasnoyarsk, but some residents campaigned to send the bear back to the coast under sedation. Polar bears are listed as endangered species in Russia's Red Book.
Nickel | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:14 1 Properties
00:03:23 1.1 Atomic and physical properties
00:04:15 1.1.1 Electron configuration dispute
00:05:09 1.2 Isotopes
00:05:40 1.3 Occurrence
00:08:55 2 Compounds
00:10:31 2.1 Nickel(0)
00:10:56 2.2 Nickel(I)
00:11:38 2.3 Nickel(II)
00:12:23 2.4 Nickel(III) and (IV)
00:14:16 3 History
00:15:10 4 Coinage
00:17:37 4.1 Canada
00:17:54 4.2 Switzerland
00:18:32 4.3 United Kingdom
00:18:47 4.4 United States
00:19:02 4.5 Current use
00:19:50 5 World production
00:20:28 6 Extraction and purification
00:21:47 6.1 Electrorefining
00:23:06 6.2 Mond process
00:23:27 6.3 Metal value
00:24:52 7 Applications
00:26:21 8 Biological role
00:29:37 9 Toxicity
00:32:04 10 References
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel, powdered to maximize the reactive surface area, shows a significant chemical activity, but larger pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and prevents further corrosion (passivation). Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere.
Meteoric nickel is found in combination with iron, a reflection of the origin of those elements as major end products of supernova nucleosynthesis. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth's inner core.Use of nickel (as a natural meteoric nickel–iron alloy) has been traced as far back as 3500 BCE. Nickel was first isolated and classified as a chemical element in 1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who initially mistook the ore for a copper mineral, in the cobalt mines of Los, Hälsingland, Sweden. The element's name comes from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel (similar to Old Nick), who personified the fact that copper-nickel ores resisted refinement into copper. An economically important source of nickel is the iron ore limonite, which often contains 1–2% nickel. Nickel's other important ore minerals include pentlandite and a mixture of Ni-rich natural silicates known as garnierite. Major production sites include the Sudbury region in Canada (which is thought to be of meteoric origin), New Caledonia in the Pacific, and Norilsk in Russia.
Nickel is slowly oxidized by air at room temperature and is considered corrosion-resistant. Historically, it has been used for plating iron and brass, coating chemistry equipment, and manufacturing certain alloys that retain a high silvery polish, such as German silver. About 9% of world nickel production is still used for corrosion-resistant nickel plating. Nickel-plated objects sometimes provoke nickel allergy. Nickel has been widely used in coins, though its rising price has led to some replacement with cheaper metals in recent years.
Nickel is one of four elements (the others are iron, cobalt, and gadolinium) that are ferromagnetic at approximately room temperature. Alnico permanent magnets based partly on nickel are of intermediate strength between iron-based permanent magnets and rare-earth magnets. The metal is valuable in modern times chiefly in alloys; about 68% of world production is used in stainless steel. A further 10% is used for nickel-based and copper-based alloys, 7% for alloy steels, 3% in foundries, 9% in plating and 4% in other applications, including the fast-growing battery sector. As a compound, nickel has a number of niche chemical manufacturing uses, such as a catalyst for hydrogenation, cathodes for batteries, pigments and metal surface treatments. Nickel is an essential nutrient for some microorganisms a ...
Nickel | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nickel
00:03:13 1 Properties
00:03:22 1.1 Atomic and physical properties
00:04:14 1.1.1 Electron configuration dispute
00:05:07 1.2 Isotopes
00:05:38 1.3 Occurrence
00:08:52 2 Compounds
00:10:28 2.1 Nickel(0)
00:10:52 2.2 Nickel(I)
00:11:34 2.3 Nickel(II)
00:12:19 2.4 Nickel(III) and (IV)
00:14:12 3 History
00:15:06 4 Coinage
00:17:32 4.1 Canada
00:17:48 4.2 Switzerland
00:18:27 4.3 United Kingdom
00:18:41 4.4 United States
00:18:56 4.5 Current use
00:19:44 5 World production
00:20:22 6 Extraction and purification
00:21:41 6.1 Electrorefining
00:23:00 6.2 Mond process
00:23:21 6.3 Metal value
00:24:45 7 Applications
00:26:14 8 Biological role
00:29:30 9 Toxicity
00:31:56 10 References
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel, powdered to maximize the reactive surface area, shows a significant chemical activity, but larger pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and prevents further corrosion (passivation). Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere.
Meteoric nickel is found in combination with iron, a reflection of the origin of those elements as major end products of supernova nucleosynthesis. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth's inner core.Use of nickel (as a natural meteoric nickel–iron alloy) has been traced as far back as 3500 BCE. Nickel was first isolated and classified as a chemical element in 1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who initially mistook the ore for a copper mineral, in the cobalt mines of Los, Hälsingland, Sweden. The element's name comes from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel (similar to Old Nick), who personified the fact that copper-nickel ores resisted refinement into copper. An economically important source of nickel is the iron ore limonite, which often contains 1–2% nickel. Nickel's other important ore minerals include pentlandite and a mixture of Ni-rich natural silicates known as garnierite. Major production sites include the Sudbury region in Canada (which is thought to be of meteoric origin), New Caledonia in the Pacific, and Norilsk in Russia.
Nickel is slowly oxidized by air at room temperature and is considered corrosion-resistant. Historically, it has been used for plating iron and brass, coating chemistry equipment, and manufacturing certain alloys that retain a high silvery polish, such as German silver. About 9% of world nickel production is still used for corrosion-resistant nickel plating. Nickel-plated objects sometimes provoke nickel allergy. Nickel has been widely used in coins, though its rising price has led to some replacement with cheaper metals in recent years.
Nickel is one of four elements (the others are iron, cobalt, and gadolinium) that are ferromagnetic at approximately room temperature. Alnico permanent magnets based partly on nickel are of intermediate strength between iron-based permanent magnets and rare-earth magnets. The metal is valuable in modern times chiefly in alloys; about 68% of world production is used in stainless steel. A further 10% is used for nickel-based and copper-based alloys, 7% for alloy steels, 3% in foundries, 9% in plating and 4% in other applications, including the fast-growing battery sector. As a compound, nickel has a number of niche chemical manufacturing uses, such as a catalyst for hydrogenation, cathodes for batteries, pigments and metal surface treatments. Nickel is an essential nutrient for some microorganisms and plants that have enzymes with nickel as an active site.
Nickel | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nickel
00:03:13 1 Properties
00:03:22 1.1 Atomic and physical properties
00:04:14 1.1.1 Electron configuration dispute
00:05:08 1.2 Isotopes
00:05:38 1.3 Occurrence
00:08:52 2 Compounds
00:10:28 2.1 Nickel(0)
00:10:53 2.2 Nickel(I)
00:11:35 2.3 Nickel(II)
00:12:20 2.4 Nickel(III) and (IV)
00:14:13 3 History
00:15:06 4 Coinage
00:17:33 4.1 Canada
00:17:49 4.2 Switzerland
00:18:28 4.3 United Kingdom
00:18:42 4.4 United States
00:18:57 4.5 Current use
00:19:45 5 World production
00:20:23 6 Extraction and purification
00:21:42 6.1 Electrorefining
00:23:01 6.2 Mond process
00:23:22 6.3 Metal value
00:24:46 7 Applications
00:26:15 8 Biological role
00:29:31 9 Toxicity
00:31:58 10 References
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel, powdered to maximize the reactive surface area, shows a significant chemical activity, but larger pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and prevents further corrosion (passivation). Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere.
Meteoric nickel is found in combination with iron, a reflection of the origin of those elements as major end products of supernova nucleosynthesis. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth's inner core.Use of nickel (as a natural meteoric nickel–iron alloy) has been traced as far back as 3500 BCE. Nickel was first isolated and classified as a chemical element in 1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who initially mistook the ore for a copper mineral, in the cobalt mines of Los, Hälsingland, Sweden. The element's name comes from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel (similar to Old Nick), who personified the fact that copper-nickel ores resisted refinement into copper. An economically important source of nickel is the iron ore limonite, which often contains 1–2% nickel. Nickel's other important ore minerals include pentlandite and a mixture of Ni-rich natural silicates known as garnierite. Major production sites include the Sudbury region in Canada (which is thought to be of meteoric origin), New Caledonia in the Pacific, and Norilsk in Russia.
Nickel is slowly oxidized by air at room temperature and is considered corrosion-resistant. Historically, it has been used for plating iron and brass, coating chemistry equipment, and manufacturing certain alloys that retain a high silvery polish, such as German silver. About 9% of world nickel production is still used for corrosion-resistant nickel plating. Nickel-plated objects sometimes provoke nickel allergy. Nickel has been widely used in coins, though its rising price has led to some replacement with cheaper metals in recent years.
Nickel is one of four elements (the others are iron, cobalt, and gadolinium) that are ferromagnetic at approximately room temperature. Alnico permanent magnets based partly on nickel are of intermediate strength between iron-based permanent magnets and rare-earth magnets. The metal is valuable in modern times chiefly in alloys; about 68% of world production is used in stainless steel. A further 10% is used for nickel-based and copper-based alloys, 7% for alloy steels, 3% in foundries, 9% in plating and 4% in other applications, including the fast-growing battery sector. As a compound, nickel has a number of niche chemical manufacturing uses, such as a catalyst for hydrogenation, cathodes for batteries, pigments and metal surface treatments. Nickel is an essential nutrient for some microorganisms and plants that have enzymes with nickel as an active site.
Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel shows a significant chemical activity that can be observed when nickel is powdered to maximize the exposed surface area on which reactions can occur, but larger pieces of the metal are slow to react with air at ambient conditions due to the formation of a protective oxide surface. Even then, nickel is reactive enough with oxygen that native nickel is rarely found on Earth's surface, being mostly confined to the interiors of larger nickel--iron meteorites that were protected from oxidation during their time in space. On Earth, such native nickel is always found in combination with iron, a reflection of those elements' origin as major end products of supernova nucleosynthesis. An iron--nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth's inner core.
This video targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video