*BELLE ÉPOQUE* Liste de 6 chansons datant d'avant la Première Guerre Mondiale
Playlist de 6 enregistrements faits pendant la Belle Époque (1900-1914)
1- Victor LEJAL - Polka des Englishs - 1902
2- Madame MORGANTI - Viens Poupoule - 1904
3- Adolphe BÉRARD - Gaby - 1907
4- Orchestre Pathé-Frères - Scottish des Cloches - 1909
5- NITTA-JO - Le Jeune Homme du Métropolitain - 1912
6- La Garde Républicaine - Le Conscrit - 1903
Second Battle of the Aisne | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:06 1 Background
00:04:15 1.1 Strategic developments
00:07:06 1.2 Tactical developments
00:10:13 2 Prelude
00:10:21 2.1 German defensive preparations
00:10:32 2.1.1 iUnternehmen Alberich/i
00:11:32 2.1.2 Defensive battle
00:13:12 2.1.3 Field fortification
00:16:15 3 Battle
00:16:24 3.1 Third Army
00:22:39 3.2 Fifth and Sixth armies
00:28:43 3.3 Fourth Army
00:30:32 3.4 Tenth Army
00:32:12 3.5 German 7th Army counter-attacks
00:35:05 3.6 Battle of the Observatories
00:37:27 4 Aftermath
00:37:36 4.1 Analysis
00:42:48 4.2 Casualties
00:45:01 4.3 Subsequent operations
00:47:11 5 Notes
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SUMMARY
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The Second Battle of the Aisne (French: Bataille du Chemin des Dames or Seconde bataille de l'Aisne, 16 April – mid-May 1917) was the main part of the Nivelle Offensive, a Franco-British attempt to inflict a decisive defeat on the German armies in France. The Entente strategy was to conduct offensives offensives from north to south, beginning with an attack by the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) then the main attack by two French army groups on the Aisne. General Robert Nivelle planned the offensive in December 1916, after he replaced Joseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army.
The objective of the attack on the Aisne was to capture the prominent 80-kilometre-long (50 mi), east–west ridge of the Chemin des Dames, 110 km (68 mi) north-east of Paris and then advance northwards to capture the city of Laon. When the French armies met the British advancing from the Arras front, the Germans would be pursued towards Belgium and the German frontier. The offensive began on 9 April, when the British began the Battle of Arras. On 16 April, the Groupe d'armées de Reserve (GAR, Reserve Army Group) attacked the Chemin des Dames and the next day, the Fourth Army, part of Groupe d'armées de Centre (GAC, Central Army Group), near Reims to the south-east, began the Battle of the Hills.
The Chemin des Dames ridge had been quarried for stone for centuries, leaving a warren of caves and tunnels which were used as shelters by German troops to escape the French bombardment. The offensive met massed German machine-gun and artillery fire, which inflicted many casualties and repulsed the French infantry at many points. The French achieved a substantial tactical success and took c. 29,000 prisoners but failed to defeat decisively the German armies. The failure had a traumatic effect on the morale of the French army and many divisions mutinied. Nivelle was superseded by General Philippe Pétain, who adopted a strategy of healing and defence, to resume the wearing-out of the German Army while conserving French infantry. Pétain began a substantial programme re-equipment of the French Army, had 40–62 mutineers shot as scapegoats and provided better food, more pay and more leave, which led to a considerable improvement in morale.
The new French strategy was not one of passive defence; in June and July the Fourth, Sixth and Tenth Armies conducted several limited attacks and the First Army was sent to Flanders to participate in the Third Battle of Ypres. The British prolonged the Arras offensive into mid-May, despite uncertainty about French intentions, high losses and diminishing returns, as divisions were transferred northwards to Flanders. The British captured Messines Ridge on 7 June and spent the rest of the year on the offensive in the Third Battle of Ypres (31 July – 10 November) and the Battle of Cambrai (20 November – 8 December). The mutinies in the French armies became known in general to the Germans but the cost of the defensive success on the Aisne made it impossible to reinforce Flanders and conduct more than local operations on the Aisne and in Champagne. A French at ...